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本論文では, 是枝裕和『海街diary』の記憶表象が持つ映画史的な意味について, 理論的な言説を参照しながら明らかにし, それが映画の観客に及ぼす作用を分析する. 『海街diary』の記憶表象を考えるにあたっては, 是枝が小津安二郎から受けた影響を踏まえることが有効である. 小津と是枝の映画における演出上の重要な共通点として, フラッシュバックの排除と視線の等方向性の強調が挙げられる. 第1節では, 是枝と小津の映画におけるカメラが非人称的な存在にとどまっている点を確認する. カメラの非中枢的な知覚と人間の中枢的な知覚は別のものであり, 両者を同一視するところに映画のごまかしが生まれる. 第2節では, 是枝と小津の映画が映画のごまかしを避けるために, フラッシュバックを伴う主観的な回想シーンを排除したことを指摘する. 第3節では, 小道具としての写真に注目する. 是枝や小津の映画では, 画面上に写真が映ることがほとんどない. その理由について, ロラン・バルトやヴァルター・ベンヤミンの議論を参照しつつ, 写真と記憶の違いについて考察し, 是枝の『海街diary』では記憶の重視が徹底されていることを論証する. 第4節では, 写真との関係から視線の等方向性を問題にする. 複数の登場人物たちが同じ対象に視線を注ぐ場合, 見られている対象が重要なのではなく, 一緒に見ているという経験自体が意味を持つ. そこでは視覚の不一致よりも記憶の共振が重視される. 第5節では, 不可視の写真をめぐる序盤と終盤のシーンの分析を通して, 視線の等方向性の綻びが, 登場人物と映画観客に悟りの経験をもたらす仕掛けを明らかにする., This paper clarifies the historical meaning of the memory representation in Kore-eda Hirokazu's Umimachi Diary with reference to the theoretical discourse, and analyzes its effect on the spectator. While considering the memory representation of Umimachi diary, it is beneficial to examine Ozu Yasujiro's influence on Kore-eda. Kore-eda inherits from Ozu the elimination of flashback and the peculiar structure of looking in which characters look at the same object, which is not revealed by the camera. In Section 1, I confirm that the cameras of Kore-eda and Ozu have an impersonal presence. The non-centered perception of the camera and the central perception of the human being are distinct from each other, and a film can cheat by identifying one with the other. I argue that this idea allows both Ozu and Kore-eda to eliminate subjective recollection scenes with flashback. In Section 2, I examine the problems involved in the use of flashback, and analyze how Kore-eda and Ozu endeavored to avoid the issue, believing that it would constitute a compromise of the artistic integrity of their films. In Section 3, I focus on the use of photographs as props. The films of Kore-eda and Ozu feature few photographs on the screen. Therefore, I not only examine the difference between photographs and memory by referring to Roland Barthes and Walter Benjamin but also demonstrate the importance of memory in Umimachi diary. In Section 4, I consider parallel looks with regard to the motif of photographs. When characters cast their eyes on the same object, the object being viewed is not important ; rather, the experience of watching them together is significant. Therefore, frequent emphasis is placed on memory resonance rather than real sight. In Section 5, I analyze the scenes at the beginning and end of the invisible photographs to clarify the mechanisms where the disorderliness of the parallel looks provides an experience of enlightenment to the characters and audiences.

The rice SLR1 gene is an ortholog of ArabidopsisGA1 and RGA, which function as negative regulators of gibberellin (GA) signal transduction. Genetic, physiological and biochemical analyses have revealed that the SLR1 protein, which is localized in the nucleus, is degraded by an upstream GA signal to induce the downstream GA actions. In other words, SLR1 suppresses GA activity and the GA-dependent degradation of the SLR1 protein releases SLR1-suppressed GA action. We identified the link between SLR1 degradation and GA signaling when we were analyzing the rice GA-insensitivedwarf (GID2) mutant. The GID2 gene encodes a putative F-box protein that is a component of an SCF complex associated with protein degradation via the 26S proteasome. Biochemical analyses of SLR1 and GID2 suggest that the proteasome-dependent degradation of SLR1 is initiated by phosphorylatian of SLR1 and mediated by an SCF complex involving GID2. In this review, we propose a model for GA signal transduction in rice.

The economic losses of traffic jam reaches 12 trillion per year in Japan. So, the traffic jam needs to be solved immediately. Before we discuss control of vehicles to relieve the traffic jam, we have to describe the real traffic. In our paper, we propose a traffic model based on Optimal Velocity model, and we try to describe the traffic jam with stable traffic system. We will check eigenvalues of the traffic system to analyze stability, and propose a stable traffic model. Then, we conduct some numerical simulations of the traffic jam at a sag point, and we make some comparisons between stable and unstable traffic model.

We recently isolated two genes (OsGA3ox1 and OsGA3ox2) from rice (Oryza sativa) encoding 3beta-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the final step of active gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis (H. Itoh, M. Ueguchi-Tanaka, N. Sentoku, H. Kitano, M. Matsuoka, M. Kobayashi [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 8909-8914). Using these cloned cDNAs, we analyzed the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the 3beta-hydroxylase genes and also an alpha-amylase gene (RAmy1A) during rice seed germination to investigate the relationship between GA biosynthesis and alpha-amylase expression. Northern-blot analyses revealed that RAmy1A expression in the embryo occurs before the induction of 3beta-hydroxylase expression, whereas in the endosperm, a high level of RAmy1A expression occurs 1 to 2 d after the peak of OsGA3ox2 expression and only in the absence of uniconazol. Based on the analysis of an OsGA3ox2 null mutant (d18-Akibare dwarf), we determined that 3beta-hydroxylase produced by OsGA3ox2 is important for the induction of RAmy1A expression and that the OsGA3ox1 product is not essential for alpha-amylase induction. The expression of OsGA3ox2 was localized to the shoot region and epithelium of the embryo, strongly suggesting that active GA biosynthesis occurs in these two regions. The synthesis of active GA in the epithelium is important for alpha-amylase expression in the endosperm, because an embryonic mutant defective in shoot formation, but which developed epithelium cells, induced alpha-amylase expression in the endosperm, whereas a mutant defective in epithelium development did not.

A major catabolic pathway for gibberellin (GA) is initiated by 2beta-hydroxylation, a reaction catalyzed by GA 2-oxidase. We have isolated and characterized a cDNA, designated Oryza sativa GA 2-oxidase 1 (OsGA2ox1) from rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare) that encodes a GA 2-oxidase. The encoded protein, produced by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, converted GA(1), GA(4), GA(9), GA(20), and GA(44) to the corresponding 2beta-hydroxylated products GA(8), GA(34), GA(51), GA(29), and GA(98), respectively. Ectopic expression of the OsGA2ox1 cDNA in transgenic rice inhibited stem elongation and the development of reproductive organs. These transgenic plants were deficient in endogenous GA(1). These results indicate that OsGA2ox1 encodes a GA 2-oxidase, which is functional not only in vitro but also in vivo. OsGA2ox1 was expressed in shoot apex and roots but not in leaves and stems. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that OsGA2ox1 mRNA was localized in a ring at the basal region of leaf primordia and young leaves. This ring-shaped expression around the shoot apex was drastically decreased after the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. It was absent in the floral meristem, but it was still present in the lateral meristem that remained in the vegetative phase. These observations suggest that OsGA2ox1 controls the level of bioactive GAs in the shoot apical meristem; therefore, reduction in its expression may contribute to the early development of the inflorescence meristem.