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Energy intersects with the environment at all stages of its life cycle by affecting nature and public health and is subject to government measures concerning low-carbon growth, energy efficiency and conservation, renewable energy and ecologically safe supply of nuclear and other energy resources. This timely book provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of international economic law in regulating such an energy-environment nexus under the regimes of the WTO, the Energy Charter Treaty, regional trade agreements and investment treaties. The author discusses the international environmental and economic law foundations of this nexus and extensively examines relevant rules, jurisprudence and practices regarding trade restrictions, subsidies, technical standards, investment protection and technology policies. This book highlights the existing gaps and'greening'solutions within the framework of international economic law. Where relevant, it draws comparisons between trade law and investment law to show their similarities, differences and (potential) conflicts at the energy-environment interface.

This is the first and leading comprehensive guide to security for costs in international arbitration, including commercial and investment arbitration, providing a text which will be the key resource for those considering, making and ruling on applications for security for costs. It is the first and only work to consider the 40+ factors informing the discretion to award security for costs.The author begins with an introduction and description of the security of costs controversy in international arbitration, and then explains the developing approach of arbitral tribunals to applications for security for costs, with reference to decisions published by ICC and ASA, and statistics of LCIA and decisions of the UK courts when they had the power to grant security for costs in international arbitration. The book features an analysis of the reasons given for restricting security for costs in international commercial arbitration to ‘exceptional circumstances'or similar. The author conveys discretionary factors taken into account by the courts and arbitral tribunals in considering applications for security for costs, special considerations for investor-state arbitrations, the correct approach to the exercise of the discretion, the manner of making and resisting applications, appropriate orders to be made on applications, and consequences of orders.This book is written for all arbitration practitioners around the world, including arbitrators ruling on applications. The work would be incidentally useful to litigation practitioners as it necessarily considers applications for security for costs in litigation.

Foreign investors benefit from investment protection standards in international investment law which are enforceable in investment arbitration. However, international law does not directly bind foreign investors and investment arbitration struggles to address foreign investor misconduct. Thus, host States cannot easily claim against foreign investors for breaches of international law in investment arbitration. In Counterclaims in Investment Arbitration, Edward Guntrip illustrates how host States can use counterclaim procedures in investment arbitration to hold foreign investors accountable for misconduct that breaches international law. Based on arbitral practice, the book sets out how host States can amend their State practice and litigation strategies to enhance the effectiveness of counterclaim procedures and assesses when host States should take this course of action.

Adjudicators have been placed at the forefront in the search for systemic order within the pluralist international legal order, acting as guardians of the international legal system. Yet, they do so under increasing pressure from the governments. Based on one of the most comprehensive and systematic empirical and doctrinal studies of international trade and investment adjudication, this book asks which tools adjudicators turn to when faced with this dilemma. Dr. Nicola Strain provides new insights on the design choices and normative goals of international economic adjudication, explaining how adjudicators end up consistently inconsistent in their application of international law, even within the more technocratic WTO regime.

This book discusses the impact of intellectual property and international investment agreements within Africa. It investigates how African nations can enhance their current intellectual property legislation across various regions of the continent, while simultaneously fostering the development of local industries and stimulating innovation and creativity within the region.Despite intellectual property remaining a major issue in global trade governance, African countries have room to maximise the advantages that global intellectual property law can offer. Highlighting discourse on investment, intellectual property, and competition policies in Africa, the book underscores the need for African nations to develop intellectual property frameworks that can facilitate economic transformation. Using data from international intellectual property conventions, WTO dispute settlements and African regional organisation conventions, the book is a comprehensive call to action for African intellectual property lawyers and policymakers.The book will be of interest to students and scholars in the field of intellectual property law and international investment law.

There is no denying that the rules and enforcement mechanisms of investment law and arbitration reach deep into the regulatory and policy space of host states. Investment tribunals have the ability to second-guess all variety of state measures and, in doing so, have displayed a remarkable lack of restraint. Despite investment law's muscularity, without equal in international law, the prevailing orthodoxy treats investment law as a defensible and just restraint on government and politics. This volume helps to correct the prevailing view. Rethinking Investment Law illustrates how investment law protections for foreign investors constrains states and over-compensates investors. It offers a more balanced vision of how international law can protect all those affected, not just foreign investors. An expert set of contributors explain both the conventional law and its limitations. Their analysis shows that doctrines, now widely entrenched, in orthodox accounts of investment law could have taken, and could still take, a different turn. They offer a more respectful approach to states'roles and responsibilities to enact laws in the public interest. This text will be an illuminating read for students and academics in areas such as investment law and international economic law. It provides cutting-edge analysis for researchers, practitioners, and students seeking to understand and question the usual standards of treatment under investment treaties.

This book offers theoretical arguments and original empirical data on the legitimacy of the investor-state dispute settlement system in the eyes of the general public.The legitimacy of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) system has become a major issue in recent negotiations on new trade and investment agreements, such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP). This book considers the remarkable rise of investor-state arbitration, its politicization and the corresponding legitimacy crisis that has induced a political process of ISDS reform. The book applies theoretical arguments about legitimacy perceptions among the mass public and tests these arguments in survey experiments in Germany, France, and the US to answer the question of whether ISDS reform can be successful. By showing that large parts of the population hold negative perceptions about the current system of private arbitration and believe that an international investment court and domestic courts are more legitimate dispute resolution systems, the book extends the debate on the legitimacy of the ISDS mechanism, which has so far been dominated by conflicting normative claims of supporters and critics. With regard to the academic debate about legitimacy in global governance, the author underlines that the legitimacy perceptions of ordinary citizens must be taken seriously to ensure the sustainability of global governance and international law in the long term.This book will be of interest to academics working in international relations, international political economy, international law, transnational law, authority, politicization, and legitimacy of global governance. It will also be of great use to practitioners in the field of international investment law, including lawyers, and government officials working in international dispute settlement.

This book explores the adaptating process of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to a constantly changing trade and policy context.The adoption of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), a multilateral agreement with stand-alone rules and principles for the governance of trade and investment in services, represented a watershedin the history of global trade governance. Over three decades after the drafting of the Agreement, WTO Members struggle to deliver on the GATS'mandate to achieve progressively higher levels of trade liberalisation in a radically different trade and policy landscape. Against this background, this book examines the contribution of the WTO negotiating, adjudicative, and deliberative functions to adapting the GATS to changing circumstances. The book uncovers an extremely flexible and adaptable agreement whose full potential has yet to be realised due to a complex set of factors weighing more broadly on the use of the WTO functions. The book distils the factors at play that constrain WTO Members'capacity to adapt the Agreement to changing circumstances and explores potential pathways to overcome them.The book will be of interest to scholars, policy makers, and trade diplomats interested in understanding the factors and processes conditioning the adaptation of a multilateral trade agreement to changing trade and policy circumstances.

This book examines the international investment agreements and the dispute settlement mechanisms contained therein, which bind the Gulf Cooperation Council member States.The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, is complex and unique. Recently, all member States have experienced increasing investor–state arbitration claims, while their nationals are increasingly instituting investor–state arbitrations to protect their own foreign investments. Intra-GCC disputes, though relatively rare, have also appeared, largely as a result of the recent Gulf crisis. While focussing particularly upon the investor–state dispute settlement experience of member States as respondents, the book also explores the experiences of their nationals as claimants to determine how they can approach investor– state dispute settlement in the future. The book also reflects on existing treaty-making practices, making recommendations for regional-level dispute settlement to improve upon investor–state dispute settlement outcomes.This book provides a detailed analysis of the global investor–state dispute settlement regime and international investment agreements, and it will be of interest to students, academics, and practitioners with an interest in international investment law and arbitration.

This book examines the integration of human rights and environmental standards within international investment agreements (IIAs). It explores the intricate relationship between foreign direct investment and sustainable development, emphasizing the necessity for reform in investment treaties to ensure they support rather than hinder human rights and environmental protection.The book begins with an overview of the current international investment law landscape, focusing on its primary goal of investment protection. It then delves into how human rights and environmental standards can shape IIAs, suggesting a new approach to these treaties. The authors explore the incorporation of sustainable development principles into IIAs, the difficulty of balancing investor protection with state regulatory autonomy, and the evolving norms and standards in this area. The book includes detailed case studies on topics such as the interplay between labour standards, investment, and human rights, bilateral investment agreements, sustainable forest management, and the liberalization of water services.Aimed at policymakers, legal scholars, and international law practitioners, this book provides a thorough framework for understanding and reforming IIAs. It offers groundbreaking insights into aligning investment treaties with global sustainable development goals, making it a vital resource for anyone interested in the intersection of investment, human rights, and environmental sustainability.

This book analyses relational contract theory within the context of international energy investment agreements.Putting forth an exhaustive assessment of the field, the book provides a pragmatic resolution to the challenges inherent in the relationship between host states and foreign investors. Addressing critical queries confronting legal practitioners, arbitrators, judges, and scholars grappling with contractual imbalances, including the looming threat of expropriation, the book offers comprehensive insights. Balancing the interests of both host states and investors, the volume discusses global case studies which have proven to be efficacious and proposes a solution grounded in existing legal doctrines and practices.The book will be of interest to researchers in the field of energy law, international investment law, and contract theory and law.

How do host states and foreign investors balance the need for legal stability and regulatory flexibility in the complex world of international investment, against the backdrop of an ever-evolving global economy? This book uncovers unique insights into the delicate balance between legal stability and flexibility. Through in-depth analysis and real-world case studies, Dr. Abdallah Ali unveils the secrets behind stabilization and renegotiation clauses, demystifying their impact on investors, governments, and global trade. With rare access to historical data and illuminating examples, this work is an invaluable resource for legal practitioners, policymakers, and investors navigating the complexities of international investment terrain.

How does the hybrid nature of SWFs affect the application of state immunity to these funds? May an SWF be sued in foreign courts for wrongful acts committed in the course of its investment activities? Can SWF investments be attached by a private creditor seeking to enforce an investment arbitration award against the fund's state of nationality? This monograph addresses these questions from the perspective of the 2004 New York Convention and six selected jurisdictions (US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, China), with the broader aim of highlighting potential new standards for implementation of the state immunity rule to SWFs.

This book tackles one of the most challenging fields of research and practice in the current global trade environment: integrating doctrines of private and public law for the purpose of international commerce and trade.Traditional concepts of obligatory and proprietary claims and rights reach their limits when placed within an international context of litigation funding, liability and securitisation. Across disciplines, scholars and practitioners are seeking new ways of expanding and reconnecting novel products and services such as data; and the use of international dispute settlement with indispensable constitutional values and democratic processes is also growing. This book combines contributions on current issues in commercial contract and contract law, making an important contribution to the areas of substantive contract law and arbitration procedure that connect issues across disciplines. Exploring both substantive and procedural laws, the book explores unfair terms in non-consumer contracts, which is complemented by a broader contextual discussion of the regulation of platform operators in the European Union; while a discussion of the procedural role of public reporting of investment arbitration awards by the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) expands on the procedural aspects of arbitration within the wider context of the rule of law debate.Debating policy issues in general private law reform, and including a juxtaposition of a traditionalist continuation-oriented approach and a call for radical reform of entrenched and outmoded private law concepts to suit global commerce, this book will be of interest to students, academics and practitioners working in the area of commercial contract law and arbitration.

A significant increase in investor-State arbitration cases has been observed since the 2000s. The trust placed by investors and States in this method of dispute resolution stems from several strengths. In addition to its neutrality, one of the primary reasons for its widespread use is its adaptability, enabling it to address specific challenges that have emerged in recent decades. The following elements highlight this adaptability: the arbitration procedure can be customised to meet the specific needs of the disputing parties and stakeholders involved. It effectively responds to evolving cultural norms and ethical considerations, such as diversity, gender representation, corporate social responsibility, environmental issues, and human rights. Moreover, it can adapt to global health crises by facilitating online hearings. Finally, during times of international armed conflict, economic exchanges, trade, investment, and investor-State dispute settlement foster economic integration and interdependence, contributing to maintaining commercial peace and supporting international peace and security.However, investor-State arbitration has sparked vigorous debates, with many advocating for reform in three crucial aspects: transparency, legitimacy, and consistency. Multilateral negotiations are currently underway on various fronts, including the negotiation of more sustainable investment treaties, amendments to institutional arbitral rules, the design of a multilateral investment court, and the development of enhanced policy frameworks.This book delves into the history of investor-State dispute resolution to provide readers with an understanding of how its main features have evolved over time. It examines the most intensely debated procedural issues, analyses their multifaceted characteristics, reviews the complex relationship between investor-State arbitration and the European Union, and explores potential options for addressing stakeholder concerns.

Die EU-Kommission stellte 2015 einen neuen Ansatz für ein Verfahren zur Investor-Staat-Streitbeilegung vor, der auch im Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) etabliert wurde. Als erklärtes Ziel soll der Status Quo der Investor-Staat-Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit ersetzt werden, der aufgrund mangelnder Anforderungen an ein rechtsstaatliches Verfahren stark kritisiert wird. Robert Bähr untersucht, ob die Kritik am Standardmodell der Investitionsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit unter dem ICSID-Übereinkommen berechtigt ist, und nimmt darauf aufbauend einen Vergleich zu den Regelungen des Investor-Staat-Streitbeilegungsverfahrens vor dem CETA-Gericht vor, um zu bewerten, ob diese ein verbessertes rechtsstaatliches Verfahren verheißen. Als Maßstab für die Untersuchung der beiden Streitbeilegungsverfahren gilt: Je vager die inhaltlichen Vorgaben des materiellen Rechts und damit die inhaltliche Steuerung der Rechtsprechung durch den Normgeber, umso höher müssen die Anforderungen an ein rechtsstaatliches Verfahren sein.

The reform of the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism has become one of the more controversial issues in the study of international investment law. This concise and insightful book studies the role of the ISDS mechanism in the legalization, and legitimacy, of the international investment law regime. Providing a fresh, interdisciplinary perspective on ISDS through the constructivist theory of international relations, this book argues that reforming ISDS can contribute to the legalization of international investment law, but such a contribution is subject to both “institutional” and “internal” limitations. Chapters investigate the notion of legalization in the context of international investment law, the limitations of adjudicative bodies in advancing the legitimacy of international law, and the relationship between the level of shared understandings and choices of institutionalization. Based on comparative studies of international regimes, this book cautions against radically institutionalizing the dispute settlement regime through the establishment of the multilateral investment court. The novel perspectives presented in this book will be of interest to scholars and researchers in arbitration and dispute resolution, international economic law, and investment law. It will also be beneficial to legal experts in international organizations working on the reform of ISDS and investment law.

This book questions whether investment law influences the wider field of general international law, and more specifically, whether approaches adopted by tribunals in investment arbitrations have radiated, or should radiate, into other fields of international law.To answer this question, the book engages in a detailed analysis of pronouncements by investment tribunals on state responsibility, the law of treaties, and general principles of dispute resolution, and evaluates their impact beyond the narrow field of investment law. The perspectives provided in the book highlight how rules of general international law are concretised, specified, and at times moulded in investment arbitration practice. By doing so, the book enhances our understanding of the relationship between general international law and one its most dynamic sub-disciplines.Combining conceptual and practical perspectives, and offering a detailed analysis of the pertinent case law, the book is a plea for a fuller engagement directed at both general international lawyers and international investment lawyers. It will help investment lawyers better understand the role of general international law in their field of practice. General international lawyers will benefit from paying close attention to how investment lawyers apply and interpret rules of general international law.

This thoughtfully edited volume brings together leading scholars in the field to explore the relationship between the substantive standards of treatment contained in international investment agreements and the rule of law, which is developing into one of the key principles which both supporters and critics use to evaluate the investment treaty regime. Investment Protection Standards and the Rule of Law explores two perspectives. Firstly, it examines to what extent the substantive standards of treatment can be understood as expressions of the rule of law. Secondly, it addresses the rule-of-law problems, or rule-of-law lacunae, that exist in, or are created by, the application of these standards. The subject matter is advanced by combining doctrinal analysis of the core substantive treatment standards, as well as normative assessment of those standards from the perspective of the rule of law. This book also offers a critical discussion of the potential the rule of law has as a guidepost for structuring international investment relations, as well as its blind spots.

Mandatory investor-state mediation (ISM) as a pre-condition to arbitration is the way forward for rebalancing the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) regime and tackling its widely criticised shortcomings. Presenting a comprehensive doctrinal analysis of ISDS clauses of dozens of treaties, this book reveals that simply offering ISM in a voluntary format will not increase its utilisation. In this volume, Ana Ubilava further debunks four common arguments and misconceptions against mandatory ISM through an innovative empirical analysis of over 600 investor-state arbitration cases. She also offers recommendations for incorporating mandatory ISM in ISDS as a precondition to arbitration aimed at international policymakers.

This book presents the first comprehensive analysis of the risk of double compensation, often called double recovery, in the investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) system and proposes a practical solution to the problems which double compensation creates. The book responds to all the key questions that legal counsel, arbitrators, judges, and scholars facing the double compensation issue may have, including: What requirements must be met for the problem to arise? What have others said and done about the problem? What is the most effective way to tackle it? The proposed solution is based on currently available legal doctrines and practice and strikes a balance between investors'and States'interests.

This book explores how State capitalism affects and reshapes international investment law. It sheds new light on the various ways States actively influence business and commercial activity globally by using sovereign investors such as state-owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds or pension funds. With a diverse group of contributors from a broad range of countries, the book offers a fresh and timely look into the fundamentals of State capitalism, focusing in particular on its actors and processes, the contextual elements that surround it, and the new political economy that comes with it. The book is essential reading for researchers, regulators, policy makers, and practitioners interested in the different ways State capitalism challenges and changes international investment law. As geopolitical considerations increasingly affect global economic activity, delving into the intricacies of State capitalism has never been more timely.

At the nexus between international investment law, climate law, and human rights law, States'obligations to protect foreign investments clash with their right – or even their duty – to regulate to protect the planet and people. State efforts at climate change mitigation and adaptation have already triggered claims of liability under the investor-protection provisions of bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. In this comprehensive elaboration on the topic, stellar experts and practitioners describe different types of climate-related investment disputes, provide a thorough analysis of the unique procedural issues that emerge in such disputes, and evaluate the proper balance between States'right to regulate to fight climate change and their obligations towards foreign investors. Each of the book's contributions offers a penetrating perspective on this complex matter, touching on such aspects as the following: investment disputes arising from States'climate measures or actions; whether and how states can file counterclaims against investors in such disputes; the appropriate role for climate science at various stages of arbitration; how to assess damages in cases involving fossil assets left stranded by the climate transition; and whether, on balance, existing international investment law supports or hinders the global energy transition. Along the way, arbitrators and other practitioners will gain insight into how to argue, defend, and assess climate-related investment disputes, using not only investment-treaty case law but also international climate agreements, human rights law, and environmental law. Policymakers are shown ways to design and implement climate policy and investment treaties in order to avoid claims by foreign investors.

Discrimination in International Investment Arbitration provides an original and comprehensive treatment of the non-discrimination standards at the heart of many investment treaty cases. Drawing insights from US law, EU law, and international human rights courts, Risvas supplies key insights into arbitration tribunals'decisions on the interpretation and application of a wide scope of standards, including Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Treatment; National Treatment (NT); non-impairment clauses prohibiting arbitrary and/or discriminatory measures; Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET); and non-discrimination in the context of the Expropriation standard. Advancing normative suggestions for the application of non-discrimination standards, Risvas proposes a template for practitioners, policymakers, and adjudicators involved in investment treaty negotiations. The book is also a valuable resource for legal scholars, as it clarifies inconsistent arbitral practice and distils the key traits of discrimination claims.

Policies aimed at the expansion of transnational capital are sometimes implemented at the expense of growing social inequality and popular frustration in host countries. This timely and deeply researched volume identifies – and offers new insights into – the growing use of and reliance upon international environmental and human rights law in the arbitration of investor–State disputes. It presents a comprehensive and pragmatic approach to the most effective way to connect international investment law to the protection of human rights and the environment. Based on an analysis of 30 arbitral awards, this book demonstrates how recent investment treaty arbitration – and in particular respondent States'argumentation in arbitral proceedings – highlights the human rights and environmental considerations connected with such factors as the following: the fair and equitable treatment (FET) clause; jurisdictional obstacles; treaty conflict; role of amici curiae; damages; tribunal's dilution of the significance of environmental and human rights law; corporate social responsibility; free, prior, and informed consent; social license to operate; and (in)applicability of the systemic approach to the interpretation of investment treaties. As investment arbitration continues to be challenged by growing demands for greater public involvement and for participation of third parties that are affected by the proceedings, this book responds to the need to reshape the investment regime into more human rights and environmentally friendly system. It will prove an invaluable resource for arbitral institutions, academics, arbitrators, arbitration counsel, and other participants in investment treaty arbitration.

This book explores the interaction between the EU and international investment law, both at the internal level, namely within the EU internal market, and at the external level, i.e. in the context of its relations with third States. The joint treatment of these dimensions reveals that the EU has assumed an ostensibly ambivalent attitude towards international investment law. At the internal level, it has consistently asserted that intra-EU international investment agreements (IIAs) are not compatible with EU law and advocated their termination. At the external level, by contrast, it has eagerly deployed IIAs to develop its post-Lisbon international investment policy. The book finds that beneath this apparent ambivalence towards international investment law ultimately lies the EU's attempt to impose, both internally and externally, its own original model of regulation of cross-border investment. It then argues that the EU adopted this approach with a view to supporting its internal market, enhancing its external influence, and, ultimately, pursuing long-term'federal aspirations'. Finally, the book identifies the legal and political obstacles that have curtailed the EU's efforts at both the internal and the external level.

In order to understand the reform of international investment law envisioned by the EU, the author provides a comprehensive but concise analysis of the EU reform approaches, its constitutional and legal framework, the concepts of the rule of law and legitimacy, and the reasons for the reform. In particular, the book exposes tensions between the EU aspiration to enhance the rule of law in international investment law, as a means of legitimising this legal discipline, and the challenges of its reform approaches in practice. The analysis combines substantive and procedural aspects of the EU reform of international investment law in the intra-EU context and EU external relations. This book thus critically evaluates the EU vision of the rule of law in international law and its contribution to the development of international law in the field of investment.

By comprehensively investigating the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard (FET), this discerning book presents how this standard in investment treaty disputes can be both legally justified and realistically beneficial. It reflects on how FET jurisprudence can be advantageous to both the rule of law and to the legitimacy of the international investment regime.Fair and Equitable Treatment and the Rule of Law provides a unique argument concerning the grounding of the FET standard in general principles of law and the importance of the host state's national rule of law and pre-existing obligations for the application of the FET standard. Through a systematic examination of the FET and the concept of the rule of law, the book argues that further interpretation and application of FET should proceed as a sequential review, focusing firstly on the broadly understood domestic legal framework. Chapters present a convincing argument for this technique, concluding that applying such a method would not only be practical but would also allow for positive economic development.This book will be of great interest to scholars focusing on the fields of international investment law and arbitration, general principles of law, and the general rule of law and its contents. Students will also find this a valuable reference for studying both FET jurisprudence and the narratives that surround it.

This book offers a dynamic introduction to the new developments on national security review of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the perspectives of both domestic law and international investment law. COVID-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine have intensified FDI screening to an unprecedented scale, yet its purposes, scope and potential impact remain ambiguous and controversial. The book first attests the legitimacy of FDI screening by using the theory of National Security Constitution. Part I explicates the national security, public order and public health exceptions clauses in international investment law and the novel EU Regulation on FDI screening. Part II provides an in-depth analysis of FDI screening in China, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and the UK, which have either witnessed momentous changes in domestic law recently or have adopted new laws to cope with the growing security concerns.The book illustrates how States and the EU are using legal instruments to tackle exigent and emerging challenges and the complexity of national security emanated from foreign investment, in the context of evolving disruptive digital technologies and the structural change of the global economy.The volume will be of great value to a wide range of audiences including academics in investment and trade law, legal practitioners, in-house counsels, policymakers, business professionals and law and business students at the graduate level.

This book focuses on an article-by-article interpretation of the Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China, which was adopted on March 15, 2019. It also describes the legislative process of the law and the relationship between the law and other laws and regulations. It also includes a comparison of China's new foreign investment law with representative foreign investment regimes and the interaction between China and evolving international investment rules and the law, with a focus on the impact of evolving international investment rules on the development of China's foreign investment regime.In recent years, the momentum of globalization has continued to grow, and a pattern of economic governance with valorization, regionalization, and benefit sharing has gradually emerged. Amid the emergence of new international investment rules, the Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China, adopted on March 15, 2019, has significantly changed the face of China'sforeign investment regime. Given that China is a major destination for global foreign direct investment flows, its foreign investment regime is a focus of attention for international investors and international lawyers. This book aims to provide a practical legal guide for students of Chinese law, especially Chinese business law, practitioners, and their clients interested in the Chinese market, and observers of international investment law and national investment law practice.

Multilateral investment treaties (MITs) are international legal instruments whose purpose is to facilitate social and economic cooperation on a global scale. While there is abundant literature and precedent on MITs generally, authors Kabir Duggal and Mohamed Wahab provide some of the first analysis focusing on the execution of MITs in the Arab and Muslim-majority worlds in this volume of Brill Research Perspectives in Investment Arbitration. This book focuses on two MITs: the Unified Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital in the Arab States (UAA) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Agreement for Promotion, Protection and Guarantee of Investments Among Member States (OIC). The UAA and OIC are among the oldest MITs in the world, enacted in 1980 and 1988, respectively. But only recently have these two long-dormant treaties acquired special significance. This book provides a comprehensive, critical review of these two treaties.

The book provides a sophisticated analysis of state immunity from an enforcement perspective. It covers all relevant legal techniques of enforcing an arbitral award against a sovereign state. Besides tackling the plea of state immunity through the courts, this book also covers notable non-judicial remedial measures which may aid the aggrieved investors in satisfying their claims against state parties to a dispute. These measures may be used either to enhance the effectiveness of judicial remedies or as stand-alone remedies when legal measures seem (or prove to be) ineffective. After having identified problems arising from a lack of universal agreement on state immunity and the diversity and, more dishearteningly, the inadequacy of forms of enforcement available to an aggrieved claimant, this book proposes a new approach to solve state immunity issues. The international community must work towards the setting up of a central enforcement agency, a functional model ofenforcement.

Ce livre se veut être une approche novatrice explicative de la faible efficacité de la règle de droit. Il révèle d'entrée de jeu que l'incomplétude du droit est un handicap aux investissements privés étrangers, en s'intéressant aux droits en vigueur dans ce domaine dans les deux Congo (République démocratique du Congo et la République du Congo). En d'autres termes, il pose la question de son impact sur les investissements privés étrangers au regard des quelques problèmes majeurs de l'usage du droit auxquels les deux pays font face. Au passage, il note aussi les lois vagues, mal rédigées ou non-ajustées aux fondements culturels et aux réalités sociopolitiques, remettant ainsi en cause la qualité du droit dans ces deux pays.

Investment treaties are said to improve the rule of law in the states which enter into them. Fearing claims, governments will internalise international investment obligations into their decision-making processes, resulting in positive spill-over effects on the rule of law. Such arguments have never been backed by empirical research. This book presents an analytical framework for thinking about the internalisation of international commitments in governmental decision making that takes account of the complexities of governance. In so doing, it provides a typology of processes whereby international treaty obligations may be internalised by governments and identifies factors which may affect whether and to what extent international commitments are internalised in governmental decision making. This framework serves as the background for the main body of the book in which empirical case studies address whether and how a select group of governments in Asia internalise international investment treaty obligations in their decision-making.

Written by leading experts in the field, this collection offers a critical and comparative analysis of the existing case law on international investment law. The book makes a topical contribution to the existing literature, showing most notably that:(1) international investment law has a longer history than that generally considered and that this history is fundamental to understanding its development; (2) international investment law is crafted today by a large number of actors. These include not only investment arbitrators, but also a variety of international and national courts and tribunals; and(3) the literature and case law in languages other than English and from different legal cultures is essential to grasp the essence of the development of the topic.This book brings together more than 40 experts from different countries and legal traditions and combines conceptual analysis and archival investigation of landmark case law to provide the reader with a fresh and innovative understanding of the breadth of international investment law.

International Arbitration Law Library, Volume 63 [IALL-63] Many corporations engage in treaty shopping – or ‘nationality planning'– to procure investment treaty protection by attainment of a nationality of convenience. This book is the first in-depth exploration of a substantive legal basis by which to assess the bona fides of a corporate investor's identity in a convenient jurisdiction: i.e., examination of the purpose for which a corporate exists in the ownership structure of the relevant investment. In a comprehensive review of the concept of treaty shopping, the author examines the degree to which manipulation of corporate nationality is consistent with the objects and purposes of the investment treaty regime, and analyses its effect on the legitimacy of investor-state dispute mechanisms. To evaluate a substantive test for a bona fide investor, the book looks to analogous areas of international law such as the law of diplomatic protection and double tax treaties, and reviews in detail the relevance in investment treaty law of such pertinent issues and topics as the following: the concept of separate legal personality; abuse of the corporate form at municipal law; the role of Article 25 of the ICSID Convention; the approach to the nationality of natural persons; the approach to the jurisdictional concept of an ‘investment'; criteria used to connote corporate nationality; the concept of the commercial purpose of the corporate investor claimant; the concept and limits of the principle of abuse of right at international law; and the application of, and the relationship between, the four tenets of Article 31(1) of the Vienna Convention: ordinary meaning, good faith, context, and object and purpose. The effectiveness of substantive criteria presently used to mitigate illegitimate or undesirable treaty shopping are examined and compared with the ‘purpose to exist'test, and the prospective legal mechanisms that may be utilised to implement a substantive approach are canvassed in detail. This incomparable book brings coherence – and indeed a solution – to the debate about the attribution and use of nationality by corporations in the field of investment treaty law. It is a giant step towards legal certainty as to the need for, and the means by which, limits can be placed on investment treaty jurisdiction for corporate entities. It will be of immense interest to practitioners who advise on jurisdictional issues for clients (whether states or investors) and debate jurisdictional concepts and corporate nationality issues before international tribunals. It will also be a useful resource, and a challenge, to arbitrators regarding the extent to which investment treaty tribunals tolerate manipulation of corporate nationality and circumscribe jurisdiction to protect the legitimacy of the investment treaty system.

International Arbitration Law Library# 62 The much-debated fragmentation of international law, most clearly manifest in the stand-alone nature of the investor-state dispute settlement regime, has produced the unfortunate side effect of an intense focus on material damages at the expense of moral damages. This timely groundbreaking book seeks to remedy the unfairness and injustice that flows from this difference in treatment by offering a thorough review of the underlying rules and principles of international law relating to moral damages claims, with a view to considering the appropriateness and possibility of convergence of the various sub-disciplines or branches of international law (e.g., international investment law and international human rights law) to preserve and protect the coherence, uniformity and stability of the international legal order. The analysis covers such central issues as the following: who should be entitled to seek moral damages; the legal test to determining moral damages claims, in respect of both substantive and evidential issues; applicability and scope of the theory of corrective justice in moral damages claims; the victim status of natural persons, corporations, and investors'employees in investor-state disputes; quantification of moral damages; what the precise nature of the compensation ought to be; and role of the theory of law and economics in the context of moral damages claims. Decisions of international human rights courts are examined to assess, by way of comparison, the appropriateness of the stance taken by international investment tribunals. This is the first in-depth treatment of the important question of whether and under which circumstances international investment tribunals should have jurisdiction to award moral damages, as well as the remedies available and the quantification exercise guiding compensation. The analysis will prove invaluable to practitioners and academics eager to enhance their knowledge and understanding of the rules and principles applicable to moral damages claims under international investment law.

Quelles sont les règles de droit ou la loi qui vont trancher un différend entre un investisseur étranger et un État? La détermination du droit applicable au fond dans le cadre d'un arbitrage est une question juridique complexe qui peut être déterminante pour l'issue d'un litige, mais souvent oubliée ou évitée par les parties. Le droit applicable au fond est formé de règles et lois qui peuvent être nationales, internationales ou anationales et leurs sources ne font pas toujours l'unanimité. Dans le cadre euro-arabe, s'ajoute le choix d'application de la charia et du droit européen qui pose certaines difficultés. Le règlement des différends relatifs à l'investissement international peut être fondé sur un ou plusieurs instruments également. Sous l'égide d'une institution d'arbitrage ou dans le cadre d'un arbitrage ad hoc, quelles sont les articulations entre ces droits, règles et instruments? La liberté des parties et de l'arbitre de désigner le droit applicable n'est pas sans limite. Cet ouvrage apporte des éclaircissements à des questions que les arbitres sont amenés à se poser pour résoudre un différend.

This book develops a conceptual framework that captures not only the tensions between constitutional values that are common to liberal democracies – human rights, democracy, and the rule of law – and the investment treaty regime, but also the potential for co-existence and complementarity.Contributions from leading experts in the field address how different systems of constitutional law interact with the investment treaty regime. Chapters provide a detailed overview of the various forms of interaction, and critically engage with the competing claims for supremacy that constitutional law and international investment law formulate. The book also addresses the reactions within the investment treaty regime to the demands formulated by constitutional law, in particular the use of constitutional analogies to understand international investment law and investor-state dispute settlement.Investigating the leading questions and issues surrounding this growing topic, this book will be an ideal read for students and scholars interested in financial, economic, and international law. Practitioners of constitutional law will also benefit from this innovative book.

International investment law is at a crossroads. Civil society groups, prominent think tanks, and international organisations are calling for widespread reform. At the centre of controversy are international investment agreements (IIAs) and investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). Over 1,000 legal claims have been brought by foreign investors under IIAs since the mid-1990s, resulting in multi-million dollar fines imposed against governments for policies related to the environment, natural resource governance, and access to basic services among other areas of public concern. Governments targeted by investor claims are pursuing a variety of reforms that range from the incremental to paradigm-shifting. These different responses raise important questions about the politics of infringement and reform: Why do governments infringe on IIAs despite the costs of doing so? Why do some governments heavily targeted by investor claims pursue more substantive reforms than others? This book provides a timely examination of infringement and reform in Latin America, where governments felt the sting of investor claims sooner and with greater frequency than in other regions. It focuses on Peru, Argentina, and Ecuador, countries that responded very differently to waves of investor claims. Based on interviews with government officials, and international lawyers as well as an extensive analysis of legal transcripts, detailed case study chapters examine the conditions that prompted investor claims and the factors that inform country's reform agendas. In doing so, the book illustrates the conditions under which IIAs constrain state behaviour and how different belief systems produce different responses to external pressures for treaty compliance.

International investment arbitration remains one of the most controversial areas of globalisation and international law. This book provides a fresh contribution to the debate by adopting a thoroughly empirical approach. Based on new datasets and a range of quantitative, qualitative and computational methods, the contributors interrogate claims and counter-claims about the regime's legitimacy. The result is a nuanced picture about many of the critiques lodged against the regime, whether they be bias in arbitral decision-making, close relationships between law firms and arbitrators, absence of arbitral diversity, and excessive compensation. The book comes at a time when several national and international initiatives are under way to reform international investment arbitration. The authors discuss and analyse how the regime can be reformed and ow a process of legitimation might occur.

Are states allowed to prohibit the importation of products made by children? Can foreign investors claim compensation when their host state raises the minimum wage? In this book Ruben Zandvliet examines the ways in which international trade and investment law enables and constrains the ability of states to regulate labour. In addition to analysing the interactions between the relevant norms, it explains how linkages between international economic law and labour navigate between two notions: fair competition and fundamental rights. This study is agnostic about which of these objectives ought to shape international law, thus allowing a critical examination of the relevant rules of public international law, as well as legal and economic scholarship.

This book analyses the multi-faceted impact armed conflict has on investment treaties. Refuting the common association of the outbreak of hostilities with the termination or suspension of treaties, it not only makes a case for the continuity of investment treaties. The book argues that the impact of armed conflict on such agreements goes far beyond these questions: Changed factual circumstances and public interests as well as international humanitarian law heavily influence the application and interpretation of investment protection standards. The book argues that investment treaties can and must channel these effects to remain effective during armed conflict and strike a fair balance between investor and public interests. It shows ways in which contextual and systemic interpretation, respect for reasonable state action, and careful treaty design can ensure that investment treaties continue to fulfil their purpose of strengthening compliance with legal rules also in times of armed conflict.