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Neonicotinoids have been detected in farmland-associated birds and exposure to these insecticides has been linked to adverse effects. Even though neonicotinoids are mobile and persistent and have been detected in surface waters and aquatic invertebrates, there is a considerable lack of knowledge on their occurrence in waterbirds. Here we investigated the occurrence of seven neonicotinoids and some of their transformation products (imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, 6-chloronicotinic acid, hydroxy-imidacloprid, imidacloprid-urea, imidacloprid-olefin, thiamethoxam-urea, thiacloprid-amide, acetamiprid-acetate, and acetamiprid-desmethyl) in blood plasma of 51 incubating female common goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula). We collected samples from five different regions from southern to northern Finland encompassing rural and urban settings in coastal and inland areas. Surprisingly, none of the targeted neonicotinoids was found above the limit of detection in any of the samples. As neonicotinoid concentrations in wild birds can be very low, a likely reason for the nil results is that the LODs were too high; this and other possible reasons for the lack of detection of neonicotinoids in the goldeneyes are discussed. Our results suggest that neonicotinoid exposure in their breeding areas is currently not of major concern to female goldeneyes in Finland. Even though this study did not find any immediate danger of neonicotinoids to goldeneyes, further studies including surface water, aquatic invertebrates, and other bird species could elucidate potential indirect food chain effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides an overview on the fate and behavior of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, in agricultural environments. The study focuses on four key aspects: adsorption and leaching of imidacloprid in soil, degradation and hydrolysis of imidacloprid in soil and water, uptake and persistence of imidacloprid in plants, and volatilization of imidacloprid to the atmosphere. The review presents the latest findings from research on each of these topics. While imidacloprid is highly effective at controlling pests, it is also known to persist in the environment, posing risks to non-target organisms such as bees, birds, and aquatic life. Moreover, there is increasing concern about its potential to accumulate in the soil and water systems, which may have long-term effects on the ecosystem. The review suggests that better understanding of the behavior and fate of imidacloprid in agricultural environments is essential for developing effective strategies to minimize its environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life‐history traits and population size of organisms may be affected by fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance. In this study, we examined the insecticide resistance and life‐history traits of Paederus fuscipes (Curtis), a common generalist predator, in field populations from Taiwan (high‐latitude region; 22° N–25° N) and Malaysia (low‐latitude region; 3° N–5° N). The results showed that Malaysian populations had higher imidacloprid resistance compared with Taiwanese populations. The fitness costs associated with imidacloprid resistance resulted in reduced fecundity, longer adult pre‐oviposition period, shorter egg length, and lighter pupal weight in the Malaysian populations, in contrast to the Taiwanese populations. However, the immature developmental time of the Malaysian populations was relatively short compared with the Taiwanese populations. The longevity of the Taiwanese populations was significantly shorter compared with the Malaysian populations. The fecundity of the adult populations increased in inverse proportion to longevity. The intrinsic rate of increase was significantly lower in the Malaysian populations compared with the Taiwanese populations. This regional‐scale study provided insights into the differences in life‐history traits and population growth of P. fuscipes as a result of fitness cost. However, it is worth noting that despite the high intrinsic rate of increase observed in the Taiwanese populations, among other factors, cannibalism may serve as a density‐dependent compensatory mechanism in regulating population size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental concerns have consistently been a focal point for the scientific community. Pollution is a critical ecological issue that poses significant threats to human health and agricultural production. Contamination with heavy metals and pesticides is a considerable concern, a threat to the environment, and warrants special attention. In this study, we investigated the significant issues arising from sub-chronic exposure to imidacloprid (IMI), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd), either alone or in combination, using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model. Additionally, we assessed the potential protective effects of polyfloral honey enriched with natural ingredients, also called honey formulation (HF), against the combined sub-chronic toxic effects of the three contaminants. The effects of IMI (0.5 mg·L−1), Hg (15 μg·L−1), and Cd (5 μg·L−1), both individually and in combination with HF (500 mg·L−1), on zebrafish were evaluated by quantifying acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lipid peroxidation (MDA), various antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (SOD and GPx), 2D locomotor activity, social behavior, histological and immunohistochemical factors, and changes in body element concentrations. Our findings revealed that all concentrations of pollutants may disrupt social behavior, diminish swimming performances (measured by total distance traveled, inactivity, and swimming speed), and elevate oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers of SOD, GPx, and MDA in zebrafish over the 21-day administration period. Fish exposed to IMI and Hg + Cd + IMI displayed severe lesions and increased GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein) and S100B (S100 calcium-binding protein B) protein expression in the optic tectum and cerebellum, conclusively indicating astrocyte activation and neurotoxic effects. Furthermore, PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) staining revealed reduced cell proliferation in the IMI-exposed group, contrasting with intensified proliferation in the Hg + Cd group. The nervous system exhibited significant damage across all studied concentrations, confirming the observed behavioral changes. Moreover, HF supplementation significantly mitigated the toxicity induced by contaminants and reduced OS. Therefore, the exposure to chemical mixtures offers a more complete picture of adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the supplementation with bioactive compounds can help to reduce the toxicity induced by exposure to environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonicotinoids are ubiquitous in global surface waters and pose a significant risk to aquatic organisms. However, information is lacking on the variations in sensitivity of organisms at different developmental stages to the neurotoxic neonicotinoids. We established a spectrum of toxicity to zebrafish embryos at four neurodevelopmental stages (1, 3, 6, and 8 h post fertilization [hpf]) and dechorionated embryos at 6 hpf based on external and internal exposure to imidacloprid as a representative neonicotinoid. Embryos at the gastrula stage (6 and 8 hpf) were more sensitive to imidacloprid than embryos at earlier developmental stages. Dechorionated embryos were more sensitive to imidacloprid than embryos with a chorion, suggesting that the chorion offers protection against pollutants. Nine sublethal effects were induced by imidacloprid exposure, among which uninflated swim bladder (USB) was the most sensitive. Water depth and air availability in the exposure chambers were critical factors influencing the occurrence of USB in zebrafish larvae. Internal residues of metabolites accounted for <10% of imidacloprid, indicating that imidacloprid was metabolized in a limited fashion in the embryos. In addition, acute toxicity of the main metabolite 5‐hydroxy‐imidacloprid was significantly lower than that of imidacloprid, indicating that the observed toxicity in embryos exposed to imidacloprid was mainly induced by the parent compound. Our research offers a fresh perspective on choosing the initial exposure time in zebrafish embryo toxicity tests, particularly for neurotoxicants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2398–2408. © 2024 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Surfactants, particularly non‐ionic ones, are widely used as adjuvants in pesticide formulations due to their ability to maintain pesticide effectiveness without changing solution properties, such as pH. While non‐ionic surfactants are generally low‐toxic, stable, and excellent dispersants with high solubilization capabilities, they may be less effective than cationic surfactants, which offer superior surface activity, transport properties, and antimicrobial action. This study investigates the efficacy of new piperidinium surfactants with carbamate fragments as adjuvants in insecticide formulations containing imidacloprid. The efficacy of these formulations is being assessed against greenhouse whitefly, a pest known to harm cultivated and ornamental flowering plants. RESULTS: The aggregation behavior of piperidinium surfactants containing carbamate fragments was investigated, and their wetting effect was evaluated. Synthesized surfactants have lower CMC values compared to their methylpiperidinium analogue. The effect of piperidinium surfactants on the insecticide concentration on the surface and inside tomato leaves was assessed using spectrophotometric methods. It was found that the introduction of piperidinium surfactants with carbamate fragment at a concentration of 0.1% wt. allows for decrease in lethal concentration of imidacloprid up to 10 times, thereby testifying the marked increase in the effectiveness of imidacloprid against the greenhouse whitefly insect pest (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). It was shown that the main factors responsible for the enhanced efficacy of the insecticide were the ability of the surfactant to increase the concentration of imidacloprid on the leaf surfaces and improve their penetration into the plant. CONCLUSION: The presented work employed a comprehensive approach, which significantly increases the generalizability of the results obtained and provides the ability to predict the effect and target selection of adjuvants. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae was studied in combination with the commonly used insecticides, viz. clothianidin 50 WDG, imidacloprid 17.8 SL and chlorpyriphos 20 EC, against grubs of Brahmina coriacea (Hope) and Holotrichia longipennis (Blanchard). Clothianidin, imidacloprid and chlorpyriphos were applied at 50, 75 and 100 ppm respectively, and both the fungi were applied at 107 conidia/ml. Synergistic interactions were consistent across all the combinations and calculated values of χ² ranged from 4.2 to 5.73 in both the species of white grubs. The grubs of H. longipennis exhibited a higher degree of synergism than B. coriacea as observed from the mortality data. Among entomopathogenic fungi, M. anisopliae showed more synergism than B. bassiana against both species. This study will also help reduce insecticidal pollution and the cost of interventions for the management of white grubs in a sense that application rates of chemical insecticides and synergists will be reduced. This practice may be incorporated in integrated pest management, and further study of the synergistic interactions will guide how entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides can be combined to combat environmental pollution effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza huidobrensis, invaded New South Wales and Queensland late 2020. Overseas, L. huidobrensis has a history of developing insecticide resistance and, since its Australian discovery, has caused significant control issues in Australian horticultural industries. Here, we developed bioassay methods to test the response of L. huidobrensis larvae to spirotetramat and L. huidobrensis adults to dimethoate, imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole. Against two New South Wales and one Queensland collected strains, we found a 33‐fold elevated response against dimethoate and 200‐fold more against imidacloprid than the field‐recommended field rates. Furthermore, we found that a maximum rate of 64‐fold the field‐recommended rate of chlorantraniliprole controlled only 94% of one tested population. Similarly, the maximum rate of spirotetramat tested (64‐fold the field‐recommended rate) only achieved 84%–94% mortality for the same populations. Prior to our study, the efficacy of chlorantraniliprole and spirotetramat against Liriomyza was poorly studied, with only a few reports with chlorantraniliprole against Liriomyza trifolii. Consequently, none of the tested insecticides in this study will likely control Australian invasive L. huidobrensis at the field‐recommended rates. Our results presented here highlight the need to identify and study alternative chemical and biological products and natural enemies for the control of L. huidobrensis in Australian horticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT As an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma ostriniae (T. ostriniae) exhibits a broad host range and plays a crucial role in controlling various lepidopteran agricultural pests. However, the application of chemical pesticides negatively impacts its development and survival. Therefore, it is essential to assess the toxicity of commonly used insecticides against T. ostriniae and evaluate their compatibility. This study aims to determine the toxic effects of five common insecticides (dinotefuran, abamectin, imidacloprid, beta‐cypermethrin, and chlorantraniliprole) on the development, reproduction, and enzymatic activity of T. ostriniae. The contact, lethal, and developmental toxicities were evaluated. Activities of detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450), carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST), and protective enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (MRCC I), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of T. ostriniae were examined after being treated with the five insecticides. The results showed that the order of lethal toxicity in adult T. ostriniae was beta‐cypermethrin > dinotefuran > imidacloprid > abamectin > chlorantraniliprole. The emergence rates of adult T. ostriniae exposed to insecticides during the egg and larval stages were higher than those exposed to insecticides during the prepupal and pupal stages. The activities of CYP450, GST, and SOD were increased, but CarE activity and ROS content were decreased in T. ostriniae treated with the five insecticides compared with the control. Beta‐cypermethrin increased the POD and CAT activities. Chlorantraniliprole decreased CAT activity and increased MDA content. The MRCCI of T. ostriniae was not significantly affected by any of the five insecticides tested. The ATP content of T. ostriniae was not significantly affected by chlorantraniliprole but was significantly decreased by the other four insecticides. In conclusion, the toxicities of the five insecticides to T. ostriniae were different, among which imidacloprid, dinotefuran, abamectin, and beta‐cypermethrin had a high risk of toxicity to T. ostriniae, and chlorantraniliprole had a low risk to T. ostriniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing concern that sprayed neonicotinoid pesticides (neonics) persist in mixed forms in the environmental soil and water systems, and these concerns stem from reports of increase in both the detection frequency and concentration of these pollutants. To confirm the toxic effects of neonics,we conducted toxicity tests on two neonics, clothianidin (CLO) and imidacloprid (IMD), in embryos of zebrafish. Toxicity tests were performed with two different types of mixtures: potential mixture compounds and realistic mixture compounds. Potential mixtures of CLO and IMD exhibited synergistic effects, in a dose-dependent manner, in zebrafish embryonic toxicity. Realistic mixture toxicity tests that are reflecting the toxic effects of mixture in the aquatic environment were conducted with zebrafish embryos. The toxicity of the CLO and IMD mixture at environmentally-relevant concentrations was confirmed by the alteration of the transcriptional levels of target genes, such as cell damage linked to oxidative stress response and thyroid hormone synthesis related to zebrafish embryonic development. Consequently, the findings of this study can be considered a strategy for examining mixture toxicity in the range of detected environmental concentrations. In particular, our results will be useful in explaining the mode of toxic action of chemical mixtures following short-term exposure. Finally, the toxicity information of CLO and IMD mixtures will be applied for the agricultural environment, as a part of chemical regulation guideline for the use and production of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field surveys were conducted on golf courses reporting the inability of imidacloprid to control white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) when applied preventively. Surveys of five sites with significant past imidacloprid use (>10 years) revealed significantly greater white grub populations in rough‐mown turf following imidacloprid treatment than that of adjacent short‐mown fairways. Additionally, spatial analysis by distance indicEs (SADIE) analyses demonstrated a positive correlation between white grub and thatch spatial patterns. To investigate the impact of thatch on imidacloprid efficacy and translocation throughout the turfgrass plant, greenhouse experiments were conducted using turf with differing thatch levels. Imidacloprid concentrations in soil and plant tissues were measured with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and compared to values obtained through an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to determine if the latter could be a cost‐effective alternative in future studies. ELISA provided reliable estimates of concentrations of imidacloprid compared to HPLC, with only minor discrepancies noted across different types of treatments and assessment timings. Despite finding higher imidacloprid levels in leaf tissues compared to roots and some differences in concentration across thatch treatments, there was no clear pattern showing that thatch thickness significantly affects imidacloprid penetration or accumulation in plant tissues or soil over time. These findings suggest that factors other than thatch thickness may contribute to the observed field failures of imidacloprid in controlling white grubs. Further research is necessary to identify these factors and optimize the use of imidacloprid in turfgrass pest management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used class of insecticides in the United States (U.S.). and the world. Consistent with their high use and persistence, neonicotinoids are often found contaminating drinking water and food. They are also detected in human urine, breast milk, amniotic and cerebrospinal fluids, as well as the brains of treated rodents. Neonicotinoids were once thought to pose little neurotoxic risk to humans, but a growing body of research challenges that assumption. In this study we provide the first comprehensive assessment of unpublished rodent developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) studies on five neonicotinoids that were submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by neonicotinoid manufacturers. Groups of female rats were administered three different doses of a neonicotinoid during pregnancy and lactation, and their offspring subjected to various neurological tests and brain measurements. We identified nicotine-like effects such as reduced brain size, indicative of neuronal cell loss. Statistically significant shrinkage of brain tissue was observed in high-dose offspring for five neonicotinoids: acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam. Two brain regions reduced in the rodent studies-the corpus callosum and caudateputa mentend to be smaller in people diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and in children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, suggesting a possible link between perinatal neonicotinoid exposure and ADHD. A decreased auditory startle reflex was reported for acetamiprid at all doses and was statistically significant in the mid- and high-dose offspring, and for clothianidin in juvenile high-dose females. No mid- or low-dose brain morphometric data were submitted for acetamiprid, imidacloprid, or thiacloprid. Thiamethoxam mid- and low-dose brain morphometric data were provided to EPA upon request. Only partial mid-dose brain morphometry data were submitted for clothianidin, but no low-dose data. Yet despite this lack of data, EPA concluded that only the high-dose brain morphometric effects were treatment-related-setting the mid-dose as the study's No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) or failing to find a definitive NOAEL for acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. We found numerous deficiencies in EPA's regulatory oversight and data analyses. EPA dismissed statistically significant adverse effects, accepted substandard DNT studies despite lack of valid positive control data, and allowed neonicotinoid registrants to unduly influence agency decision-making. We conclude that perinatal exposure to neonicotinoids and their metabolites induces adverse, nicotine-like neurotoxic effects in rodent bioassays, and that the exposure limits set by EPA for human exposure are either not protective or not supported by available neurotoxicity data. We propose regulatory changes to empower EPA to better protect public health from developmental neurotoxins like neonicotinoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid pesticide, has been widely used due to its high efficiency against insect pests. However, its prolonged exposure may pose significant risks to non-target organisms, including mammals. Recent studies have raised concerns about its potential neurotoxicity, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the neurotoxic effects of chronic Imidacloprid exposure in Wistar rats, focusing on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lysosomal disruption. Wistar rats were orally administered two doses of Imidacloprid (5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight) for three months. Neurotoxic effects were assessed by measuring key biochemical markers such as the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Non-enzymatic markers, including glutathione (GSH) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) index, were also evaluated. Mitochondrial function was assessed by analyzing oxygen consumption, swelling, and membrane permeability and histopathological changes. Lysosomal stability was examined using the Neutral Red Retention Time (NRRT) assay. Neutral red is a dye that accumulates in the acidic environment of lysosomes. Healthy lysosomes retain the dye, while compromised lysosomes lose it, indicating destabilization. By measuring the amount of neutral red retained in lysosomes, the NRRT assay assesses lysosomal integrity. Lysosomal pH variations were also monitored to evaluate functional changes. Microscopic analysis provided insight into structural changes in lysosomes and other cell components. Lysosomal destabilization was further confirmed by morphological alterations observed through light microscopy, revealing a progressive, time-dependent degeneration of lysosomal structures, including lysosomal expansion, neutral red dye leakage, and cell rounding. These changes reflected a temporal evolution of lysosomal damage, progressing from minor structural disruptions to more severe alterations as exposure continued, observable at the microscopic level. During the study, clinical observations of intoxicated rats included symptoms such as lethargy, reduced activity levels, and impaired motor coordination. High-dose Imidacloprid exposure led to noticeable behavioral changes, including decreased exploratory behavior and altered grooming patterns. Additionally, signs of neurotoxic effects, such as tremors or ataxia, were observed in the rats exposed to the higher dose, reflecting the systemic impact of chronic pesticide exposure. The results revealed a significant decrease in the enzymatic activities of CAT, GPx, and SOD, accompanied by an increase in GST activity. A notable reduction in glutathione levels and a rise in MDA index were observed, indicating enhanced oxidative stress in the brain. Mitochondrial impairment was evidenced by disturbances in oxygen consumption, increased swelling, and altered membrane permeability. Lysosomal destabilization was confirmed by reduced retention of neutral red dye, structural changes in lysosomes, and a significant rise in lysosomal pH in the IMI-exposed groups. In addition, the histopathological features indicate that imidacloprid at the given dose and exposure duration may have caused notable neurotoxic effects in Wistar rat brain tissue. Chronic exposure to Imidacloprid induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal disruption and histopathological alterations in the central nervous system of Wistar rats. These findings provide valuable insights into the neurotoxic mechanisms of neonicotinoid pesticides, highlighting the need for further research to understand the long-term effects of Imidacloprid exposure on mammalian health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population density of the domesticated bee, Apis mellifera is affected on a large scale by pesticide application and climate changes. Furthermore, contamination of bee flora with insecticide residue is another cause of honeybee mortality. The current study assessed the toxicity of five insecticides, namely bifenthrin (Talstar®10EC), endosulfan (Thiodon®35EC), imidacloprid (Confidor®200SL), ethofenprox (Trebon®30EC) and diafenthiuron (Polo®500SC) against haemocytes of the honeybee, A. mellifera under standard laboratory conditions. Analysis for counts of total haemocytes, differential haemocytes, and abnormalities was determined for larvae, pupae, and adult worker bees of A. mellifera. The haemolymph samples were assessed soon after, 30 and 60 min for selected insecticides applied at a concentration of recommended field doses. The total count of haemocytes was found to be significantly maximum in larval and pupal stages (35818 cells/mm3, 3387 cells/mm3) while lowest (5493 cells/mm3) in adult workers, but differential counts of haemocytes remained somewhat insignificant for all insecticides applied. Variation of total haemocytes count of honeybee resulted for all tested insecticides. Results revealed an increase in haemocytes count (6662 cells/mm3, 7237 cells/mm3, 7081 cells/mm3) of adult honeybees exposed to diafenthiuron, ethofenprox, and imidacloprid soon after application; however, these counts dropped (4506 cells/mm3, 4262 cells/mm3, 3481 cells/mm3, 4325 cells/mm3) after sixty minutes of application for all tested insecticides except for bifenthrin when compared with the untreated adult honeybee. While for differential count, granulocytes and plasmatocyte numbers increased in adult worker A. mellifera after the application of insecticides. Haemocytes immune response to insecticides exhibited abnormalities of various degrees, such as denucleation, cell shape distortion and agglutination. The findings indicate that insecticides influence the immunity of A. mellifera by altering of total and differential count of haemocytes, possibly leading to increased mortality and loss of the colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to evaluate the lactoferrin (LF) effect on arsenic (As) and imidacloprid (IMI) toxicity in broiler chicks. One-week old broiler chicks (n=105) were divided into seven groups (x15 each). The animals were orally supplemented with As, IMI, and/or LF for 4 weeks as follows: Control (G1) no supplements, G2 supplemented with As, G3 supplemented with IMI, G4 supplemented with As+IMI, G5 supplemented with As+LF, G6 supplemented with IMI+LF, G7 supplemented with As+IMI+LF. Body weight and weight gain were recorded on weekly interval. Blood, serum, liver, kidney, and muscle samples were collected at the end of the experimental period for biochemical and histopathological examination. Body weight performance, hematological, serum, and liver tissue biochemical analysis revealed adverse changes in G2, G3, and G4 compared to control, G5, G6, and G7. There was higher tissue residue of As and IMI in G4 and G5 compared to G5, G6, and G7. Liver histopathological changes in the groups supplemented with As and/or IMI were observed with necrosis, congestion, and inflammatory cell aggregates. The use of LF in broiler chicks improves weight gain performance and modulates the adverse effects of As and/or IMI toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, bird populations are declining dramatically. This is especially the case in intensely used agricultural areas where the application of neonicotinoid insecticides is thought to—unintendedly—cause a cascade of negative impacts throughout food webs. Additionally, there could be direct (sub‐) lethal impacts of neonicotinoids on birds, but to date there is no comprehensive quantitative assessment to confirm or rule out this possibility. Therefore, we use a meta‐analytical approach synthesising 1612 effect sizes from 49 studies and show that neonicotinoids consistently harm bird health, behaviour, reproduction, and survival. Thus, in addition to reduced food availability, the negative direct effects of exposure to neonicotinoids likely contribute to bird population declines globally. Our outcomes are pivotal to consider in future risk assessments and pesticide policy: despite localised bans, the metabolites and residues of neonicotinoids remain present in the environment and in birds and will thus have long‐lasting direct effects on both the individual and the population levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold-platinum (Au@Pt) nanozymes with high catalytic activity and stability were designed to improve the stability of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a two-mode signal output was used to enhance the sensitivity and confidence of the assay. This study reports the two-mode signal output based on Au@Pt nanozyme to catalyzed 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reaction. Oxidized 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (ox-TMB) has wide absorption spectrum, providing excellent optical density capabilities and fluorescence quenching. The detection limits of imidacloprid were 0.88 μg/L and 1.14 μg/L in colorimetric and fluorescence modes, respectively. Multiple-mode strategy improves detection accuracy, increases the confidence of experimental results, and broadens detection modes. Two modes can meet the requirements of accurate and flexible multi-mode sensing in different application situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The house fly, Musca domestica, is a cosmopolitan species known for its pestiferous nature and potential to mechanically vector numerous human and animal pathogens. Control of adult house flies often relies on insecticides formulated into food baits. However, due to the overuse of these baits, insecticide resistance has developed to all insecticide classes currently registered for use in the United States. Field populations of house flies have developed resistance to imidacloprid, the most widely used neonicotinoid insecticide for fly control, through both physiological and behavioral resistance mechanisms. In the current study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the inheritance and dominance of behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in a lab‐selected behaviorally resistant house fly strain. Additionally, we conducted feeding preference assays to assess the feeding responses of genetic cross progeny to imidacloprid. Our results confirmed that behavioral resistance to imidacloprid is inherited as a polygenic trait, though it is inherited differently between male and female flies. We also demonstrated that feeding preference assays can be instrumental in future genetic inheritance studies as they provide direct insight into the behavior of different strains under controlled conditions that reveal, interactions between the organism and the insecticide. The findings of this study carry significant implications for pest management and underscore the need for integrated pest control approaches that consider genetic and ecological factors contributing to resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural pests can develop behavioral resistance to insecticides by choosing to feed or oviposit on insecticide‐free hosts. As young larvae have relatively low mobility, oviposition preferences from female adults may play a critical role in shaping the evolutionary trajectory of pest populations. While oviposition avoidance of insecticide‐treated hosts was found in different agriculture pests, it remains unclear whether female adults actively choose to occupy insecticide‐free hosts. To address this question, we investigated feeding and oviposition preferences between imidacloprid‐treated and imidacloprid‐free plants in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, a major potato pest. We performed behavioral choice assays on two strains that differed in both fecundity and insecticide resistance. We found that one strain preferred to feed on the insecticide‐free plants and that this preference is not innate. Meanwhile, the other strain chose plants for feeding and oviposition randomly. Further analyses of the moving patterns of the beetles suggested that the oviposition preference in the first strain is likely due to active learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidacloprid and other neonicotinoid insecticides severely impact the performance and survival of honey bees and other pollinators. In the present study, we focused on the gene expression profile of newly emerged Apis mellifera queen bees after sublethal imidacloprid treatment during the larval stage. Royal jelly containing 1 ppb imidacloprid was provided to larvae for 3 consecutive days (2–4 days postemergence). Queen larvae treated with imidacloprid showed lower capping and emergence rates (35.5% and 24.22%, respectively) than did control larvae (61.68% and 52.95%, respectively), indicating a high failure rate of queen rearing associated with imidacloprid exposure during the larval stage. The molecular response to imidacloprid treatment was examined next. By comparing the gene expression profiles of imidacloprid‐treated queen larvae and those of control queen larvae using DESeq2, we identified 215 differentially expressed genes, with 105 and 111 up‐ and downregulated genes, respectively. Gene Ontology results indicated that chitin binding– and calcium ion binding–related genes were upregulated, while phototransduction‐ and visual perception–related genes were downregulated. The high mortality rate and altered gene expression profiles suggest that treatment with even 1 ppb imidacloprid can severely impact queen bee survival. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2232–2242. © 2024 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterostructured SeO2–TiO2 nanoparticles were used as a highly sensitive and selective fluoroprobe for the detection and determination of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. The sonication-assisted co-precipitation technique was used to create nanoparticles, which were then characterized using UV–Vis, SEM–EDS, HRTEM, XRD, and TGA. These analyses revealed that the nanoparticles had globular morphology, a crystallite size of 14 nm, a bandgap of 2.45 eV, and stability at high temperatures. Fluorescence emission at 548 nm wavelength exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity for imidacloprid over other pesticides with complete fluorescent quenching at 2 × 10–4 M concentration of imidacloprid. Stern–Volmer equation and thermodynamic parameters applied to the experimental data over a temperature range of 20–50 °C provide the Ksv value in the range of 1.56 × 105 to 2.69 × 105 M−1 and indicate strong interactions, dynamic, spontaneous, and endothermic quenching process. Furthermore, the excellent salient features and notably the unaffected performance even in the presence of various anions, fertilizer, and binary mixture of pesticides often sprayed on plants, will pave the way for the development of rapid, affordable, selective fluoroprobe for onsite monitoring of imidacloprid. The reliability for determination is also examined for spiked soil samples to develop a hybrid SeO2–TiO2 nanoparticles fluoroprobe as a simple alternative to existing techniques for the detection of imidacloprid.Highlights: Utilization of heterostructured SeO2–TiO2 nanoparticles. Synthesized through the sonication-assisted co-precipitation technique, as a novel fluoroprobe. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent thorough characterization using various techniques such as UV–Vis, SEM-EDS, HRTEM, XRD, and TGA. The fluoroprobe demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity for imidacloprid, outperforming other pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Neonicotinoid insecticides are used worldwide for crop protection. They act as agonists at postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), disrupting normal neurotransmission in target insects. Human exposure is high due to the widespread use of neonicotinoids and their residues in food. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro neurotoxicity of three neonicotinoid commercial formulations Much 600 FS® (imidacloprid 600 g L−1), Evidence 700 WG® (imidacloprid 700 g kg−1), and Actara 250 WG® (thiamethoxam 250 g kg−1) in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Methods Cells were incubated with the pesticides for 96 h, and the cytotoxicity was evaluated through the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium·bromide (MTT) reduction and neutral red (NR) uptake assays. Toxicological pathways such as reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell death mode, and the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax were also evaluated. Results EC50 values of 266.4, 4,175, and 653.2 mg L−1 were found for Much®, Evidence® and Actara®, respectively. Significant increases in ROS and RNS generation were observed for all pesticides, while mitochondrial membrane potential and Bax protein expression showed no significant changes. Analysis of cell death mode revealed an increase in early apoptotic cells. Conclusion Therefore, neonicotinoid insecticides are potentially neurotoxic, reinforcing concerns about human exposure to these commercial formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Megaloptera larvae are important bioindicator species and potential resource insects. To further cultivate their economic role, their living environment must be examined in more detail. In this study, we analyzed the physiological and biochemical effects of a sublethal dose of imidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, on the larvae of Protohermes xanthodes. After treatment with imidacloprid, P. xanthodes larvae exhibited clear symptoms of poisoning, including the head curling up toward the ventral surface. Additionally, the activity of acetylcholinesterase was significantly inhibited following exposure. The activities of glutathione S-transferases initially continuously increased but showed a slight decrease after 8 days. Catalase activity initially increased and then decreased following imidacloprid treatment; superoxide dismutase activity fluctuated over time, and peroxidase activity continuously increased. The expression levels of HSP70s genes were evaluated using qRT-PCR. These results indicate that P. xanthodes larvae exhibit a toxic response to imidacloprid exposure, manifested as oxidative stress, as observed through behavioral and physiological indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kuttanad is a unique wetland agriculture system featuring polder-based rice cultivation below sea level. Facing increasing pollution threats from agrochemicals, this FAO-recognized Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) needs constant monitoring and risk assessment. The present study investigated the seasonal dynamics of agricultural pesticide residues in fish cultured in the wetland system. A total of 217 fish samples were analyzed, spanning three different sampling stations of Kuttanad, viz., Vaikom, Ramankari, and Edathua, during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The results revealed the presence of 14 pesticides across locations and seasons. The pesticides found in the highest concentrations were propetamphos (54.64 mg L−1), thiacloprid (46.78 mg L−1), and diphenylamine (24.70 mg L−1). The most frequently detected pesticides were propoxur, fenuron, and thiacloprid. Contaminants were detected more frequently during the post-monsoon season (49%) compared to the monsoon (38%) and pre-monsoon (13%) seasons, with imidacloprid being present in all three seasons. The target hazard quotients (THQ) for propetamphos, thiacloprid, and diphenylamine were determined to be 0.04, 0.004, and 0.0002, respectively. The hazard index (HI) calculated as the sum of THQ of quantified pesticides was 0.056, indicating a low to moderate risk. However, consistent monitoring of pesticides in the Kuttanad wetland agriculture system is important to ensure timely intervention to protect biodiversity and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment on insecticide evaluation against the Rice Gundhi bug was laid out at Heera Puri research field, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India in randomized Block Design with three replications and seven treatments including different newer insecticides and phytoextracts viz., imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 300 ml/ha, NSKE 5% @ 25 l/ha, acetamiprid 20% SP @ 200 g/ha, Neem oil 2% @ 5 l/ha, Metarhizium anisopliae 1 x 109 cfu/ml @ 3 l/ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 200 g/ha, and Untreated plot (Water). The number of bugs after 10 days of the second spray was significantly lower than the untreated plot. However, imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 300 ml/ha was found superior to the rest of the insecticide treatments, as the lowest number of bugs was recorded by this treatment. The next best treatment was thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 200 g/ha, followed by acetamiprid 20% SP @ 200 g/ha. Neem oil 2% @ 5 l/ha was the least effective treatment. The benefit-cost ratio results revealed that the most cost-effective treatment was imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 300 ml/ha, whereas the least economical treatment was NSKE 5% @ 25 l/ha. Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 300 ml/ha treatment recorded the highest B: C ratio and highest yield as compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis, is an important pest in Brazil. While chemical control has traditionally been the cornerstone for managing this pest, field control failures have been reported for some insecticides. To understand if these failures are due to resistance, we evaluated the susceptibility of 11 field‐collected populations of D. maidis to major insecticides during the 2021–2022 crop seasons in Brazil using concentration‐mortality bioassays. Additionally, we employed diagnostic concentration bioassays and foliar sprays at label‐recommended rates in 8–10 populations collected during the 2022–2023 crop seasons. Results: High susceptibility to methomyl, carbosulfan and acephate was observed on concentration‐mortality bioassays across all populations tested with resistance ratio (RR) based on LC50 <10‐fold, except for one population from Bahia State that exhibited reduced susceptibility to methomyl (RR = 17.5). On the other hand, all populations exhibited reduced susceptibility to bifenthrin, acetamiprid, and imidacloprid, with RR ranging from 90 to 2000‐fold. This reduced susceptibility to neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides was further confirmed at diagnostic concentrations based on LC99 of the susceptible strain, with survival rates >20% and in foliar sprays with mortality rates <80%. Most populations exposed to acephate and carbosulfan exhibited low survival rates at diagnostic concentrations (<5%) and high mortality rates in foliar sprays (>80%). Conclusions: The reduced susceptibility to pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides likely explain the field failures in controlling D. maidis populations in Brazil. This study represents the first large‐scale susceptibility monitoring of D. maidis to insecticides, and the results will contribute to decision‐making regarding the management of this pest. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuD) is one of the major concerns for cotton growers. The traditional approach to managing CLCuD involves the control of the vector (whitefly) population through the use of pesticides. This study compares the efficacy of zinc oxide, iron oxide, copper and silver nanoparticles with conventional pesticides. Nanoparticles dose was optimized by evaluating their phytotoxic threshold in our previous study. In this study, optimized doses of nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (100 ppm), iron oxide (50 ppm), copper (50 ppm) and silver nanoparticles (25 ppm) were applied in a field trial of cotton against cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuD). Morphological parameters (height of stem, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, staple length, boll weight and number of bolls), yield parameters (seed cotton yield and ginning outturn), chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and total chlorophyll), biochemical parameters (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and electrolyte leakage) and disease parameters (reduction infection, disease severity and disease incidence) were determined in this study. Results: The incidence of cotton leaf curl virus was confirmed by triple antibody sandwich–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA). The pesticide Imidacloprid significantly reduced the infection by 79.3%. However, in comparison to pesticide, application of nanoparticles also reduced the infection. ZnO NPs reduced the infection by 42.33%, FeO NPs by 41%, Cu NPs by 34.7%, and Ag NPs by 44.8%. Moreover, these nanoparticles also improved the plant growth parameters as compared to control treatment. ZnO NPs enhanced morphological, yield parameters, and chlorophyll content by 36%, 22%, and 29%, respectively. FeO NPs showed improvements by 38%, 21%, and 29%; Cu NPs 39%, 25%, and 29%; and Ag NPs 31%, 19%, and 18%, respectively. Conclusion: Although treatment pesticide showed the least disease incidence compared to nanoparticles, nanoparticles are eco-friendly and safe as compared to pesticides. Farmers can apply these nanoparticles at their optimal thresholds through foliar application as an alternative to traditional pesticides. It is concluded that nanocomposites and hybrid modes may be used for managing CLCuD efficiently in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive application of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) has resulted in its worldwide detection in waters, leading to risks to human health and ecology safety. Presently, various remediation techniques for NNIs have been developed. However, the critical reviews concerning the remediation approaches for the elimination of NNIs from water are limited. Considering tremendous efforts have been made in the research topic of NNIs removal recently, this study systematacially reviewed the current advances on NNIs remediation approaches, including adsorption, Fenton, ozonation, photodegradation, sulfate radicals based-advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), electrochemical AOPs, percarbonate-based AOPs, periodate-based AOPs, microbial remediation, and phytoremediation. Moreover, NNIs removal by these methods have been critically discussed, compared, and analyzed. Furthermore, mechanisms of different treatment processes have been summarized in detail. Finally, the challenges and perspectives have been proposed. This study highlights the current progresses on NNIs removal technologies and proposes the future research needs in this area, which will provide support to further researches to halt the NNIs contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the nicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid (IMI) may affect non-target invertebrates like aquatic crustaceans by entering the aquatic environment through rainfall. Nevertheless, there are not sufficient studies on the toxicity mechanism of IMI in crayfish. Here, we investigated the effects of IMI on oxidative stress, osmoregulatory, and neurotoxicity biomarkers. The 96-hour lethal concentration value (96 h-LC50) of IMI was determined to be 0.932 mg AI L−1. Four concentrations of IMI (0.932, 0.466, 0.233 and 0.117 mg AI L−1) were applied to crayfish for 96 h. Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and total ATPase activities had almost significantly concentration-related inhibition in both gill and muscle tissues (p < 0.05). Compare with control in hepatopancreas, the activities of GST, SOD and GPx were increased, while the activities of AChE, CES and GR were decreased (p < 0.05). As non-enzymatic parameters, a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in MDA levels and a decrease in GSH levels were observed in the hepatopancreas compared to the control group, which was not related to the concentration. In conclusion, it can be said that the study's biomarkers are highly helpful and that commercially consumed crayfish are a significant non-target organism in the assessment of IMI toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidacloprid (IDP) is an active ingredient of the Admire brand pesticide used to control the vector (Asian citrus psyllid) that transmits the causative organism Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) for citrus greening or huanglongbing disease. Imidacloprid products are applied via soil drench where citrus roots are mostly concentrated which is between 0 and 60 cm depth. These soil depths exhibit different characteristics that may affect IDP leaching beyond the rooting zone. Representative soil samples were collected from Entisols and Ultisols, which are the dominant soil orders under citrus production in central Florida, at 15 cm increments up to 60 cm to estimate and understand the batch sorption, kinetics, equilibria, and degradation of IDP. Results showed that the equilibrium time for IDP at 0–15 cm depth (10 hours) was 2 times faster than at 15–60 cm (20 hours) for the Entisol. Nevertheless, all depths reached equilibrium within 24 hours for the Entisol. The 0–30 cm depth adsorbed 2 times more IDP than the 30–60 cm depth for both soils. Nevertheless, the adsorption coefficient was approximately ≤ 1 mL g-1 for both soils. The half-life of IDP in both soils ranged from 10 to 17 days. The Entisol showed higher adsorption than the Ultisol at both depths, probably due to relatively lower organic carbon (OC) content in the Ultisol compared to the Entisol. Thus, the Ultisol showed high IDP leaching vulnerability compared to the Entisol. Movement of IDP is affected by the amount of OC in the citrus critical zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is the most widely grown vegetables in the world and also the most important item of the vegetables processing sector. Tomato is important vegetable plant in our agriculture map which used as food in many countries of the world and especially Egypt. It infested with many pests, among of the most serious pest, tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). This study was aimed to investigate efficiency of Imidacloprid applied alone and in a binary mixture with Sylgard 309 adjuvant against this pest under field conditions, effect of Imidacloprid on tomato yield and determination of Imidacloprid residues in tomato fruits and soil. Results illustrated that adding Sylgard 309 adjuvant to Imidacloprid caused increasing mean reduction percentage to 98.02%, recording the first superior treatment. In case of tomato yield during two summer successive seasons 2014 and 2015, results reported that tomato yield increased by adding Sylgard 309 adjuvant to Imidacloprid and recorded superior yield of 600.75 and 613.15 Kg with increasing value of 41.27% and 35.44%, respectively during seasons 2014 and 2015 compared with control. Unfortunately, adding Sylgard 309 adjuvant to Imidacloprid was causation in increasing the half-life (T½) values and the quantities of residues in tomato fruits and soil, that were less than the maximum residue level (0.5 mg/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, is a destructive pest of citrus crops, necessitating effective management strategies. This study evaluated the efficacy of insecticidal treatments combining mineral oil with various active ingredients (chlorpyrifos-methyl, dimethoate, buprofezin, and imidacloprid) against A. aurantii populations across different tree levels and seasons. Results revealed that mineral oil + dimethoate consistently exhibited the highest reduction, up to 97.23% and 96.37% at the bottom level after 21 days in the first and second seasons, respectively. Mineral oil + chlorpyrifos-methyl also showed promising reductions up to 94.15% and 96.01%. Treatments with buprofezin and imidacloprid exhibited relatively lower efficacy but still achieved significant reductions. The percentage reductions generally increased over time, indicating progressive effectiveness. Variations in efficacy among treatments and tree levels were attributable to factors such as mode of action, penetration, and microhabitat preferences. These integrated approaches show potential for controlling A. aurantii, but environmental implications and resistance development should be considered. Future research should explore long-term efficacy, compatibility with biological control agents, and resistance management strategies to develop sustainable integrated pest management programs for A. aurantii in orange production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees are crucial to human survival in their role as generalist pollinators. However, humans also impact honey bees through the use of agricultural chemicals, typically aimed at increasing crop yield. Pesticide exposure to honey bees has been associated with a decrease in colony growth and fewer queens being born. However, the safety of pesticides is derived from acute feeding studies that focus on mortality. Pesticides are now ubiquitous in the environment and honey bees are constantly exposed. Studies utilizing long-term exposure better represent the lifetime experience of a typical honey bee. Here we measured changes in associative learning following 1 week of exposure to one of two sub-lethal, field-relevant doses of imidacloprid. While neither concentration of pesticide altered mortality relative to control, learning acquisition decreased in the high compared to control groups. These data demonstrate that chronic exposure to field-relevant doses of imidacloprid impact the ability for honey bees to form memories. The foraging success of honey bees relies on remembering the location of the hive and potential forage locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a low cost and easily available Black Poplar Sawdust (Populus nigra L.) was converted into an efficient adsorbent for the removal of acetamiprid (AMR) and imidacloprid (ICR) pesticides from aqueous solutions. The effect of adsorption effecting parameters including initial pesticides concentration, variations in the adsorbent amount, time of contact, and pH were investigated to understand the adsorption process of both pesticides. Further the kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm models were used to get an insight into the process of adsorption taking place. The results of the study suggested that the isotherm data align effectively with both the Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models (both pesticides). The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) for AMR was found to be 25.22 mg g−1, while for ICR, it was 25.65 mg g−1. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model with value of R2 = 0.9934 & 0.9964 respectively for AMR and ICR. The thermodynamic analysis confirmed the spontaneity and feasibility of the adsorption process, evident from the negative ∆G° values at different temperatures. The thermodynamics parameter values also suggested that the adsorption process is physisorption and exothermic due to the negative ∆H° value. From the results it was concluded that the devised adsorbent could be effectively used in reclamation pesticides contaminated water subjected to further verifications through testing against other pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Waterways that drain the Great Barrier Reef catchment area (GBRCA) transport pollutants to marine habitats, provide a critical corridor between freshwater and marine habitats for migratory fish species, and are of high socioecological value. Some of these waterways contain concentrations of pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) that exceed Australian ecotoxicity threshold values (ETVs) for ecosystem protection. In this article, we use a "pathway to harm" model with five key criteria to assess whether the available information supports the hypothesis that PAIs are or could have harmful effects on fish and arthropod populations. Strong evidence of the first three criteria and circumstantial weaker evidence of the fourth and fifth criteria are presented. Specifically, we demonstrate that exceedances of Australian and New Zealand ETVs for ecosystem protection are widespread in the GBRCA, that the PAI contaminated water occurs (spatially and temporally) in important habitats for fisheries, and that there are clear direct and indirect mechanisms by which PAIs could cause harmful effects. The evidence of individuals and populations of fish and arthropods being adversely affected species is more circumstantial but consistent with PAIs causing harmful effects in the freshwater ecosystems of Great Barrier Reef waterways. We advocate strengthening the links between PAI concentrations and fish health because of the cultural values placed on the freshwater ecosystems by relevant stakeholders and Traditional Owners, with the aim that stronger links between elevated PAI concentrations and changes in recreationally and culturally important fish species will inspire improvements in water quality. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1256–1279. © 2023 Commonwealth of Australia and The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). Key Points: A "pathway to harm" model is used to demonstrate that pesticide active ingredients could be harming fish and arthropod populations.Pesticides frequently occur in fish habitats at concentrations that exceed guideline values.There are known toxicological mechanisms for these pesticides to exert adverse outcomes, and some evidence that fish health in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area could be affected.We advocate strengthening the links between PAI concentrations and fish health because of the cultural value placed on the freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidacloprid, one of the latest members of the neonicotinoids, is a widely used synthetic organic insecticide. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effects of 2 ppm, 4 ppm, and 8 ppm imidacloprid on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in Helianthus annuus L. Tarsan-1018 oilseed sunflower leaves. As a result of the applications, sunflower leaves were collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen, then stored at -40 °C until analyses were conducted. Sunflower seeds were a registered variety and were obtained from Trakya Agricultural Research Institute. Imidacloprid were applied as foliar to the Sunflower plant grown under controlled conditions and samples were taken at 24. 48. and 72. hours. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) analyzes were performed in the samples taken after the applications. As a result, it was determined that imidacloprid had different effects on the biochemical parameters of sunflower plant leaves. It was understood that imidacloprid used in ppm doses stimulated antioxidant defense and created stress responses in the plant, and as with all plant protection products, the importance of proper dosage and controlled use must not be overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of advanced porous materials with enhanced removal efficiency is a significant advancement in the remediation of toxic pollutants, contributing to a cleaner environment. This study aims to investigate the application of functionalized silica hybrids as adsorbents to control the release of toxic pollutants by exploring their adsorptive properties in remediating the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. The experiment was designed to determine the residual concentration of imidacloprid by extracting it from soil and honey samples collected from the field. A batch adsorption protocol was applied with a 30-min contact time, variable pH levels (2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12), different insecticide concentrations (0.1 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, and 0.5 mg/L), and varying adsorbent doses (3 mg, 5 mg, and 7 mg). Samples were taken every 5 min, filtered, and analyzed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at 270 nm. The potential for sorbent regeneration after use was also investigated. The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction demonstrated a remarkable removal percentage of imidacloprid (> 93%) in both soil and honey samples. The maximum removal efficiency was observed at an insecticide concentration of 0.1 mg/L and an adsorbent dose of 5 mg. The maximum adsorption capacity of silica hybrids for the removal of the insecticide was found at basic pH levels (10, 12) across all adsorbents. Silica hybrids exhibited a regeneration potential efficacy of 70–80% when treated with acids. The adsorption results were significantly influenced by the Pseudo-second order, Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin models. The good regeneration capacity of silica hybrids, especially when treated with acids, makes them economical and eco-friendly adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Compatibility studies of insecticides and natural enemies usually focus on short‐term lethal effects, without considering the long‐term sublethal effects (including progeny). Even less‐explored are the effects of commercial insecticides formulated with more than one active product. Short‐ and long‐term lethal and sublethal effects were studied for the first time on the progeny of commercial formulations of spirotetramat, imidacloprid and a commercial mixture of these active ingredients on pupae of Diaeretiella rapae (M'ntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an endoparasitoid of aphids considered to be a potential biological control agent. Insecticides were exposed topically on aphid mummies in which the parasitoid was in the pupal stage. RESULTS: Imidacloprid reduced adult emergence by more than 30% and prolonged intra‐host development time with respect to control from half the maximum recommended field dose (MFRD). Spirotetramat and commercial mixture only showed significant effects on these endpoints at doses above the MFRD. The tested formulations did not affect adult longevity, sex ratio, and percentage of parasitism in the exposed generation. At low concentrations the active ingredients in the commercial mixture behave synergistically, whereas at medium and high concentrations they behave antagonistically. Considering the 10% lethal dose (LD10), imidacloprid showed the highest hazard coefficient, whereas the commercial mixture was more hazardous when considering the LD50 and LD90. The commercial mixture and imidacloprid induced higher adult emergence and altered the sex ratio in the progeny. CONCLUSIONS: The following order of toxicity on D. rapae can be established: imidacloprid > commercial mixture > spirotetramat. Joint use of this species with imidacloprid and commercial mixture should be avoided in integrated pest management programs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to investigate subacute cutaneous toxicity in rats, allergenic properties in guinea pigs and tolerance of increased doses of drugs based on imidacloprid, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen by dogs and cats of different age groups.Materials and methods. Toxicological studies (subacute cutaneous toxicity, study of allergenic properties) were conducted in the vivarium of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, a branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on male rats and guinea pigs. Experiments on the tolerance of drugs by target animal species (dogs, cats) were conducted in the Podolsk department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection. The choice of doses, frequency and methods of administration of the studied drugs were determined in accordance with the Guidelines for Experimental (Preclinical) Study of New Pharmacological Substances. All doses were calculated for the drug taking into account the density (1.08 g/cm3).Results and discussion. When studying the acute cutaneous toxicity of the drug on rats, LD50 exceeded the maximum possible dose of 10 000 mg/kg (hazard class 4 according to GOST 12.1.007-76). In a subacute experiment on rats, it was established that doses of 1000 and 500 mg/kg are ineffective (safe), the threshold and toxic doses could not be established. These drugs, when treating animals 8 times with an interval of 3 days in a three- and five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose during the experimental period, did not have a negative effect on the general condition of the animals, their physiological status and behavior; no statistically significant changes in the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood, physicochemical parameters of urine were noted in animals from the experimental groups compared to the control. However, in one adult dog from the second experimental group, which was used a five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose of the drug, depression was noted on the 20th day of the experiment. The physiological state of the animal returned to normal within 24 hours voluntarily without the use of symptomatic therapy.