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We provide a detailed and first description of the skull, hyoid apparatus, and trachea of the Turks and Caicos rock iguana, Cyclura carinata (Squamata: Iguanidae). Cyclura is a radiation of iguanas restricted to islands of the Caribbean Sea. Species of Cyclura have high rates of endemism, and all species are severely threatened with extinction. Our anatomical description of this threatened iguana is based on high-resolution computed tomography scans of one adult, one putative adult or near adult, and one juvenile specimen, and includes three-dimensional segmented renderings and visualizations. We discuss some observations of intraspecific and ontogenetic variation, and provide a brief comparison with specimens of another species of Cyclura and published descriptions of other iguanas. Our study provides a cranial osteological framework for Cyclura and augments the body of knowledge on iguana anatomy generally. Finally, we posit that our description and future studies may facilitate identification of fossil Cyclura, which could help understand the paleobiogeography of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Galápagos pink land iguanas (Conolophus marthae) are a critically endangered species endemic to Wolf Volcano, Galápagos. Among other conservation initiatives, a head-start program, involving the captive rearing of hatchlings prior to release in the wild, has been identified as a primary action needed to prevent the species' extinction. However, until this study began, the location of pink iguana nesting grounds was unknown, and no hatchlings and only a handful of juveniles and subadults had been observed. In an attempt to unveil the location of nesting grounds for C. marthae, we modeled the movement patterns of male and female iguanas tracked during the reproductive season. Based on the hypothesis that males and females might exhibit different movement patterns after the breeding season, we looked for females-specific migratory behavior. Thanks to this approach, we identified an area that females likely use to nest. Our results based on movement data alone led to the first-ever identification of pink iguana nests and hatchlings. Invasive alien species control is recognized worldwide as a priority action to preserve global biodiversity. However, a lack of general life history knowledge for threatened species can impede the effectiveness of conservation actions. Galápagos pink land iguanas (Conolophus marthae) are endemic to Wolf Volcano, Galápagos, Ecuador. These iguanas are threatened by invasive alien species, particularly feral cats, that may affect their small population size. To guarantee the long-term survival of C. marthae, the Galápagos National Park Directorate is considering, along with an ongoing campaign of feral cat control, the implementation of a head-start program. However, the success of this management strategy necessarily relies on the identification of pink iguana nesting grounds, which were still unknown at the onset of this study. We modeled the movement patterns of male and female iguanas during the reproductive season, using location data collected from custom-made remote tracking devices installed on adult pink iguanas in April 2021. We first calculated for each individual the vector of distances from its starting location, which was defined as net displacement. We then used net displacement as the response variable in a generalized additive mixed model with day of the year as the predictor. Based on the hypothesis that males and females may behaviorally differ after mating, we looked for female-specific migratory behavior suggesting females were moving toward nesting areas. The results obtained confirmed our hypothesis, as females exhibited a distinct migratory behavior, reaching a small plateau area inside of Wolf Volcano's caldera and ca. 400 m below the volcano's northern rim. Moreover, once inside the caldera, females displayed a more aggregated distribution pattern. The movement data obtained allowed Galápagos National Park rangers to locate individual pink iguana nests and subsequently to sight and collect the first observed hatchlings of the species. This work constitutes a necessary baseline to perform dedicated studies of pink iguana nests and emerging hatchling iguanas, which is an essential step toward the development of an effective head-start program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coati Optimization Algorithm (COA) is a novel heuristic algorithm that simulates the intricate behavioral repertoire of coatis manifestations during their pursuit of iguanas as well as their evasive tactics against predators. Aiming to elevate the convergence characteristics regarding speed and precision of the original algorithmic process, and addressing the issue of susceptibility to local optima, an enhanced Coati Optimization Algorithm is suggested based on Cauchy mutation and chaotic maps. Firstly, the Cauchy mutation is embedded in the process of coatis hunting for iguanas. Subsequently, each of ten chaotic maps was incorporated into the probing phase of the COA, generating ten unique enhanced versions. This augments the algorithm's precision in optimization, bolsters the equilibrium between exploration and exploitation and enhances its itinerancy and non-redundancy. The enhanced optimization algorithm exhibiting the aggregated optimal performance is selected from ten types of different enhanced COA and used for subsequent comparisons with other algorithms for function optimization and engineering optimization. Thirty benchmark functions from the CEC-BC-2022 datasets were incorporated for evaluation on performance metrics of the improved COA with Cauchy mutation and ten types of chaotic maps, and then the performance of the Chebyshev map enhanced COA and other six swarm intelligent algorithms are compared for optimization purposes. Finally, optimization was performed on four distinct engineering design problems. The outcomes of the simulation experiment evidence that the advanced Cauchy mutation chaotic COA yields satisfactory outcomes in addressing both function optimization and engineering optimization. The algorithm exhibits superiority in balancing exploration and exploitation during the iterative procedure of optimization, thereby enhancing convergence precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sister Islands rock iguana (Cyclura nubila caymanensis) is critically endangered and endemic to the Caribbean islands Little Cayman and Cayman Brac. The Cayman Brac population and indeed the entire species is under threat from habitat destruction, invasive species, and anthropogenic impacts on the island. We assessed the genetic diversity, estimated effective population sizes, and tested for differentiation of populations between these two islands to inform potential future translocation should this be needed for the Cayman Brac population. Two mitochondrial DNA markers (cytochrome b and NADH subunit 4) and seven DNA microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic diversity, genetic structure, demographic history, and effective population size of the two iguana populations. Mitochondrial DNA showed no genetic differentiation between populations; however, we found little to moderate divergence with microsatellites. We compared multiple demographic scenarios and revealed that ongoing gene flow is likely. The demographic history implied a significant genetic bottleneck around 10,000 years ago, coinciding with the sea level rise at the close of the last glacial period, and the start of the Holocene. Estimates of current effective population sizes indicate a small-scale number of breeders on each island of similar magnitude to the census mature population size (between 100 and 800 individuals). The relatively low differentiation between populations supports the possible development of active genetic management plans to manage the declining populations of the Sister Islands rock iguana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how historical geological processes drive diversification and shape the contemporary distribution of species is fundamental to phylogeography. We take a genomic approach in order to elucidate the deep phylogeographical history and species limits of chuckwallas (Sauromalus), a conspicuous group of lizards of the arid lands of south-western North America. Phylogenetic and population genomic analyses of double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data confirm the presence of at least two major lineages, peninsular and continental groups, within the widespread and morphologically variable common chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater). These lineages diversified in the vicinity of the head of the Gulf of California in north-eastern Baja California in the early Pliocene to late Miocene, during the formation of the northern gulf. The peninsular lineage of S. ater subsequently gave rise to the four insular endemic species of Sauromalus associated with the Baja California peninsula. Genomic analyses strongly support the continued recognition of the insular gigantics Sauromalus varius and Sauromalus hispidus as distinct species, although their relationship as sister species remains unresolved. Weaker phylogenetic signal for the insular species Sauromalus slevini and Sauromalus klauberi is provided by the genomic data; thus, it is advocated to continue recognizing these species until additional data can be analysed to evaluate their distinctiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first estimate of population dynamics parameters for critically endangered Galápagos pink land iguanas, Conolophus marthae, leveraging mark‐recapture data collected between 2006 and 2021. Demographic parameters were estimated using the POPAN formulation of the Jolly–Seber model. This approach provided a solid and robust estimate, consolidating the results obtained from previous estimates based on the Lincoln–Petersen method evaluating only two sampling occasions. Our results suggest that the abundance of males was higher than that of females at each sampling occasion, probably due to differences in sex‐specific behavior during the reproductive season. Our analyses also provide no evidence of a change in population size during the sampling period, estimated at 150–270 adult individuals, while suggesting positive entry rates. Finally, by comparing the biometric features of first‐captured versus recaptured iguanas, we found that the former have more juvenile‐like characteristics (i.e., they are, on average, smaller) than the latter. Although juvenile pink iguanas have rarely been recorded (only four sampled juvenile‐like individuals in over 16 years of field work), our combined results provide the first clear indication that the only known C. marthae population actively recruits new members from younger age classes. Such recruitment may have prevented any measurable population decline in the last 16 years, but it was also not sufficient to clearly increase the population size. These results are of the utmost importance for the conservation of this species. They will guide future high‐priority actions: (i) aiming at increasing population size by removing or mitigating threats and (ii) increasing the number of individuals by implementing a headstart program and/or founding a second viable population, as identified in the recently published IUCN Conservation and Management Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the analysis of blood metabolites has become more readily accessible thanks to the use of point-of-care analyzers, it is now possible to evaluate stress level of wild animals directly in the field. Lactate is receiving much attention as a good stress level proxy in individuals subjected to capture, manual restraint, and data sampling in the wild, and appropriate protocols to maintain lactate values low should be preferred. In this study we compare how two different capture methodologies, hand grab vs. noose pole, affect the variation of blood lactate values in Cyclura carinata iguanas when captured for sampling. We used blood lactate concentration, measured immediately upon- and 15 min after-capture, as a proxy for stress level. While the primary goal of this work is to determine the least stressful capture methodology to be favored when sampling this and other wild iguanas, we also evaluated additional baseline physiological parameters relevant to the health and disease monitoring for this species. Our results show that while initial lactate values level-out in sampled individuals after 15 min in captivity, regardless of the capture methodology, rock iguanas captured by noose pole showed significantly higher lactate concentration and increased heartbeat rate immediately after capture. While the overall health evaluation determined that all analyzed individuals were in good health, based on our results we recommend that, when possible, hand capture should be preferred over noose pole when sampling wild individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive alien species are among the main drivers of the ongoing sixth mass extinction wave, especially affecting island populations. Although the Caribbean is well‐known for its high species richness and endemism, also for reptiles, equally important is the regional contribution of non‐native species to island biodiversity. The Lesser Antilles encompass high genetic diversity in Iguana, though most native populations either have gone extinct or are declining following competitive hybridization with invasive non‐native green iguanas. Here, we assessed non‐native presence in two poorly‐studied native melanistic Iguana iguana populations using available genetic tools and explored utilizing size‐dependent body measurements to discriminate between native and non‐native iguanas. Genetic samples from Saba and Montserrat were genotyped across 17 microsatellite loci with STRUCTURE, and multivariate analyses indicating non‐native iguana presence only on Saba. This was corroborated by mtDNA and nDNA sequences, highlighting a non‐native origin in Central America and the ABC islands. We identified preliminary evidence suggestive of hybridization. Morphological variation among size‐dependent characteristics showed that non‐native iguanas have significantly larger subtympanic plates than native iguanas. Non‐native individuals also differed in scalation and coloration patterns. Overall, our findings demonstrate the need for continuous monitoring of non‐native iguanas within remaining native Iguana populations in the Lesser Antilles, as those not directly threatened by non‐native green iguanas are restricted to only 8.7% of the historic range. Although genetic data allow for the identification of non‐native or hybrid iguana presence, this field‐to‐lab workflow is time‐consuming. Rapid in‐situ identification of non‐native individuals is crucial for conservation management. In addition to patterns of scalation and coloration, we have highlighted the utility of size‐dependent variables for rapid diagnosis. We urge regional partners to build morphometric databases for native Iguana populations allowing the quick detection of future incursions of non‐native green iguanas and the rapid implementation of effective countermeasures during the early phase of invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeledonia is the property of Asociacion Ornitologica de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: The spiny-tailed lizard Oplurus cyclurus is a widespread endemic iguanian occurring in southern and western Madagascar dry areas. This species is mostly arboreal, and little is known about its spatial ecology. We conducted a radio tracking study on 19 individuals of a population with saxicolous habits, inhabiting an open, treeless savannah in the Isalo sandstone massif (central-southern Madagascar). Tracked lizards had a small home range size (95% isopleth = 247.8 m2) and showed high site and burrow fidelity. The activity pattern was unimodal, increasing along the day and with juveniles more active than adults in unfavourable weather conditions. Basking occurred mostly near the burrow entrance. Despite high burrow fidelity, lizards changed shelters regularly (approx. once a week), but there was no obvious relation between lizards' body and/or tail size and the width and depth of selected burrows. We argue that the saxicolous habits of this population may entail local behavioural adaptations. Understanding the spatial ecology of species has important implications for conservation, as it helps identify suitable habitats and minimum requirements for biodiversity monitoring and management. The spiny-tailed lizard Oplurus cyclurus is a widespread endemic iguanid occurring in dry areas of southern and western Madagascar. While the species is known to be mostly arboreal, populations of the Isalo sandstone massif suggest local adaptation to a less forested savannah and a more exposed habitat. We radio-tracked 19 spiny-tailed lizards to investigate the species' rock-dwelling behaviour and spatial ecology at Isalo National Park. Tracked individuals showed high site and burrow fidelity, and a basking behaviour mostly tied to the accessibility of their burrow, the time of day, and their life stage. Activity peaked during the sunniest hours, while juveniles were more active than adults with unfavourable weather conditions. Despite high burrow fidelity, lizards used shelters non-exclusively, regularly changing (approx. once a week) with neighbouring burrows (average distance between burrows = 13.6 m). However, there was no obvious relation between lizards' body and/or tail size and the width and depth of selected burrows. Dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Models estimated frequented areas over 247.8 m2 (95% isopleth), where territorial overlap is common. Our results challenge the notion that burrow-site fidelity is the sole driving factor behind space utilization in the studied population. We argue that the apparently unusual saxicolous habits imposed by habitat features (the absence of trees) may lead to local behavioural adjustments influencing antipredatory and foraging strategies, as well as intraspecific interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemoprotozoa are microorganisms that parasitize the blood and possess intricate life cycles. Despite the complexity of their nature, little is known about the biology of hemoprotozoa in reptilian hosts. In this study, we conducted disease surveillance on blood samples collected from six black spiny-tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) exhibiting clinical signs. We found two different types of hemoparasites in the blood films and further confirmed they belong to the genera Lakesterella and Hepatozoon through molecular methods. In the tissue section from a dead iguana infected only with Lakesterella sp., parasites were also found in melanomacrophages of the liver and kidney. Since Lakesterella sp. infection has not been reported in C. similis, we propose this hemococcidian as a new species, Lankesterella desseri n. sp. The Hepatozoon parasites discovered in this study were classified as Hepatozoon gamezi based on their morphological characteristics, particularly the notable deformation of all infected erythrocytes, and this classification was further corroborated through molecular biological and phylogenetic analyses. This is the first hemoprotozoa investigation in C. similis with pathological and molecular characterization of these pathogens. We suggest that more studies are needed to understand the epidemiology, transmission, and impact of these parasites on their hosts and ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard tissue formation patterns and rates reveal details of animal physiology, life history, and environment, but are understudied in reptiles. Here, we use fluorescence labels delivered in vivo and laser confocal scanning microscopy to study tooth and bone formation in a managed group of green iguanas (Iguana iguana , Linné 1758) kept for 1.5 years under experimentally controlled conditions and undergoing several dietary switches. We constrain rates of tooth elongation, which we observe to be slow when enamel is initially deposited (c. 9 µm/day), but then increases exponentially in the dentin root, reaching c. 55 µm/day or more after crown completion. We further constrain the total timing of tooth formation to ∼40–60 days, and observe highly variable timings of tooth resorption onset and replacement. Fluorescent labels clearly indicate cohorts of teeth recruited within Zahnreihen replacement waves, with faster sequential tooth recruitment and greater wave sizes posteriorly, where each wave initiates. Fluorescence further reveals enamel maturation after initial deposition. Rates of hard tissue formation in long bones range from 0.4 to 3.4 µm/day, correlating with animal weight gain and cortical bone recording the entire history of the experiment. We suggest additional labeling experiments to study hard tissue formation patterns in other reptiles, and propose strategies for chemical analyses of hard tissues in order to extract temporal information about past environments, behaviors, and diets from reptilian fossils throughout the Phanerozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ctenosaura similis (Black Spiny-tailed Iguana) is native to Mexico and Central America, where it is a wide-ranging habitat-generalist that is well adapted to human-altered environments. Black Spiny-tailed Iguana is considered one of the larger, heavier iguanid species, identified by its coloration and a series of enlarged whorls of spiny scales on the tail. Despite harvest rates for human consumption and the pet trade, Black Spiny-tailed Iguana is currently considered a species of least concern in their native range. There have been several introductions outside of their native range, many of which have become established due to their generalist nature. In Florida, Black Spiny-tailed Iguana was first introduced in 1979 and has been reported in 24 counties. Early removal efforts of other introduced iguanids such as Ctenosaura pectinata (Mexican Spiny-tailed Iguana) and Iguana iguana (Green Iguana) could serve as case studies to develop and implement eradication and management plans for this species. We provide a comprehensive summary of natural history findings on Black Spiny-tailed Iguana, including management methods and potential ecological impacts as an invasive species in the southeastern United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to establish reference values for plasma bile acid (BA) concentrations in a collection of healthy green iguanas and to compare the results with BA concentrations in iguana patients presented to the clinic with various types of chronic liver diseases, patients with other chronic diseases and healthy iguanas that were presented for routine or pre-surgical health check-up. The concentration of BA was determined using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Mean plasma bile acid concentration in 110 samples from healthy green iguanas fasted for 24 h was higher (15.89 ± 15.61 µmol/l) than plasma bile acid concentration in the same iguanas fasted for 48 h (9.56 ± 8.52 µmol/l) (P < 0.01). The 3a-hydroxy bile acid concentration was significantly altered in 9 patients suffering from chronic liver diseases (diagnosed by histology) (84.85 ± 22.29 µmol/l). BA concentration in one iguana with hepatocellular adenoma (13.0 µmol/l) was within the interval of BA in healthy iguanas. Mean plasma BA concentration in 10 green iguanas that were suffering from various types of chronic diseases, but without any hepatopathy was 7.85 ± 4.86 µmol/l. The mean plasma BA concentration in 18 samples from green iguanas presented to the clinic for routine health check-ups and 17 green iguana females with preovulatory follicle stasis (POFS) syndrome presented for ovariectomy was 11.95 ± 9.43 µmol/l and 12.97 ± 9.06 µmol/l, respectively. The data collected from this study suggest that plasma bile acids are significantly increased in green iguanas suffering from chronic liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic identity of the reptilian tick, Amblyomma helvolum, infesting wild green iguanas (Iguana iguana) in Taiwan, was examined. Genetic identity was determined by analyzing the 16S mitochondrial DNA gene sequences obtained from 11 Taiwan A. helvolum compared with other Amblyomma species, with two Dermacentor species and two Rhipicephalus species serving as outgroups. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the Taiwan specimens were genetically affiliated with a monophyletic group of A. helvolum and can be discriminated from other Amblyomma species. Our results provide the first genetic identification of adult A. helvolum ticks infesting wild iguanas in Taiwan. Further studies focused on the seasonal prevalence and vectorial capacity of A. helvolum for various tick-borne pathogens will help to clarify the epidemiological significance of this species and its impact on animal and human health in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Black spiny-tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) were introduced to Florida in 1979. Since then, they have become established in several areas and may be a threat to gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus), potentially displacing tortoises from their burrows and depredating tortoise eggs. We monitored gopher tortoise burrows that varied in size, orientation, and canopy coverage to document their use by tortoises and iguanas at a site in Lee County, Florida. By setting up trail cameras on 24 burrows, we showed that few (2/24) burrows were regularly occupied by iguanas and documented iguana-tortoise interactions in detail at a single burrow. We found that gopher tortoise burrow locations have higher than average canopy cover and that all burrows with signs of use by iguanas were ≥22 cm with canopies <26% closed. We observed at least two iguanas and one tortoise sharing a single burrow simultaneously, and at least five different iguanas and one tortoise using the same burrow over a span of at least 7 months. We documented modification of two burrows by iguanas. Additional monitoring of iguana populations is recommended to better understand their impact on gopher tortoises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes the clinical, gross pathologic, and radiologic features of vertebral osteomyelitis in a black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) and a red tegu (Salvator rufescens). Both lizards were presented with hind limb ataxia and proprioception deficits. Based on radiographic imaging and computed tomography, a presumptive diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis was made. Microbiological examination of vertebral body biopsies revealed Morganella morganii and Enterococcus faecalis infection in the black spiny-tailed iguana and Enterobacter cloacae infection in the red tegu. Failure of antimicrobial treatment in both lizards was considered to be at least partly attributable to the tardy onset of clinical signs resulting in a late diagnosis and pronounced chronicity of the vertebral lesions. Although vertebral osteomyelitis has been repeatedly reported in snakes, reports in saurian species are scarce and anecdotal. Based on the findings in these cases, however, vertebral osteomyelitis should be considered as an important differential diagnosis for hind limb ataxia in lizards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rigidity and softness are essential for robot motion and manipulation in various complex scenarios. To integrate these two contrary features, several variable‐stiffness structures are investigated while requiring a longer processing time and more energy for switching from a stiffer to softer status, with only one status at a specific point in time. Inspired by the combined softness–rigidity hybrid property of desert iguanas' skin, the concept of an anisotropic stiffness structure is developed, which simultaneously possesses rigidity and softness properties in different directions, leading to the development of novel soft robots. This anisotropic stiffness structure comprises a silicone–paper composite with multiple superimposed origami patterns and has high stiffness and softness properties. The anisotropic stiffness structure is then constructed by developing three novel soft robots: a crawling robot capable of extending and contracting with a payload of 117 times its own weight, a multifunctional prosthetic hand capable of grasping fragile items with its soft side and lifting and crushing items with its hard side, and a snake robot capable of traveling with the soft side and extruding out with over 75% of its body length with the stiffer side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The populations of native iguanas in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles are threatened by the wide occurrence and spread of non-native iguanas. Until recently, competitive hybridization was not believed to threaten the Saba Green Iguana, a subpopulation of Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) from the island of Saba. However, the arrival of non-native iguanas has put the native population at risk, leading to a change in the conservation status of the Saba Green Iguana to Critically Endangered, according to guidelines from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Here, we generated the complete mitogenome of the Saba Green Iguana using Oxford Nanopore long-read technology. The mitogenome is 16,626 bp long and has 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region (1194 bp). Noteworthy, this is only the second published mitogenome for the Iguana iguana species complex, despite the known high intraspecific genetic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta cornuta), like many other iguana species, has become severely endangered as a result of human activities, earning the highest level of protection under the CITES convention for protected species. Moreover, it has been classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The rhinoceros iguana belongs to the family Iguanidae and is native to the island of Hispaniola. Since its population has declined, the Canary Island Government has promoted an initiative for its recovery in a completely natural environment. The limited literature regarding the anatomy of this species motivated us to investigate its cranial structures by using modern imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with anatomical dissection, to obtain helpful information on the structures that form the rhinoceros iguana's head. In this paper, we attempted to elaborate on an atlas of the head of the rhinoceros iguana, applying modern imaging techniques such as CT and MRI. Furthermore, by combining the images acquired through these techniques with macroscopic anatomical sections, we obtained an adequate description of the relevant structures that form the head of this species. This anatomical information could provide a valuable diagnostic tool for the clinical evaluation of different pathological processes in iguanas such as abscesses and osteodystrophy secondary to nutrient imbalances, skull malformations, fractures, and neoplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the prevalence of lizards presenting to a university teaching hospital that had an IV catheter placed, the catheterization sites used, and complications arising with the placement of the catheter both in the short and long term. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: University teaching hospital. Animals: Twenty‐one lizards, including inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps; 15/21), green iguanas (Iguana iguana; 4/21), and veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus; 2/21). Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Of 129 lizard consultations performed between September 27, 2018 and September 27, 2021, 21 catheters were placed, resulting in an overall prevalence of 16.3%. Reasons for catheter placement included hospitalization for fluid therapy (10/21 [47.6%]), anesthesia or surgery ± hospitalization (7/21 [33.3%]), computed tomography scan with contrast (2/21 [9.5%]), euthanasia only (1/21 [4.8%]), and CPR only (1/21 [4.8%]). All catheters were placed in the ventral coccygeal vein via a ventral approach. Sedation was used in 6 of 21 (28.6%) of the catheters placed. Seven of the catheters (35%) were used for administration of fluids only, 4 (20%) were used for administering drugs/medications only, and 9 (45%) catheters administered both fluids and drugs/medications. No complications were noticed in any of the lizards that had catheters placed, both in the short and long term. Conclusions: Based on the retrospective evaluation of medical records at a veterinary teaching hospital, IV catheter placement in lizards is feasible, including in conscious animals, with roughly 1 consultation out of 6 resulting in a catheter placed. The most frequent reason for catheter placement was for administration of fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1-year-old Green iguana (Iguana iguana) was brought to the clinic with a complaint of a slowly growing mass on the left mandible and symptoms of weakness and loss of appetite for several weeks. The clinical examination noted that the mass was quite firm, invasive to the region, and had a necrotic appearance. It was removed by surgical operation and sent to the laboratory for investigation. In the microbiological evaluation, Citrobacter freundii was isolated and identified very intensely. According to the laboratory results, enrofloxacin was chosen as the broad-spectrum antibiotic and used for 1 week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We utilized natural experiment opportunities presented by differential conditions (presence/absence of seabirds and invasive species) on cays in the Bahamas to study whether interisland variations in food resources contributed to gigantism in Allen Cays Rock Iguanas (Cyclura cychlura inornata). We analyzed the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values from iguana tissues and resources from each island food web to test the predictions that (1) food webs on islands with seabirds exhibit the influence of marine subsidies from seabird guano, whereas those from non-seabird islands do not, and (2) size differences in iguanas among cays were due to either (a) supplemental food availability from mice and/or seabird carcasses killed by barn owls (Tyto alba) and/or (b) access to more nutrient-rich vegetation fertilized by seabird guano. Food web components from the seabird island (Allen Cay) had 5-9‰ higher δ15N values than those on the other cays and Allen Cay plants contained nearly two times more nitrogen. Bayesian stable isotope mixing models indicated that C3 plants dominated iguana diets on all islands and showed no evidence for consumption of mice or shearwaters. The iguanas on Allen Cay were ~ 2 times longer (48.3 ± 11.6 cm) and ~ 6 times heavier (5499 ± 2847 g) than iguanas on other cays and this was likely from marine-derived subsidies from seabird guano which caused an increase in nitrogen concentration in the plants and a resultant increase in the δ15N values across the entire food web relative to non-seabird islands.

Simple Summary: Due to the growing interest in reptiles and the fact that variation in reptile skull anatomy remains poorly documented, we compared the heads of two reptile species using computed tomography reconstructive procedures, such as maximum intensity projections (MIP) and volume rendering (VR). The resulting images demonstrated that these procedures are suitable for performing comparative anatomical studies as they provide adequate information about the different bones that comprise the head while avoiding the overlapping of other structures. A detailed description of the morphology of the head and associated structures could expand the knowledge of clinicians for the diagnosis of traumatic lesions with small or large fractures, skull malformations, and osteodystrophy secondary to nutrition imbalances or neoplasms. The growing interest in reptiles has posed a challenge to veterinary clinicians due to the lack of a standardized system to perform anatomical studies similar to those used for dogs and cats. In this paper, we have attempted to describe, employing computed tomography and subsequent three-dimensional reconstructions, the normal anatomical features that comprise the skulls of two species of reptiles: the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Computed tomography (CT) and subsequent image processing allowed the identification of the bony structures that comprise the head of these species. As a result, and based on previous articles, we propose the most significant anatomical differences and similarities between these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entomopathogenic fungi, widely available biological agents used to control agricultural pests, are sporadically reported to cause focal or disseminated infection in reptiles and mammals, including humans. This study summarizes the clinical presentation, histopathological and molecular findings by panfungal polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of four cases of hypocrealean fungal infections in captive common green iguanas (Iguana, iguana). One case of granulomatous pneumonia, hepatitis and serositis was related to Metarhizium flavoviride complex infection. Two disseminated fungal infection cases, with scarce inflammatory cell infiltration, were caused by Beauveria bassiana while there was one case of multifocal granulomatous and necrotizing pneumonia by Purpureocillium spp. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal mycosis infection due to entomopathogenic fungi in captive common green iguanas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Large-scale species monitoring remains a significant conservation challenge. Given the ongoing biodiversity crisis, the need for reliable and efficient methods has never been greater. Drone-based techniques have much to offer in this regard: they allow access to otherwise unreachable areas and enable the rapid collection of non-invasive field data. Herein, we describe the development of a drone-based method for the estimation of population size in Galápagos marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus. As a large-bodied lizard that occurs in open coastal terrain, this endemic species is an ideal candidate for drone surveys. Almost all Amblyrhynchus subspecies are Endangered or Critically Endangered according to the IUCN yet since several colonies are inaccessible by foot, ground- based methods are unable to address the critical need for better census data. In order to establish a drone-based approach to estimate population size of marine iguanas, we surveyed in January 2021 four colonies on three focal islands (San Cristobal, Santa Fe and Espanola) using three techniques: simple counts (the standard method currently used by conservation managers), capture mark-resight (CMR), and drone-based counts. The surveys were performed within a 4-day window under similar ambient conditions. We then compared the approaches in terms of feasibility, outcome and effort. Results: The highest population-size estimates were obtained using CMR, and drone-based counts were on average 14% closer to CMR estimates—and 17–35% higher—than those obtained by simple counts. In terms of field-time, drone-surveys can be faster than simple counts, but image analyses were highly time consuming. Conclusion: Though CMR likely produces superior estimates, it cannot be performed in most cases due to lack of access and knowledge regarding colonies. Drone-based surveys outperformed ground-based simple counts in terms of outcome and this approach is therefore suitable for use across the range of the species. Moreover, the aerial approach is currently the only credible solution for accessing and surveying marine iguanas at highly remote colonies. The application of citizen science and other aids such as machine learning will alleviate the issue regarding time needed to analyze the images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keeping different species of lizards as pets means the development of artificial environments, terrariums or aquateraria, which offer conditions as close as possible to those in the natural environment, as well as the development of appropriate feeding systems. In the category of pet lizards we include: chameleons, agamids, iguanas, skinks, anoles, lizards or geckos. There are extremely different categories of lizards in terms of environmental and feeding requirements and with a special ecobiology, sometimes characteristic of a single species or of several species within a genus. Maintenance deficiencies are most frequently translated by metabolic disorders, frequently associated with infections or parasites that are not diagnosed in individuals of the same species living in the natural environment. In general, a series of viruses or bacterioses overlaped on an immunodeficient background that appears as a result of improper feeding or defective environmental parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesocestoides is a controversial tapeworm with significant lack of data related to systematics and life cycles. This helminth has an indirect life cycle with vertebrates, mostly carnivorous mammals, as definitive hosts. Theoretically, a coprophagous arthropod would be the first intermediate host, and herptiles, mammals, and birds, which prey on these insects, would represent the second intermediate hosts. However, recent evidence suggests that this life cycle would require only two hosts, with no arthropods involved. In the Neotropics, although there are records of mammals and reptiles as hosts for Mescocestoides , no molecular analyses have been performed. This work aimed to record an additional intermediate host and molecularly characterize the isolated larvae. Thus, 18 braided tree iguanas (Liolaemus platei) from Northern Chile were collected and dissected during 2019. One lizard was parasitized by three morphotypes of larvae compatible with tetrathyridia of Mescocestoides. To achieve its specific identity, a molecular approach was performed: 18S rRNA and 12S rRNA loci were amplified through cPCR. The inferred phylogenies confirmed the morphological diagnosis and stated that all morphotypes were conspecifics. The sequences for both loci formed a monophyletic clade with high nodal support, representing a sister taxon to Mescocestoides clade C. This study represents the first molecular characterization of any taxon of Mescocestoides from the Neotropics. Future surveys from potential definitive hosts would help to elucidate its life cycle. Furthermore, an integrative taxonomic approach is required in additional studies from the Neotropical region, which would contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships of this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We briefly describe the diet of six species of lizards of the genus Anolis in the Yasuní National Park, located in the western part of the Amazon Rainforest. A total of 241 prey items found in the stomachs of the lizards were identified. We noted that Aranea and Hymenoptera were the most frequent diet categories used by the lizard community. In terms of prey volume, Hemiptera and insect larvae were the most representative prey. The description of the diet of Anolis provided by this study can be further combined with information related to their natural history, thus shedding light on ecological mechanisms that influence adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild fauna is of crucial importance in the social, economic and cultural construction of peasant communities, although its use can generate threats to the stability of the most exploited wild populations. This article determined from an ethnozoological point of view the uses received by wildlife in a rural town of Plato Magdalena. 70 structured interviews were carried out, using illustrated files of amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species with distribution for this region. 103 species were recognized (11 amphibians, 29 reptiles, 32 birds and 31 mammals), where 65% support different categories of use: food, trade, pet, handicrafts and medicine, uses that include 12 reptiles, 28 birds and 27 mammals. The species with the greatest use as food are Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasiprocta punctata, Hydrochoerus h. isthmius, Mazama sanctaemartae, Pecari tajacu, Sylvilagus floridanus, Trachemys callirostris, Iguana iguana, Ortalis garrula, Dendrocygna autumnalis. Commercial use falls on Caiman crocodilus fuscus, I. iguana, T. callirostris and Chelonoidis carbonarius; and as pets Ara araruana, A. macao, Eupsittula pertinax, Brotogeris jugularis, Amazona ochrocephala, Thraupis episcopus, Sicalis flaveola, Cebus versicolor, Notosciurus granatensis and C. carbonarius. The skins of Leopardus pardalis, Puma concolor, Panthera onca, C. crocodilus fuscus, Boa constrictor, and shells of C. carbonarius are used in crafts. Different species of birds, mammals and reptiles are important resources for the survival of the peasant community, whose utilitarian value is closely related to sociocultural aspects and traditional knowledge, which is important to take into account in the design of conservation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Understanding the natural microbiome and resistome of wildlife from remote places is necessary to monitor the human footprint on the environment including antimicrobial use (AU). Marine iguanas are endemic species from the Galapagos Islands where they are highly affected by anthropogenic factors that can alter their microbiota as well as their abundance and diversity of antimicrobial-resistant genes (ARGs). Thus, this study aims to apply culture-independent approaches to characterize the marine iguana's gut metagenomic composition of samples collected from the uninhabited islands Rabida (n = 8) and Fernandina (Cabo Douglas, n = 30; Punta Espinoza, n = 30). Fresh feces from marine iguanas were analyzed through SmartChip RT-PCR, 16S rRNA, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to identify their microbiome, microbial-metabolic pathways, resistome, mobilome, and virulome. Results: The marine iguana's gut microbiome composition was highly conserved despite differences in ecological niches, where 86% of taxa were shared in the three locations. However, site-specific differences were mainly identified in resistome, mobilome, virulorome, and metabolic pathway composition, highlighting the existence of factors that induce microbial adaptations in each location. Functional gut microbiome analyses revealed its role in the biosynthesis and degradation of vitamins, cofactors, proteinogenic amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleosides and nucleotides, fatty acids, lipids, and other compounds necessary for the marine iguanas. The overall bacterial ARG abundance was relatively low (0.006%); nevertheless, the presence of genes encoding resistance to 22 drug classes was identified in the iguana's gut metagenome. ARG-carrying contig and co-occurrence network analyses revealed that commensal bacteria are the main hosts of ARGs. Taxa of public health interest such as Salmonella, Vibrio, and Klebsiella also carried multidrug-resistance genes associated with MGEs which can influence the dissemination of ARGs through horizontal gene transfer. Conclusion: Marine iguanas depend on the gut microbiome for the biosynthesis and degradation of several compounds through a symbiotic relationship. Niche-specific adaptations were evidenced in the pool of microbial accessory genes (i.e., ARGs, MGEs, and virulence) and metabolic pathways, but not in the microbiome composition. Culture-independent approaches outlined the presence of a diverse resistome composition in the Galapagos marine iguanas from remote islands. The presence of AR pathogens in marine iguanas raises concerns about the dispersion of microbial-resistant threats in pristine areas, highlighting wildlife as sentinel species to identify the impact of AU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large body mass (Mb) in vertebrates is associated with longer pulse intervals between heartbeats (PI) and thicker arterial walls. Longer PI increases the time for diastolic pressure decay, possibly resulting in loss of cardiac energy as "oscillatory power," whereas thicker arterial walls may affect the transmission of impulses and sensing of pressure fluctuations thus impairing baroreflex function. We aimed to investigate the effect of growth on the relative cardiac energy loss and baroreflex function. We predicted that 1) the relative use of cardiac energy should be preserved with increased time constant for pressure decay (s = vascular resistance X compliance) and 2) if arterial circumferential distensibility does not change, baroreflex function should be unaltered with Mb. To test these hypotheses, we used green iguanas (Iguana iguana) weighing from 0.03 to 1.34 kg (43-fold increment in Mb). PI (P = 0.037) and s (P = 0.035) increased with Mb, whereas the oscillatory power fraction (P = 0.245) was unrelated to it. Thus, the concomitant alterations of s and PI allowed the conservation of cardiac energy in larger lizards. Larger animals had thicker arterial walls (P = 0.0007) and greater relative collagen content (P = 0.022). Area compliance scaled positively to Mb (P = 0.045), though circumferential distensibility (P = 0.155) and elastic modulus (P = 0.762) were unaltered. In addition, baroreflex sensitivity, measured by both the pharmacological (P = 0.152) and sequence methods (P = 0.088), and the baroreflex effectiveness index (P = 0.306) were also unrelated to Mb. Therefore, changes in arterial morphology did not affect circumferential distensibility and presumably sensing of pressure fluctuation, and the cardiovagal baroreflex is preserved across different body mass; law of Laplace; pharmacological method; sequence method; vascular mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural communities and crop production are negatively impacted by invasive species, with the effects of pathogenic fungi, parasitic insects and weedy plants being well studied. Mammals and birds are also recognized as impacting crops, but reptiles, such as non-native green iguanas (Iguana iguana), are typically not considered agricultural pests. Research on non-native green iguanas has largely focused on the lizard's interactions with native species with little attention given to its impact in the agricultural landscape. We conducted semi-structured interviews with farmers from 20 farms in Puerto Rico to explore the effect of the invasive green iguana on the production of crops and how farmers manage impacts, if any. A total of 34 of 55 crop species reported by farmers were negatively affected by the green iguana. We found that green iguanas were absent from 20% of farms, did not consume crops in 10% of the farms and caused negative impacts in 70% of the remaining farms. Negative impacts included crop loss and infrastructural damage, which had behavioral, emotional, and economic effects on farmers. Specific outcomes of these effects were revenue loss, refurbishing costs, changes in crop selection, management costs and emotional stress. Farmers considered management strategies as mitigation measures that needed to be constant to produce any positive effects on crop yield. They reported use of mesh fencing, hunting, and domestic animals as attempts to reduce negative effects of green iguanas on crop production. Recognition of this species as an agricultural pest is warranted in Puerto Rico and perhaps elsewhere in its introduced range. Agricultural extension agents should consider providing guidance on strategies to reduce negative impacts of green iguanas including cultivating less susceptible crops when possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coexistence between closely related species can lead to intense competition for resources. Stable isotope analysis (SIA) is a reliable tool to estimate the extent of species competition. We employed SIA to evaluate niche partitioning among two syntopic species of Galápagos land iguanas: Conolophus subcristatus and C. marthae. Samples were collected on Wolf Volcano, Isabela Island, where C. marthae is endemic and syntopic with C. subcristatus. We determined δ13C and δ15N ratios and described the isotopic niche of each species using corrected standard ellipse area (SEAc). We tested for differentiation between the isotopic niches, while controlling for sex, body size, spatial location of samples and mean annual primary productivity at capture points, using bivariate linear models. Despite the extensive overlap of the isotopic niches, we found species and sex to be a significant, interacting predictor of a sample's location in the δ13C, δ15N space, indicating the existence of niche partitioning mechanisms acting between species and sexes. We also found that body size and productivity at the capture points, compounded with yet undetermined spatial effects, explain ca. 75% of the differences observed between species and sexes, providing evidence for differential microhabitat and food-items usage. Our study provides essential baselines for evaluating conservation actions for C. marthae, such as the potential translocation to a sanctuary area free of competition from C. subcristatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) as pet animals is increasing day by day. Compared to other pet animals, the diagnosis and treatment methods of reptilian diseases are limited. Considering that these diseases will also concern public health, new research is required. Hirstiellosis is a zoonotic ectoparasitic disease seen in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Recommended therapies are mostly empirical, some of which can be low-impact or toxic. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of ivermectin solution (5 mg/l) in the treatment of hirstiellosis and to provide preliminary data for further studies. Ivermectin solution was found to be effective in the treatment of three iguanas with the aforementioned disease, and no clinical side effects were found in the control examinations made at regular intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The illegal pet trade remains an ongoing, substantial threat to wild populations, especially small insular populations, and can even lead to extinction. Fraudulent activity within the global reptile trade is known to occur, but its identification through forensic applications depends on knowledge of diversity within wild populations. In this study, we assessed the geographic origin of melanistic iguanas (Iguana iguana), which are only found in nations that have never authorized legal export of live animals. Analysis of genetic data from two pet iguanas in the USA flag these as originating from Saba or Montserrat, from which no export permits have ever been issued, confirming their illegal origin. Despite the international trade in I. iguana, in which tens- if not hundreds of thousands of specimens are traded each year, only a handful of individuals have been genetically assessed. Our work highlights the utility of applying forensic genetic techniques to this trade in order to track and discourage illegal activity. Lizards within the Iguana iguana species complex are among the most common reptilian pets, with the widest natural geographic range among iguanids. Deep phylogenetic divergence distinguishes multiple mitochondrial clades, and several taxonomic changes have recently been proposed. These small populations, typically island endemics, are threatened by numerous factors, including the international pet trade. Recent investigations reveal the absence of required CITES permits for lawful export of animals, providing evidence of ongoing illegal trade. Additional monitoring of trade in iguanas can be achieved through the application of forensic molecular techniques. In this study, two captive melanistic iguanas were genotyped for molecular markers for which geographic distributions of alleles have been established. Mitochondrial sequencing indicates that both animals carry a haplotype known to originate from the islands of Saba and Montserrat, populations taxonomically proposed to be Iguana melanoderma. Genotypes at 15 microsatellite loci are equally consistent with this origin, given the results of a principal component analysis. This first forensic genetic assessment within the extensive I. iguana pet trade highlights the presence of illegal activity. The need for additional forensic assessments of pet-trade iguanas is evident, especially given that their value is driven by variety and rarity, which is further intensified by recent taxonomic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single 30 mg/kg dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) was administered orally (n = 17) and intravenously (n = 13) in a crossover study design, with a 10 day washout period, to determine drug pharmacokinetics in healthy adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Blood samples were collected at 0 (pretreatment), 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after PO and IV drug administration, including a 6 h sample for the IV protocol. Plasma drug concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and oral bioavailability of trimethoprim (>100%) and sulfamethoxazole (69.4%) were then established. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a two-stage, noncompartmental analysis of naïve-averaged data. Following the crossover study, a multidose drug trial was performed to determine steady-state nädir plasma drug concentrations. Green iguanas (n=10) were given 30 mg/kg TMS PO once daily for 7 days, with blood collected from each animal on the eighth day, 24 h after the final dose of TMS. Based on once daily oral dosing for 7 days, steady-state nädir drug concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were 396 ± 116 and 5,290 ± 5,130 µg/l, which are below the minimum inhibitory concentrations breakpoints of TMS (≤2 µg per ml/38 µg per ml for susceptible organisms and ≥4 µg per ml/76 µg per ml for resistant organisms) for human isolates, per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. However, the ratio of trimethoprim:sulfamethoxazole remained greater than 1:40 up to 12 h after single oral dose exposure and at the 24 h sampling after multiple dosing at steady-state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Captive reptiles often present with clinical signs suggestive of a clotting disorder or severe illness that can induce or exacerbate a coagulopathy. However, coagulopathies in reptiles are difficult to characterize due to lack of species‐appropriate reagents to perform coagulation tests. The objective of this study was to develop screening tests to evaluate the extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Key Findings: Reptile and avian thromboplastin, extracted from reptile and avian brains, respectively, were used to initiate coagulation in prothrombin time (PT) assays and commercially available reagents were used to determine Russell's viper venom time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen using the Clauss method. Coagulation assays were performed on citrate‐anticoagulated plasma from 18 healthy green iguanas. Results were summarized as median (minimum–maximum): PT (reptile thromboplastin), 34.8 seconds (27.1–42.1 s), PT (avian thromboplastin), 78.5 seconds (51.6–114.23 s), Russell's viper venom time, 56.15 seconds (18.4–79.7 s), thrombin time, 10 seconds (7.0–36.5 s), and fibrinogen, 258 mg/dl (89–563.0) (2.58 [0.89–5.63 g/L]). Significance: Commercial reagents can be used to evaluate the common pathway and fibrinogen; however, avian‐ or reptile‐sourced thromboplastin is preferred for a reliable coagulation trigger to perform the PT assay and evaluate the extrinsic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the frequency and distribution of reports of free-living green iguanas (Iguana iguana), a Neotropical lizard, in Hong Kong. We found 44 reports of I. iguana, of which 93% were removed from the wild. Thirty-nine reports were records kept by one non-government organization, one report from a government agency, and four reports from community members. Reports were sporadic between 2002 and 2011, but have occurred in every calendar year since 2012, predominately during March, July and October. Report locations were distributed broadly across 16 administrative districts, including heavily developed city areas, indicative of released or escaped pets being the source. Although there was evidence of two individuals living in one locality, we found no major concentrations of reports to indicate established populations. Nevertheless, these data should not be assumed benign since some established populations of I. iguana elsewhere have only become evident following prolonged periods of sporadic reports. It is therefore plausible that emerging reports in Hong Kong may represent a contemporary invasion presently under way. Public reporting of I. iguana plays an important role in preventative invasive species management. However, we also found cases where I. iguana reported as free-living were more likely the same captive I. iguana, highlighting potential errors with community science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of long-term blood storage in citrate-phosphatedextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) on selected haematological values in the green iguana. Seven adult captive-bred green iguanas (Iguana iguana) were enrolled in this study. Samples of CPDA-1-blood mixture (ratio 1 : 7) were kept at 4 °C for 28 days. Haematological examinations were performed immediately after the blood was collected (D0) and repeated at one-week intervals (D7, D14, D21 and D28). The total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts at D21 and D28 differed significantly from the values at D0 (P < 0.05). Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the haemoglobin concentrations (in comparison to D0) were detected at D14, D21 and D28. Starting at D14, marked erythrocyte degradation was present in the majority of the samples and various degrees of leukocyte degradation were present in all the samples. The mean haemolytic scores at D0, D7, D14, D21 and D28 were 0.14 ± 0.38, 0.71 ± 0.95, 1.43 ± 0.98, 2.14 ± 1.35 and 2.43 ± 1.62, respectively. The results indicate that it is possible to keep the whole blood of green iguanas in CPDA-1 at 4 °C for seven days, as statistically significant changes in the haematological values begin to appear on the 14th day of blood storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVETo document the clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of urolithiasis in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and to report on the composition of uroliths from green iguanas submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for analysis.ANIMALS21 green iguanas with urolithiasis.PROCEDURESMedical record databases of multiple veterinary teaching hospitals were searched from 1996 through 2020. Emails were sent to all facilities that submitted a urolith from a green iguana to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 1996 through 2020. Signalment; presenting complaint; physical examination findings; hematologic, biochemical, and diagnostic imaging findings; treatment; necropsy results; and survival times were described for each patient.RESULTSIguanas most commonly presented with nonspecific clinical signs, but 9 of the 21 iguanas had clinical signs associated with the urogenital tract. Twelve iguanas had a palpable mass in the caudal coelom. All uroliths were visible on radiographs. Surgery was performed on 15 iguanas; 3 died secondary to intra- or postoperative complications. Iguanas that underwent surgery had a median survival time of 39 months. Necropsy was performed on 5 iguanas, and urolithiasis contributed to the decision to euthanize or was the cause of death for 4. Uroliths from 132 iguanas were analyzed, and all were composed of 100% uric acid salts.CLINICAL RELEVANCEGreen iguanas with urolithiasis may not have clinical signs or physical examination findings associated with the urinary system, and hematologic and biochemical abnormalities are nonspecific. Green iguanas should be routinely examined for uroliths, and surgical treatment should be pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Jamaican iguana, Cyclura collei, is one of the world's rarest iguanas. It is restricted to the dry forest of the Hellshire Hills, where the availability of suitable soil for nesting limits population growth. Once a year, Jamaican iguanas move from the surrounding forest to two main nesting sites, the Upper Nesting Site (UNS) and the Lower Nesting Site (LNS), to excavate nests and deposit their eggs. There is little information on the soil condition at these two sites. Due to population growth, resulting from intensive conservation efforts, the availability of nesting sites is now limited. Consequently, qualitative and quantitative information is needed to improve existing sites and inform the creation of additional nesting sites. Here we investigate soil depth, nest openness, soil compaction and other soil characteristics at the Jamaican iguana's two main nesting sites and, from our observation, make recommendations for creating and/or improving nesting sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]