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Objectives: The general concern about low back pain (LBP) necessitates thoroughly examining its various causes and feasible therapies. The current study investigated the causes and surgical treatments of back pain by tailoring treatments to the patient’s specific needs. Methods: Two hundred individuals with LBP have been enrolled in this cross-sectional research. The radiological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images and clinical evaluations were completed by neurosurgeons and used to categorize the selected patients from those attending neurosurgical outpatient clinics. Multiple causes of LBP, including disk prolapse, spinal stenosis, and muscular spasms, were investigated. Detailed descriptions of surgical approaches for various stages of disk prolapse and stenosis were given to help decide the optimal surgical tactics. The data were compiled into an Excel sheet, and the percentages and numbers were sorted and computed appropriately. Results: The data present an extensive overview of the distribution pattern of back pain causes, disk prolapse, and spinal stenosis in the study community, along with the surgical procedures employed. Muscle spasms, disk prolapse, and spinal stenosis are the main causes of back pain (20%, 40%, and 13%, respectively). L5 and S1 are the most commonly involved in single-level disk prolapse (10%). Different spinal levels may have varying percentages of multiple-level disk prolapse (20%). There are multiple lumbar levels where spinal stenosis can occur, but the most common are L4 and L5 (20%). Distinct surgical approaches are employed for disk prolapse and stenosis at various levels of the spine, and the most frequent intervention was laminectomy in about 39% of total participants. Discussion: The study’s results demonstrate the complexity of the etiologies of back pain and the need for advanced surgical techniques. Particular emphasis is concentrated on spinal stenosis, including single- and multiple-level disk prolapse, and the relationship between surgical methods and causes. The study’s thorough comprehension is essential for tailored interventions based on patient traits, ultimately enhancing therapy and patient care.

Tramadol is a widely prescribed analgesic for pain management in adults, but its safety during pregnancy remains a subject of concern. While previous research has highlighted potential risks associated with Tramadol use during gestation, there is a need for a comprehensive investigation into its effects on foetal brain development. This preclinical study sought to address this gap in knowledge by examining the impact of Tramadol exposure on the cerebral and cerebellar cortices in a murine model. Pregnant mice were subjected to controlled exposure to varying doses of Tramadol during the initial stages of gestation. The foetal brains were examined through a combination of histopathological analysis, assessment of apoptotic changes, and evaluation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression. These investigative methods allowed for a detailed examination of structural alterations, cell death patterns, and molecular changes within the foetal brain tissues. The study’s findings were notable for several significant observations. Firstly, there was clear evidence of global shrinkage within the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of foetuses exposed to Tramadol. This shrinkage was associated with disrupted cellular organization, marked apoptosis of neural cells, and a notable upregulation in the expression of APP, particularly within the cerebral cortex. Specifically, a 23% reduction in cerebral cortex size was observed in Tramadol-exposed foetuses compared to the control group. Furthermore, a dose-dependent relationship was established, indicating that higher Tramadol doses corresponded to more pronounced alterations in foetal brain structure and molecular profile. Prenatal tramadol treatment induces neurodegenerative changes in newborn cerebellum with agenesis in the Purkinje cells layer and up regulation of APP in response to the neurotoxic effect that could be considered a neuroprotective role for neurons.

The current study examines the flow characteristics under free flow conditions over a crump weir. The impact of the side slopes of the weir on the coefficient of discharge (Cd) is taken into account. Four physical models with crest heights of 0.15 m under free flow circumstances and four upstream side slope (1:3, 1:2.5, 1:2 and 1:1.5) were used to investigate the impact of various variables on discharge coefficient (Cd). Using the dimensional analysis technique, the elements influencing the crump weir's discharge coefficient were determined based on laboratory tests. For the same flow rate, Cd value decrease by decreasing upstream side slope. It notices that a decrease in upstream slope (from 1:3 to 1:2.5) reducing Cd value about (2.61 %), decrease upstream slope from (1:3 to 1:2) reducing Cd value about (4.16 %) and when decrease upstream slope from (1:3 to 1:1.5) reducing Cd value about (5.81 %).

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is frequently linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. Additionally, it could be connected to a higher susceptibility to osteoporosis. Hypercholesterolemia can stimulate differentiation and activity of osteoclasts, leading to enhanced bone reabsorption and a subsequent net loss of bone tissue. Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a high cholesterol diet on osteoporosis in male rats with differences in biological and oxidative indicators in hypercholesterolemia diet in male rat. Method: The samples in this study were twenty male rats, ranging between 1.5 and 2 months, were separated into two groups. In one group, 10 rats were fed a regular diet, while in another group, 10 rats were fed a high cholesterol diet (2%) over the course of 8 weeks. Samples of blood were obtained at the last stage of the experiment. to calculate physiological and biological markers including ERK, TRAP, hormones, MDA, and GSH. Results: The results of this study demonstrated a decrease in glutathione levels, an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase levels (ERK), no significant change in serum TRAP levels, an increase in Malondialdehyde levels in the blood, and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin, and Vitamin D in the cholesterol group. Conclusion: An increased oxidative stress, altered signaling, and disruptions in calcium/bone metabolism associated with cholesterol-related condition and monitoring biomarker ERK can provide valuable information about disease progression. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(8.000): 1836-1842]

Theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of an integrated micro-thermoelectric generator system for thermal power generation are carried out. The system measures 4.2 × 4.2 × 5 mm and consists of a micro-thermoelectric module (bismuth telluride) and two finned heat sinks (aluminum). The system can be used to convert thermal energy to electricity in Seebeck effect-based micro-applications. This work aims to improve an advanced model to effectively predict the thermal performance of the system and to develop thermal and flow simulations to accurately evaluate real micro-thermoelectric generator systems. The advanced model solves the thermoelectric module’s energy equations, incorporating heat balance in the heat transfer calculations. The thermal and flow simulations take into account the dynamic calculations under the thermal loads occurring in the system. This innovative aspect can considered separately for the different materials (ceramics, semiconductors and copper strips) of the micro-thermoelectric module for heat transfer enhancement. The results predicted that when the temperature difference of the thermoelectric module was increased from 18 K to 58 K, the power output and the conversion efficiency of the system increased by about 0.5 W and 50%, respectively. Also, the transfer of useful heat to electrical power was achieved at 83%, with 11% saved heat and thermal losses of 6% W at maximum temperature difference of the module. In terms of overall energy consumption, the integrated micro-thermoelectric generator system has a little environmental impacts. Validation of the model with particular experimental works was accomplished for dependability. Comparisons with different modeling strategies demonstrate that the accuracy and performance of the advanced model can be used to reliably study the thermal performance of real micro-thermoelectric generator systems.

Roadway pavements constitute a vital component of transportation infrastructure, and their effective maintenance and rehabilitation are paramount to ensure optimal functionality. Efficient road management systems save time and resources and rely on accurate pavement condition surveys. To ensure optimal functionality, it is crucial to establish a pavement management system (PMS) that involves assessing the current state of the road network and predicting future conditions. In this research, we assessed the effectiveness of asphalt pavements using two well-known approaches: The Present Serviceability Index and The Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The PCI, a numerical index, is a reliable indicator to assess the operational condition and structural reliability of pavements based on visual assessments of distress type, severity, and quantity. We aimed to classify the various types of distress observed on Road No.80 and estimate the pavement condition index. We identified nine out of nineteen distress problems in the pavement section under study through a comprehensive pavement distress condition rating approach. The most prevalent distress types included longitudinal and transverse cracking, rutting, potholes, edge cracking, alligator cracking ,patching and weathering and raveling.

Background:Diabetic neuropathy affects significant individuals worldwide and is considered a chronic complication of diabetes. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic neuropathy are still not fully understood. Objectives:This study investigated the involvement of vitamin D2, PTH, and C-peptide in the onset of diabetic neuropathy. Materials and Methods:This study included 120 diabetic patients and 30 healthy controls. Diabetic patients were divided into group 1 with neuropathy (N = 80) and group 2 without neuropathy (N = 40). The following data were incorporated: sex, age, diabetes duration, and BMI. Biochemical evaluations involved HbA1C, C-peptide, PTH, and vitamin D2. Results:The study’s population had a 52.2 ± 13.9 years mean age. Patients had 9.8 years average diabetes duration, were mostly overweight, and were poorly controlled (mean HbA1C = 8.8). Vitamin D2 was insufficient, particularly in diabetics, and C-peptide measures were markedly low. There were differences in the three parameters between diabetes and controls. Potential relationships among the parameters were detected namely, higher HbA1C, elder, lower vitamin D2, besides higher C-peptide and vitamin D2 levels. ROC-curve metrics for vitamin D2, PTH, and C-peptide, revealed varied diagnostic potential. All parameters were unable to distinguish between patients with or without neuropathy from healthy subjects. Conclusion:The study highlights the importance of glycemic control, insulin production, PTH, and vitamin D2 levels in the context of diabetic neuropathy. While these biomarkers show associations with neuropathy risk, their diagnostic potential is still limited. The associations between age, HbA1C levels, PTH, C-peptide levels, and vitamin D2 levels provide valuable insights into potential contributors to neuropathy risk.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a chronic disorder that inflicts severe symptoms on middle-aged men. The current study compared the effects of tadalafil and tamsulosin on urological parameters after 3 and 6 months of therapy. A retrospective case–control study was conducted, in which 100 patients with moderately severe BPH were divided into two groups based on their treatment: 50 patients were given tamsulosin 0.4 mg/day and group 50 patients were administered tadalafil 5 mg daily. All patients continued therapy for approximately 6 months, and their urological parameters were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. There was no significant difference in the overall effect on the International Prostate Symptom Score at the end of the study using two-way ANOVA analysis (P = 0.448). The intercourse number was significantly improved by tadalafil compared to tamsulosin (P < 0.001). The prostatic-specific antigen, postvoiding residual, and prostatic volumes were not significantly different between tadalafil and tamsulosin (P = 0.198, 0.163, and 0.183, respectively). In conclusion, tadalafil, 5 mg once daily, appears to have similar efficacy to tamsulosin, with significant improvement in the patient’s erectile function. Tadalafil can be used for 6 months for moderate-to-severe lower urinary tract symptoms.

Hydrogels have gained much focus as a gastro-retentive technology for drug delivery. The current study aimed to design an oral mucoadhesive sustained-release dosage form to lower peptic ulcer complications (PUC). Using the Box-Behnken statistical design, the preparation method was developed by incorporating pantoprazole sodium (PZS) into hydrogel microcapsules (HGMC). The PZS was incorporated into the HGMC via an ion gelation technique, with sodium alginate as the gelling agent, calcium chloride as the crosslinking agent, and chitosan as the agent for sustained release. The optimized formulation of PZS-HGMC showed a diameter of 2.506 mm, a swelling rate of 838.2%, and an encapsulation efficiency of 93.8%. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the microcapsules’ spherical shape. The in vitro release of the PZS from the HGMC after two hours in a simulated gastric fluid was 13.2%1±0.08%, compared with the apparent solubility of the pure PZS under the same conditions (95.24%±3.2%). After 24 hours, the percent of PZS released from the optimized formula was 69.84±2.4%, which indicates a sustained release pattern. The results from the in vivo study demonstrated improved healing of the induced ulcers in rats when treated with the PZS-HGMC formulation as compared to the standard PZS therapy; therefore, the obtained mucoadhesive HGMC was considered a potential drug delivery strategy for PUC therapy.

هدف البحث الى : معرفة التكيف الاكاديمي والضغوط النفسية والعلاقة بين المتغيرين لدى طلاب قسم التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة – كلية التربية الأساسية -جامعة ديالى للعام الدراسي 2023 -2024 واستعمل الباحث المنهج الوصفي بطريقة العلاقات الارتباطية لملائمتها لطبيعة البحث وتم تحديد مجتمع البحث طلاب قسم التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة – جامعة ديالى وهم يمثلون مجتمع وعينة البحث (90) طالب اختارهم الباحث عشوائيا واستعمل في البحث مقياس التكيف الاكاديمي ومقياس الضغوط النفسية والمعالجة احصائيا عن طريق الحقيبة spss واستنتج الباحث إن الطلاب لديهم ضغوط وكلما زاد التكيف الاكاديمي كلما قل الضغط النفسي ويوجد ارتباط بين المتغيرات على الرغم من تفاوت مستويات الطلاب وأوصى الباحث بضرورة الاهتمام بالناحية النفسية لدى طلاب الجامعة من قبل الأساتذة والمدربين اثناء المشاركة في الرياضات

Cytokine-releasing syndrome (CRS) is a special form of ‎‎systemic inflammatory response syndrome provoked by ‎factors ‎like viral infections and certain immunomodulatory drugs.‎ To elucidate the potential ‎role of rifaximin (RIF) and its combination with methylprednisolone (MP) against the development and ‎progression of CRS in ‎mice.‎ This experiment consists of two parts: protective and therapeutic interventions. The protective experiment: in the induction group, mice received an intraperitoneal injection (IP) of 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) without intervention. The other group received various drugs before the induction by three days, then observed for an additional two days (50 mg/kg MP, 50 mg/kg RIF, and a combination of 25 mg/kg RIF with 25 mg/kg MP. The second part of the study involves the therapeutic potential; all groups received similar doses of drugs to that received in the prevention groups, except LPS induction was given first, and after one hour, the mice received daily doses of the drugs for five days. At the end of the experiment, blood and tissue samples were obtained. Mice treated with RIF and its combination with MP showed improved serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, INF-γ, MDA, and GSH in both prevention and therapeutic groups. Histopathologically, mice treated with rifaximin and its combination with MP ameliorates the tissue damage in both lung and liver tissues following LPS induction. In conclusion, rifaximin showed protective and therapeutic effects in LPS-induced cytokine storms in mice through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms, and its combination with methylprednisolone showed additive/ synergistic action.

Background: Colon cancer is the third most common type of cancer. High lymphovascular levels are linked to a number of cancers, including colon cancer, while lymph vascular invasion levels as a predictor of outcome are not well understood. Objective: Determine the influence of lymphovascular invasion on the recurrence of colon cancer. Patients and Methods: it was collected 126 colon cancer patients who had surgery and additional chemotherapy. The patients attended in the Baquba teaching hospital oncology centre and the Al Jawad oncology centre of Alkadhemiya hospital. Results: it was shown in this study that the high percentage ages of colon cancer patients was between 55-60 years, and there were more in women (57 %) than in men (43 %). The most common stage of the tumours was stage 3 (42.9 %), and in grade 2 (76.2 %). In terms of return, in this study, 71.4 % of people who had lymphovascular invasion positive and had a return of cancer in a percentage 73.3% of colon cancer patients. Conclusion: LVI plays an essential role for increasing recurrence of colon cancer, and there were a strong link between them.

Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) concept is a novel methodology to lower the PV module temperature and consecutively produce thermal and electrical energies. This study assesses the thermal and electrical advancements of a PVT system using iron oxide (Fe2O3) single nanofluid and titanium oxide-iron oxide (TiO2-Fe2O3) hybrid nanofluid at 0.2 % and 0.3 % concentrations. The PVT energy and exergy efficiencies were presented and analyzed concerning the effect of proposed single and hybrid nanofluids. Study findings disclosed that dispersing 0.3% of TiO2- Fe2O3 nanocomposites into water has enhanced the nanofluid thermal conductivity, improving the Nusselt number by 90.64 %, while Fe2O3 nanoparticles achieved 31.75 %. Furthermore, employing TiO2- Fe2O3-based nanofluid at 0.3 % has enhanced the PVT electrical efficiency by 13 % and, thermal efficiency by 44 % compared to Fe2O3-based nanofluid, which exhibited 12 %, and 33 %, respectively. Besides, the PVT electrical exergy efficiency was augmented by about 13 % using TiO2-Fe2O3-based hybrid nanofluid, against 11 % using Fe2O3 nanofluid. Reversely, the pressure drop was increased by a maximum of 62.9% when TiO2- Fe2O3 was applied due to the raised nanofluid density compared to the reference base fluid. Conclusively, hybrid nanofluid has a superior influence on the PVT performance than single nanofluids. However, further investigations are required to explore cost-effective hybrid nanofluids with a low pressure drop.

Paracetamol has been recognized worldwide as a safe and effective agent for relieving pain and reducing fever in many patients. This study aimed to investigate the role of clinical pharmacist interventions in the rational and appropriate use of intravenous paracetamol in surgical patients and the impact of this rational use on hospital costs. A case-control study was conducted on 794 patients (400 in the intervention group and 394 in the control group). The appropriate and rational use of the drug was compared between baseline and post-intervention in the intervention group and between the two groups. The result showed a significant reduction in dispensed IV paracetamol vials after the pharmaceutical intervention (4,151 vials recovered by the intervention), which led to a reduction in the cost (8,302 USD reduction in the total cost). There was a significant reduction in the dose of IV paracetamol, use with or without adjunctive opioid analgesics, frequency of administration, duration of intravenous paracetamol use, daily max exceeding 4 g, and concomitant use with oral paracetamol after applying the clinical pharmacist intervention. In conclusion, the clinical pharmacist plays a vital role in various aspects of healthcare; clinical pharmacist involvement positively impacts the patient’s management plan by improving the optimal and rational use of intravenous paracetamol and decreasing hospital costs.

Rice husk ash (RHA) is a promising pozzolanic alternative material for partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement to increase the durability and strength of concrete and, at the same time, to decrease the corrosion effect caused by the harsh environment conditions. In this study, the impact of adding RHA in different ratios (0%, 7%, and 14%) as a replacement of ordinary Portland cement with different water–cement ratios (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) and cured in water for different periods (10, 20, and 30 days) both on the durability and strength of the concrete and on its corrosion was investigated. The prepared specimens were tested by flexural, compressive, and tensile strength tests, slump test, and Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration test to determine the suitability of the partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement by RHA in concrete. The most important findings of this work, which is considered novel in this field, are that adding fine (instead of more extensive) RHA particles enhances the flexural, compressive, and tensile strength values and limits the chloride ion penetration with time. An adverse impact was found to increase the water–cement ratio, which is assigned to the effect of water on RHA and as a result on the porosity of the concrete.

The aim of the currnet study to examine the effect of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in diabetic patients on coagulation parameters. This retrospective case–control study involves 130 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), divided into 65 T2DM with newly diagnosed SCH and 65 euthyroid (EUT) T2DM patients without SCH. Fibrinogen (FIB) was significantly higher in SCH (508.2 ± 63.0 mg/dL) than EUT (428.1 ± 44.8 mg/dL). In the SCH patients, FIB correlated with several parameters, such as age (β = 0.396), body mass index (β = 0.578), glycated hemoglobin (β = 0.281), and activated partial thromboplastin time (β = 0.276). In conclusion SCH in DM patients appears to increase the magnitude of coagulopathy.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-fibrotic activity of vinpocetine in an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis by bleomycin and in the MRC-5 cell line. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in BALB/c mice by oropharyngeal aspiration of a single dose of bleomycin (5 mg/kg). The remaining induced animals received a daily dose of pirfenidone (as a standard anti-fibrotic drug) (300 mg/kg/PO) and vinpocetine (20 mg/kg/PO) on day 7 of the induction till the end of the experiment (day 21). The results of the experiment revealed that vinpocetine managed to alleviate the fibrotic endpoints by statistically improving (P ≤ 0.05) the weight index, histopathological score, reduced expression of fibrotic-related proteins in immune-stained lung sections, as well as fibrotic markers measured in serum samples. It also alleviated tissue levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators significantly elevated in bleomycin-only induced animals (P ≤ 0.05). Vinpocetine managed to express a remarkable attenuating effect in pulmonary fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro either directly by interfering with the classical TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway or indirectly by upregulating the expression of Nrf2 enhancing the antioxidant system, activating PPAR-γ and downregulating the NLRP3/NF-κB pathway making it a candidate for further clinical investigation in cases of pulmonary fibrosis.

Due to their unique heat transfer features, graphite foams are used in the current analysis to form heat sinks effective enough to dissipate extreme heat generated within high-performance electronics. The heat sinks proposed are formed from foamed-baffles arranged either in parallel or perpendicular to the coolant paths through the staggered slots in between to alleviate the penalty of pressure drop while maintaining high heat dissipation capability. Two different sorts of dielectric coolants namely, air and the FC-3283 electronic liquid developed by 3MTM, have been utilized to directly dissipate the heat generated. The feasibility of the currently proposed heat sinks has been examined numerically based on the volume averaging concept of porous media employing the local thermal non-equilibrium model to account for interstitial heat exchange between the foam solid matrix and the fluid particles flowing across. A wide range of design parameters has been tested including the heat sink configuration along with structural characteristics of the graphite foam used. It has been found that foam baffles oriented perpendicular to the path of coolant flow can dissipate heat by about 50% better than those parallel to it, but with higher pressure losses. It has also been found that heat dissipation capability, for a certain orientation of baffles, can be improved by up to 100% when the foam pore size is doubled with outstanding saving in pressure losses by up to 300%. The impact of operating conditions, including the coolant flowrate and the heat flux applied, has also been inspected. The currently proposed heat sinks have been found efficient to meet the thermal demands of high-performance electronics and sweep away the extreme heat generated there with reasonable cost of pressure drop, where the proper selection of design parameters in light of the operating conditions applied can prevent the emergence of hot spots entirely. Extreme operating conditions, i.e. with heat density of up to 10W/cm2 for air-cooled heat sinks and 100W/cm2 for those cooled with FC-3283, can be well managed when a heat sink is configured from baffles that are oriented perpendicularly to the coolant flow path and formed of graphite foam having low porosity (∅=0.8) and larger pore size

Accurate reservoir characterization is essential for successful hydrocarbon extraction, especially in complex fields such as the Garraf Oil Field. This study aims to enhance reservoir characterization by integrating different petrophysical assessments and rock typing methodologies. Density, neutron, and sonic porosity evaluations were used to assess porosity, while gamma-ray logs and resistivity measurements were used to determine shale volume. The Archie equation was employed to estimate water saturation and sensitivity analysis was used to determine the cutoff values. The study also utilized rock typing techniques, including hydraulic flow unit assessment and Rock fabric number cross-plots, to categorize reservoir rocks into flow units and identify unique rock types. The combination of these approaches led to the precise identification of reservoir heterogeneities and optimal oil production zones. The results showed that the Gamma-ray log is the best method for determining shale volume, and the closest method for porosity determination is the density log. The water resistivity value was estimated at 0.016, while the Archie parameters (a,m,n) were 1.1, 2.1, and 3.7, respectively, with cutoff values of 0.22 for shale volume, 0.11 for porosity, and 0.56 for water saturation. The study identified five rock types ranging from packstone, pack to wackstone, wackstone, wack to mudstone, and mudstone. Overall, the integration of petrophysical evaluations and rock typing techniques facilitates the accurate delineation of oil-rich zones with enhanced reservoir connectivity.

Large-scale multimodal neural recordings on high-density biosensing microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) offer unprecedented insights into the dynamic interactions and connectivity across various brain networks. However, the fidelity of these recordings is frequently compromised by pervasive noise, which obscures meaningful neural information and complicates data analysis. To address this challenge, we introduce DENOISING, a versatile data-derived computational engine engineered to adjust thresholds adaptively based on large-scale extracellular signal characteristics and noise levels. This facilitates the separation of signal and noise components without reliance on specific data transformations. Uniquely capable of handling a diverse array of noise types (electrical, mechanical, and environmental) and multidimensional neural signals, including stationary and non-stationary oscillatory local field potential (LFP) and spiking activity, DENOISING presents an adaptable solution applicable across different recording modalities and brain networks. Applying DENOISING to large-scale neural recordings from mice hippocampal and olfactory bulb networks yielded enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of LFP and spike firing patterns compared to those computed from raw data. Comparative analysis with existing state-of-the-art denoising methods, employing SNR and root mean square noise (RMS), underscores DENOISING’s performance in improving data quality and reliability. Through experimental and computational approaches, we validate that DENOISING improves signal clarity and data interpretation by effectively mitigating independent noise in spatiotemporally structured multimodal datasets, thus unlocking new dimensions in understanding neural connectivity and functional dynamics.

Sustainable energy solutions are necessary in the current manufacturing advancements, where a need is being pressed upon biomaterial-based processes. This study examines the aerodynamics of wood chip biomass in fluidized-bed reactors, an essential aspect of sustainable biomass fuel technologies. Through experimental investigations, the current methodology determined the minimum fluidization rates for particles of four distinct sizes and compared these with theoretical prediction-based calculations. A novel laboratory setup featuring a Differential Pressure Feedback Exhaust gas recirculation (DPFE) sensor system was developed to measure these processes continuously to advance the enhancements of the precision and reliability of the findings. Key results include the successful adaptation of the Ergun equation for wood chips, herewith accommodating observed deviations in pressure drops within specific fluidization ranges. This adaptation, along with real-time data tracking of air phase changes using a multifunction measuring device, revealed critical insights into turbulence patterns and particle movement. These results and findings are consistent with theoretical models and underscore the potential to optimize wood chip use in fluidized-bed reactors. The study's results also contribute significantly to the field of renewable energy as they offer a validated methodological approach and practical modifications to existing theoretical models.

Batik, an Indonesian textile art form, holds immense economic and cultural importance. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) specialising in batik play a crucial role in Indonesia's economic growth and cultural preservation, contributing significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) and preserving the nation's heritage. Nevertheless, these enterprises face several challenges, such as slow growth and limited access to credit. The batik industry also lags in financial literacy and the adoption of digital marketing strategies, hindering its development. This quantitative study aims to investigate the relationship between financial literacy, digital financial literacy, and financial inclusion in batik SMEs and also examined the moderating effect of online social networks. A survey was conducted involving 535 managers, owners, and financial officers of small batik enterprises. Subsequently, the SmartPLS statistical analysis method was employed for data analysis. The results demonstrate that financial literacy and digital financial literacy play a significant role in accessing financial inclusion for batik small enterprises. Moreover, the utilisation of social media was found to moderate these relationships, amplifying the impact of financial and digital literacy on financial inclusion. The findings contribute to the existing knowledge, provide insights for enhancing batik small enterprises, and propose a digital financial model to promote financial inclusion.

This research focuses on the synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) and Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) (pristine polymer) with Ag doped (CNT/ P3HT@Ag) nanocomposite thin films to be utilised in various practical applications. First, four samples of CNT solution and different ratios of the polymer (P3HT) [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt.%] are prepared to form thin layer of P3HT@CNT nanocomposites by dip-coating method of Ag. To investigate the absorption and conductivity properties for use in various practical applications, structure, morphology, optical, and photoluminescence properties of CNT/P3HT @Ag nanocomposite are systematically evaluated in this study. In this regard, the UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 350 to 700 nm is used to investigate the absorption, transmission spectrum, extinction coefficient (k) and refractive index of the samples prepared at room temperature. The XRD results indicate a slight increase in the crystallite size of the synthesized (CNT/ P3HT@Ag) nanocomposite compared to CNT/P3HT nanocomposite, which can be attributed to the better dispersion of the P3HT and its favorable wrapping around the carbon nanotube structures. FESEM results show that the Ag nanoparticles are acting as a bridge between the CNT and P3HT, creating a strong bond between the two materials that is strong enough to form thicker tubular structures. An appreciable increase in absorbance intensity (approximately 552 nm) is obtained by adding silver nanoparticles to the CNT/P3HT matrix at 0.5% of P3HT. Additionally, the prepared CNT/P3HT@Ag thin films show greater transmittance – more than 42%, 45%, 49%, and 48% for P3HT concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%, respectively. The preparation of the samples' extinction coefficient (k) and refractive index data show that the inclusion of silver nanoparticles to the CNT/P3HT nanocomposite matrix has a significant improvement over the previous samples (CNT/P3HT composite).

Aim: Evaluate the prevalence of depression among professional healthcare workers (PHCW) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the fourth wave of COVID-19 infection in Iraq. A semi-structured questionnaire in English was used to obtain information about the study variables. Results: The study included 314 participants, with a mean age of 34.3 years, slightly higher male to female sex (55.1 to 44.9%), doctors represent (26.1%), pharmacist represent (26.4%) while 36.9% includes other PHCW (nurse, laboratory technician, doctor assistance, and paramedics). There was a high prevalence of depression in the current study (98.4%). There was no significant association between total HADS with sex, specialty, and duration of working in COVID-19 isolation wards. Meanwhile, age above 50 years appears to be associated with higher HADS scores compared to younger PHCW. Conclusion: Healthcare practitioners faced a heightened susceptibility to experiencing depression throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

This article explores the performance of quantum communication systems in the presence of noise and focuses on finding the optimal encoding for maximizing the classical communication rate, approaching the classical capacity in some scenarios. Instead of theoretically bounding the ultimate capacity of the channel, we adopt a signal processing perspective to estimate the achievable performance of a physically available but otherwise unknown quantum channel. By employing a variational algorithm to estimate the trace distance between quantum states, we numerically determine the optimal encoding protocol for the amplitude damping and Pauli channels. Our simulations demonstrate the convergence and accuracy of the method with a few iterations, confirming that optimal conditions for binary quantum communication systems can be variationally determined with minimal computation. Furthermore, since the channel knowledge is not required at the transmitter or at the receiver, these results can be employed in arbitrary quantum communication systems, including satellite-based communication systems, a particularly relevant platform for the quantum Internet.

Quantum technologies are increasingly recognized as groundbreaking advancements set to redefine the landscape of computing, communications, and sensing by leveraging quantum phenomena, like entanglement and teleportation. Quantum technologies offer an interesting set of advantages such as unconditional security, large communications capacity, unparalleled computational speed, and ultra-precise sensing capabilities. However, their global deployment faces challenges related to communication ranges and geographical boundaries. Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) have emerged as a potential remedy for these challenges through providing free-space quantum links to circumvent the exponential losses inherent in fiber optics. Through the utilization of free-space optical (FSO) and Li-Fi links, NTNs provide an effective method for transmitting quantum states over extensive distances. This paper delves into the dynamic interplay between quantum technologies and NTNs to unveil their synergistic potential. We also investigate their integration challenges and the potential solutions to foster a symbiotic convergence of quantum and NTN functionalities while identifying avenues for enhanced interoperability. Specifically, quantum communication over NTNs imposes challenges in communication channel reliability, network flexibility, and scalability. To enhance channel reliability, multicarrier transmission techniques and spatial diversity strategies, including quantum MIMO (q-MIMO) transmission schemes, can be employed. Introducing the software defined networking (SDN) model facilitates flexible network configurations. In NTN-based quantum infrastructure, technologies like trusted relays, measurement device independent (MDI), and quantum repeaters can address scalability concerns efficiently. This paper not only offers useful insights into the mutual advantages but also presents future research directions, aiming to inspire additional studies and advance this interdisciplinary collaboration.

Aim: Evaluation of the anti-aging properties of Empagliflozin (EMP) associated with the aging process in mice. Methods: The mice were allocated into four groups: negative control received normal saline without receiving D-galactose (DGA); all the three other groups received DGA (200 mg/kg/day orally) for eight weeks; the second group received normal saline; the third group received vitamin C, the final group received EMP and continued for another eight weeks. Results: Treatment with EMP reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA levels significantly compared to induction group (91.7±9.6 ng/ml, 30.6±5.5 pg/ml, and 66.7±8.3 ng/ml vs. 304.0±102.9 ng/ml, 70.2±6.8 pg/ml, and 204.7±56.9 ng/ml; respectively), while levels of GSH-Px were significantly increased (3.3±0.6 ng/ml vs. 0.3±0.2 ng/ml). In addition, EMP increases the level of both COL-1 and COL-3 compared to the induction group (1,783.6±186.9, and 1,583.6±186.9, vs. 885.7±242.5, and 685.7±242.5 pg/ml; respectively). Conclusion: EMP positively affects several aging parameters in mice.

Background: According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), a mother who gives birth to a healthy, term baby should stay in the hospital for as long as necessary to detect any possible issues and give caregivers time to get the child (and family) ready for release. The infant's risk of readmission may be heightened by diagnostic mistakes, or misdiagnosis, and inadequate assessment by healthcare personnel. In order to assess the frequency and cause of hospital readmissions within the first twenty-four hours of life, this study will examine the local pattern of neonatal readmissions in healthy infants. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 33 neonates who had a c-section birth, after being discharged, and readmission within 24 hours of delivery. The following newborn characteristics were examined: gestational age, birth weight, gender, duration of initial hospital stay (LOS), infant feeding method, and the type of ward from which the neonate was released following the initial evaluation. The following factors related to pregnancy and delivery were evaluated: advanced maternal age (>35 years), low socioeconomic status, low maternal education, high birth order (>2), joint family, rural area residents, primi gravida, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, diabetes, psychosocial issues, thyroid disorders, and epidural/spinal anesthesia. Results: Sixteen patients out of 33 readmitted neonates were male. the rate of neonatal readmission was 1.34%. Their average birth weight and gestational age were 2918.2 ± 619.2 gm and 36.8 ± 21.72 weeks respectively. They spent 2.62 ± 1.83 hrs. and readmitted at 7.82 ± 5.35 hrs. intervals. The main causes of readmission were vomiting and poor feeding. Regarding the maternal factors; epidural anesthesia and low education was the most significant risk factors. Conclusions: An important component of the quality-of-care consequences of existing discharge rules and procedures may be revealed by this study. We come to the conclusion that vomiting and poor feeding are the main causes of hospital readmission in the first 24 hours of life, necessitating a proper intervention in the early hours of life. The early development of efficient lactation should be the focus of efforts to lessen digestive issues.

The present study demonstrates the effect of MgO nanoparticles concentrations on industrial wastewater treatment and electricity generation by microbial fuel cells. The MgO nanoparticles were prepared chemically using reflex methods by mixing magnesium hydroxide with ethanol. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were done for nanoparticle characterization. (Biological oxygen demand -BOD) and (Chemical oxygen demand - COD) were used as indicators to measure the acidity of wastewater. As a result, microbial fuel cells were proposed as a treatment method for wastewater. Nanoparticles with microbial fuel cell technology will always yield positive results in industrial water treatment. The results showed that using 0.025 mg/ml MgO nanoparticles in microbial fuel cells at pH 3 increased the COD degradation to (95.001%) through 30 min, BOD to (95.05%), and power voltage to (0.76) V. Therefore, treat the wastewater via microbial fuel cells were suggested. Nanoparticles with microbial fuel cell technology will always yield positive results in industrial water treatment.

يستحق أن نوليَ شعراءنا الأجلاء اهتماما أكاديميا، وبحثيا، ولاسيما الشاعر عارف الساعدي، لكونه مبدع، ويمتلك نصا واعيا، وقد اخترنا جزئية من أعماله الضخمة، فوقع الاختيار على بعض قصائده التي تشتمل في طياتها على نسق سياسي وديني ظاهرا ومضمرا؛ إذ جاء شعره فيها انعكاسا للواقع الشعب العراقي، كونه شاعرا مجددا في الشعر العراقي المعاصر واحد الموقعين على ابرز ظاهرة حداثوية في الادب العربي وهي ما يسمى ب(قصيدة الشعر ) فصار الناطق الرسمي باسم الشعب. يعنى هذا البحث بدراسة المهيمن النسقي للصياغة التعبيرية لمحور السياسة والدين، بحسب ما انطلقت منها الدراسة النسقية بما يستلزم التوصيل الإبداعي، فصارت الميول والتوجهات لدى المبدع ذا فاعلية في الرصد للمعنى، في ضوء نمطيتها، بعيدا عن قابلية العدول، -ولعل في الأمر غرابة- من جهة ورود النسق السياسي والديني ، ومدى توافرها على القصد، والذهنية الشعرية عند عارف الساعدي ، عبر ما يعتريها من جماليات، وبتجاور للنسق النحوي، وهو يحاول أن يوجد فعلا تغييريا، يواكب منطق بناء الإنسان، والدولة في ضوء الفكر الإنساني، والعدالة الاجتماعية التي غيبتها السلطة الحاكمة الذي صب سوط عذابه عليها.

This study examines the factors influencing user acceptance of ChatGPT as a daily reference tool and assesses varying levels of user awareness. It aims to offer valuable insights into the potential benefits and challenges of implementing ChatGPT in an educational context. To achieve this objective, we employ an integrated model comprising the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and four novel external constructs: Privacy, Security, Social Influence, and Trust. This proposed model delivers an in-depth understanding of user acceptance by simultaneously measuring diverse user perspectives. Adopting a quantitative research approach, the study surveys undergraduate students regarding their use of ChatGPT. The results contribute to bridging the gap between technology and users, shedding light on users' actual experiences and considerations regarding AI-based tools. Specifically, the study is expected to reveal the significant influence of external factors on user acceptance of ChatGPT and to provide a set of recommendations for educational institutions, policymakers, and developers. This study aids the developers of ChatGPT and similar technologies by offering insights into how to design and enhance more user-friendly and secure systems that better meet users' needs and expectations.

Abstract Background and Aims Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a major public health problem that requires preventative vaccines. However, there is vaccine hesitancy among women of reproductive age in Iraq. This study aimed to investigate SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination effects on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and related fertility parameters. Methods The study population comprised 54 infertile patients undergoing the ICSI procedure at a fertility clinic: vaccinated (n = 17) and non‐vaccinated (n = 37). SARS‐CoV‐2‐IgG/mL was assayed in follicular fluid from patients. Fertility parameters were assessed using oocyte and embryo quality and pregnancy outcomes between study groups, with respect to the time interval from vaccination to ova pick up. Results There were no significant differences between non‐vaccinated and vaccinated groups in respect of oocytes quality with regard to the mean number of picked up oocytes (p = 0.564), abnormal oocyte (p = 0.827), oocytes metaphase I and II (p = 0.306; p = 0.165), germinal vesicles (p = 0.076), grade I, II, and III fertilized oocytes (p > 0.05), and for maturation rate (p = 0.13). There were also no significant differences (p > 0.05) in embryo quality parameters with the mean number of grade I, II, and III fertilized oocytes and the fertilization rate, the number of transferred embryo (0.086). There were no significant differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups with respect to follicular fluid SARS‐CoV‐2‐IgG (p = 0.854), and pregnancy outcomes (p = 0.550). Conclusions The COVID‐19 mRNA vaccine has no effect on ICSI, fertility parameters, and pregnancy outcome.

This study numerically investigated the improvement of heat transmission to phase change material (PCM) paraffin wax in a triangular cell with and without fins. The enthalpy–porosity combination was quantitatively evaluated using the ANSYS/FLUENT 20 program. Materials with the phase shifts of paraffin wax were used in this study (RT42). According to the study findings, fins significantly accelerate the melting process and decrease the time required to finish it. The time difference between melting with and without fins is 125%. Moreover, the inclusion of v-shaped fins contributed to a 200% reduction in the melting process time. Thus, the use of v-shaped fins facilitates faster heat transfer to and from the applications wherein the phase change materials are used.

Background: Mandibular fracture is one of the commonest facial skeletal injuries, the classical treatment for condylar fracture either by close or open reduction. The purpose of this study is to prove the effectiveness of early functional rehabilitation through the effect of neuromuscular adaptation in unilateral and bilateral condylar fractures . Patients and Methods: A prospective study included thirty patients presenting with condylar fractures, divided into three age groups , group I children less than 12 years old , group II teenagers age range 12-17 years old and group III adult more than 17 years those admitted to maxillofacial department in Al-Basra Teaching Hospital from May,1,2015 until October,30,2016 presented with a malocclusion, a deviated midline, and a limited mouth opening. Computed Tomography is done as early as possible. The method used in our study was the early closed active functional treatment. Results: Young patients less than 12 years of age were 17 (56.7%), also we found that the dislocation of condylar head fracture was more common in the very young age group according to the CT- Scan. Teenagers patients (12-17) years of age were 2 (6.7%) while adult patients more than 17 years old were 11 (36.7%) . Conclusion:The complete condylar remodeling (restitution of condylar head) occurs in very young age group (less than 12 years old) and to less extent in others age groups , the diagnosis depend on ct scan findings in pre and post imaging .

Enhancement of pure water productivity is necessary to keep human life, especially in the regions where people straggling of finding drinking water. The current work investigates numerically the increase in the productivity of the single-slope single-basin solar still by creating a new design of the absorbent base to increase the evaporation surface area. The new suggested design of the absorbent base is the use of stainless steel geometries which are different in shape and size in order to highlight their effect on solar still productivity. Results showed that using of stainless steel geometries increased the evaporation rate and enhanced the still productivity. In addition, the change in the geometry shape has a limited effect on the solar still productivity; whereas, changing the geometry size has a significant increase in productivity. The calculated data of the conversional solar still productivity was 2.987 kg/m2 with maximum temperatures of still water and the inner surface of the glass cover 63.6 °C and 54.2 °C respectively The maximum freshwater productivity was obtained by using cones, where the produced water was 4.13 kg/m2 with an enhancement ratio of 38.2%. In this case, the maximum temperatures of still water and the inner surface of the glass cover were 72.9 °C and 61.9 °C, respectively.

Abstract Background and aims Nutritional status is essential for the maintenance of the immune system, with malnutrition suppressing immunity. The aims of the current study were to assess the immune status of a group of Jordanian adults and to evaluate the association between vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc consumption and the Immune Status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A total of 615 adults Jordanian participants were enrolled in this study, an online- based cross sectional survey was used as a tool for this study. Data was collected by distributing the questionnaire form link through social media platforms. The association between ISQ score and the supplement intake pattern (daily, weekly, monthly and rarely) was assessed using multinomial logistic regression analysis, described as Odds ratio and 95% CI. Results Data have indicated that the majority of the participants did not take Vitamin D supplements during the pandemic (46.3%). Also, there was a significant association between the frequency of Vitamin D supplement intake and ISQ (r = 12.777; P

The experimental investigations of rotating heat exchangers are usually too costly and provide limited understanding for the phenomena of heat and fluid flow within them; hence, a less expensive and more comprehensive method is required to investigate what can affect their overall performance. In the current study, a porous media concept is presented as an alternative way to numerically analyse the fluid flow and heat transport through a rotary thermal regenerator. An aluminum core formed of multi-packed square passages is simulated as a porous medium of an orthotropic porosity in order to allow the counter-flowing streams to flow in a way similar to that inside the regenerator core. The geometric properties of the core were transformed into the conventional porous media parameters such as the permeability and inertial coefficient based on empirical equations; so, the core has been dealt with as a porous medium of known features. Fluid and solid phases are assumed to be in a local thermal non-equilibrium state with each other. A commercial CFD code "STAR CCM+" was used to solve the current problem numerically, where heat is allowed to be exchanged between the two phases and tracked by creating a heat exchanger interface in the core region. The results are presented by means of overall thermal effectiveness, pressure drop, and coefficient of performance COP. Using porous media approach has been found to be sufficient to simulate the current problem, where the currently computed data were found to deviate by up to 2.7% only from the corresponding analytical and experimental data. The data obtained reveal an obvious impact of the core geometrical parameters on both the heat restored and pressure loss; and hence, the overall efficiency of the regenerator system.

In the western Iranian provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah as well as the northern Kurdistan Region of Iraq, there is a hilly terrain called Hawraman. It’s called the biosphere reserve of Iraq due to its high biodiversity. In this study, the planting of saplings of the Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) species was investigated quantitatively and qualitatively using 20 square sample plots with measurements of 12×12 meters that were randomly chosen in the selection area. The diameter of the collar, the overall height, the freshness of the seedlings, and the survival indicators were evaluated and measured in each sample plot. Picea abies outperformed Pinus nigra in terms of diameter and height, according to a statistical comparison between the two species in the same direction and slope (Picea abies: 1.34 cm and 0.32 m, Pinus nigra: 0.71 cm and 0.21 m). There was no significant difference in the percentage of survival between the two species. In terms of freshness, a comparison of these two species revealed that the Picea abies species had a higher level of freshness than the Pinus nigra species.

Levees are essential structures in places with high water level events. Therefore, it is important to make periodic monitoring of these structures to assess their condition. Some levees consist of slurry walls built with reinforced concrete. GSSI ground penetrating radar with 200, 400, and 900 MHz antenna was used to assess the rebar and concrete condition of the slurry wall along 300m of the Big Dam Bride levee, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. GPR profiles indicate the deterioration in rebar and concrete from the reflections of the rebar and the differences in the rebar vertical depths which represent the change in the concrete properties. These vertical shifts in the rebar anomalies indicate that the concrete fractured and the discontinued slabs shifted upward or downward over the years, all field observations did not indicated any vertical shift or fracture in the concrete slabs, or is the presence of deterioration in the concrete above the rebar. Therefore, the deteriorated part will appear at a higher or lower levels related to the non deteriorated part. Also, non-uniform values of reflections for the same depth suggest the rebar deterioration as well. There were about 182m out of 300m of the studied levee are detroierated with various degrees of rebars and concrete deterioration. The GPR was found to be effective to detect the slurry wall's concrete and rebar deterioration. The result of this study indicates that the slurry wall of the levee is possibly unsafe and partially deteriorated.

Abstract Video calling is one of the most energy-intensive features in apps requiring the simultaneous operation of the mobile camera, display screen, audio speaker, and internet services. This feature impacts a smartphone battery's runtime and lifetime. This paper is the first of its kind experimental study, which quantifies the operating profile (discharge current, temperature, and terminal voltage) of video call feature in multiple widely used social media apps, which include WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Zoom, Skype, WeChat, Google Hangouts, Imo and Viber. One smartphone each of Vivo and Motorola has been evaluated as the manufacturer-provided application programming interface (API) allowed real-time measurement of the operating profile. Results indicate that the video calling feature for Facebook Messenger and Imo is the most energy efficient. In contrast, Google Hangouts is up to 35% more energy-intensive for video calling than other apps. Measurements also show that Vivo's in-service battery temperature is lower than Motorola due to its efficient chipset. For instance, during active Google Hangouts operation for 1 h, Vivo temperature is limited to 46 °C, whereas Motorola temperature rises to 52 °C. Finally, the influence of app algorithms and codecs on energy efficiency is also discussed with regard to operating performance.

Introduction Cryoablation is the destruction of living tissue by the application of extreme freezing temperature. There has been an increase in the use of cryoablation in the management of musculoskeletal lesions, in particular fibromatosis. Aim This study aimed to measure the average and relative increase in size of the cryoablation ice ball after the first (10 minutes) and second freeze cycles (20 minutes) to accurately predict the size of the ice ball between first and second freezes to help prevent any unwanted damage of the nearby skin and neurovascular structures. This is especially important when ablating in relatively small body parts such as in the appendicular skeleton. Material and Methods Eight patients treated with cryoablation over a 12-month period for fibromatosis were, included in the study. The size and volume of the ice ball were measured during the first and second cycle of cryoablation. Results The average patient age of the cohort was 35.6 years old (min 28 and max 43). There was female predominance in the study (3:2, F:M). There was a significant increase (26%) in the linear dimensions and almost doubling in the volume of the ice ball between freeze cycles (p-value = 0.0037 for dimensions and p-value = 0.0002 for volumes). Conclusion This pilot study is a preliminary attempt to predict the eventual size of the ice ball during cryoablation procedures when treating cases of fibromatosis. This should help in planning cryoablation to ensure decrease morbidity by preventing injury to adjacent critical structures (neurovascular bundle and skin).

‏ The search of next prospective source of fuel is highlighted by the research community to compensate the aspects of shortcomings of diesel fuel and to treat the harmful emissions in the transportation sector. Among numerous economic sectors, the use of petro-diesel still the main fuel using for driving heavy machinery despite the high advance in electric motors for transportation systems. The characteristics of engine performance, nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions, size distribution of particulate matter (PM), number and oxidation reactivity of soot particles from the effects of low and high fuel injection pressures (FIPs) and adding two types of nanoparticles (Al2O3 and TiO2) to the M20B10 blend (20 % of microalgae biodiesel, 10 % n-butanol and 70 % of diesel) were studied in common-rail diesel engine at different loads. The results revealed that the adding Al2O3 and TiO2 to the M20B10 blend decreased the BSFC by 21.28 % and 22.84 %, respectively, and also improved BTE by 4.46 % and 2.35 %, respectively, for different engine loads. It is observed that the applied HFIP and M20B10+Al2O3 blend also enhance the fuel consumption by 21.28 % and increase BTE by 9.63 % in comparison with M20B10+ TiO2 blend. In contrast, the presence HFIP with nano blends increased the NOX emissions by 24.73 % with respect to the LFIP, meanwhile the NOX emissions decreased from nano blends combustion more than to the neat M20B10 blend. The combustion of M20B10+Al2O3 blend decreased the PM concentration (by 52.82 %) and number (by 33.62 %) and when compared with blend of M20B10+ TiO2 and neat M20B10 blend combustion at HFIP. Furthermore, the reactivity of soot oxidation significantly increased when adding Al2O3 into the M20B10 blend and applying HFIP compared to the M20B10+ TiO2 blend.

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in adopting Multilevel Inverters in high and medium-power industrial applications due to several inherent benefits compared to conventional two-level inverters, including a decrease in voltage-related stress, reducing the rating of power electronics switches and power quality. Compared to the symmetrical multilevel inverter, the asymmetrical multilevel inverter is composed of multiple ratios of DC source having the same number of components and providing an additional voltage level, giving rise to nearly sine-shaped output voltage with low THD. In this paper, 19th level Quasi-Linear Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter QL-AMLI is constructed; in addition, a modified staircase modulation based on the maximum power and frequency of the operated cells within the phase has been designed for controlling the AMLI. The QL-AMLI is shunt-connected to the AC transmission lines for dynamic compensation and fed from photovoltaic arrays. The system response is achieved by controlling the voltage of the AMLI, which is governed by the DC link voltage control and modulation index; hence, the polarity of the injection reactive component and its magnitude are controlled. MATLAB/Simulink is adopted to simulate the system, and the results show the system is well behaved and stable under different scenarios, where the voltage at the point of common coupling is stable and within acceptable limits. Moreover, low THD voltage is obtained from the QL-AMLI, and the inverter is controlled according to the required reactive power. The aspects mentioned earlier confirm that the system is stable and behaves accordingly under changes in the attached load.

The Smartflower, an innovative compact energy-generation system inspired by sunflowers, stands out in energy innovation. Unlike traditional photovoltaic (PV) panels, it integrates foldable solar cells within a foundational structure for solar tracking aligned with the sun's path. The present paper focuses on designing, fabricating, and analyzing a proposed Smartflower-PV panel solar system. The study aims to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the proposed PV panel under different atmospheric conditions. The significant impact of insolation and temperature on the panel's efficiency was revealed by comparing empirical results from the PV sunflower panel with analytical calculations using MATLAB (m. file code). Enhanced solar radiation improved the system’s performance and efficiency, resulting in higher power output. Analytical insights showed a direct correlation between a 104% increase in solar radiation and parallel increases of 115% in peak power production and 100% in output current. Conversely, higher temperatures reduced power output, with a 400% temperature rise causing an 11.11% power reduction. Empirical observations align with analytical analyses under equivalent conditions, validating the model’s accuracy. This study serves as a catalyst and guide for completing and advancing the Smartflower system's manufacturing, including control, tracking, and the entire energy-generation framework.

AsSanna'f Marsh is one of the southern Iraqi Marshes. It is considered as a seasonal marsh. During rainy season, the marsh feeders start to fill the nearly empty region of the marsh and the water levels start to increase gradually. After the water level reaches a specific value, it starts to flow toward Al Huwayza Marsh. Studies on the hydrological properties of AsSanna'f Marsh are rare and there is a lack of hydrological data of AsSanna’f Marsh feeders. Generally, this paper was prepared to predict missing hydrological data, a procedure was developed and applied for this purpose, and to be used with the available hydrological and topographical data for modeling and analysis the hydrological properties of AsSanna’f Marsh. The topographical survey and the hydrological field measurements for a period of six months, which were carried out by the Center for Restoration of Iraqi Marshlands, CRIM, of the Ministry of Water Resources, MOR, were used in the hydrological analysis carried out by this paper. The area and storage elevation curves were computed in two different methods satisfying the existing behavior of the flow condition through the marsh. Relations between the inflow, out flow with the water level elevation, and storage and losses within the marsh were obtained. The hydrological routing showed the dykes surrounding AsSanna'f Marsh must be at least 11m.a.s.l to increase the Marsh outflow into Al Huwayza Marsh. especially at the south east boundary of the marsh near Al Msharah River. Maximum and minimum storages and the extended wetted area of the marsh were specified. The required inflow and outflow of AsSanna’f Marsh was studied, taking in consideration the wet, normal, and dry years. The maximum allowable AsSanna’f Marsh inflow into Al Huwayza Marsh is specified for flooded year satisfying different the design criteria of the control structures of the outlets of Al Huwayza Marsh and Kmait Flood Escape. A control structure was suggested at the outlet of AsSanna’f Marsh to ensure the full restoration of Al Huwayza Marsh.

A pilot study in the field was conducted within the study station of the Field Crops Department / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / “University of Baghdad during winter season of 2022-2023” .In order to find out the role of chlorophyll nutrient spraying on some growth traits of two varieties of bread wheat. Using RCBD design. The results showed a significant superiority of the V1 variety in all studied traits such as (Plant height measured in centimeters, number of tillers per square meter, and dry weight flowering100%, “the growth rate of the crop is g.m2.d-1, the hay yield in “ton .ha-1 biological yield ton. ha-1”, flag leaf area (cm2), chlorophyll concentration (SPAD), dry weight flag leaf g. , flag leaf' specific gravity (g.), spike length (cm) which amounted to (100.04 cm, 281.34 g .m2.d-1, 242 .06 g.m2.d-1, 5.96 ton. ha, 11.79 ton .ha , 32.68 cm, 48.73 SPAD , 0.131 g. , 0.0039 g. and 12.13 cm). respectively . comparative V2 . chlorophyll nutrient concentrations showed that the level of Ch1 (1500) mg. L-1 represented a considerable improvement in most of which comprise the following attributes “plant height cm”, “number of tillers m2”, dry weight at flowering 100% g.m2, “crop growth rate g. m2.d-1, yield of straw ton. ha., The biological yield ton. ha., flag leaf area (cm), chlorophyll concentrations (SPAD) and spike length (cm) that reached (93.15 cm, 315.00 tillers m2, 257.08 g.m2, 1.904 g.m2, 5.96 ton. ha., 12.85 ton. ha. , 29.30 cm, and 12.07 cm) respectively, compared to the concentrations of Ch2 and Ch3.