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Fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is a rare, benign soft tissue lesion observed in infants characterized histologically by triphasic appearance of bland fibroblastic fascicles, mature adipose tissue, and nodules of primitive myxoid mesenchyme. Preoperative and intraoperative recognition of FHI presents a significant diagnostic challenge due to nonspecific imaging findings and its histologic similarities to alternate benign and malignant entities. Management requires complete local excision and clinical follow-up to monitor for recurrence. Here, we present the diagnosis, management, and two-year follow-up of a 13-month-old boy with a scrotal FHI in addition to a comprehensive literature review of this entity.

Purpose Small cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract (GU SCC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. There are only limited treatment options due to insufficient understanding of the disease. In this study, we analyzed the clinical outcomes of patients with GU SCC and their association with the tumor immune phenotype. Materials and Methods Patients diagnosed with GU SCC were included. Survival outcomes according to the primary location (prostate and non-prostate) and stages (limited disease [LD] and extensive disease [ED]) were analyzed. We performed multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) in non-prostate SCC patients and analyzed the immune cell population. Results A total of 77 patients were included in this study. Their median age was 71 years, 67 patients (87.0%) were male, and 48 patients (62.3%) had non-prostate SCC. All patients with ED (n=31, 40.3%) received etoposide plus platinum (EP) as initial treatment and median overall survival (OS) was 9.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.1 to 18.6). Patients with LD (n=46, 59.7%) received EP followed by radiotherapy or surgery, and 24-months OS rate was 63.6% (95% CI, 49.9 to 81.0). The multiplex IHC analysis of 21 patients with non-prostate SCC showed that patients with a higher density of programmed death-ligand 1-expressing CD68+CD206+ M2-like macrophages had significantly worse OS outcomes with an adjusted hazards ratio of 4.17 (95% CI, 1.25 to 14.29; adjusted p=0.02). Conclusion Patients with GU SCC had a poor prognosis, even those with localized disease. The tumor immune phenotypes were significantly associated with survival. This finding provides new insights for treating GU SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is a mesenchymal neoplasm with variable behaviour, very rarely involving the genitourinary (GU) tract. Most reported cases correspond to isolated case reports. STAT6 immunohistochemistry is a more recent and reliable diagnostic marker. The pathology database of two tertiary institutes was searched for SFTs involving the GU tract. STAT6 strong diffuse nuclear staining confirmed the diagnosis in all four cases, and the NAB2::STAT6 fusion was demonstrated by NGS in one case. Two cases were diagnosed in needle biopsy, one involving the prostate and the other involving the seminal vesicle. One case corresponded to a pelvic mass inseparable from and infiltrating the prostate and bladder. The remainder represented an exceedingly rare involvement of the spermatic cord. Involvement by a SFT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions involving GU organs. STAT6 strong diffuse nuclear staining is an important ancillary tool, particularly in a biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are poorly differentiated and highly aggressive epithelial neuroendocrine neoplasms. The most common primary site is the lung, but they may arise in every organ. Approximately 37% of extrapulmonary NECs (EP-NECs) occur in the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tract, followed by the genitourinary (GU) system and gynecological tract. As a result of their rarity, there is scant evidence to guide treatment recommendations, and a multidisciplinary approach is essential for the management of such patients. Platinum-based chemotherapy currently represents the standard of care for EP-NECs of any site, mirroring the management of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), but further approaches are still under investigation. Indeed, ongoing trials evaluating targeted therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and radionuclide therapy could provide potentially breakthrough therapeutic options. Given the relative dearth of evidence-based literature on these orphan diseases, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the pathology and current treatment options, as well as to shed light on the most pressing unmet needs in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The kidney is the most frequently injured component of the genitourinary system, accounting for 5% of all trauma cases. Several guidelines by different societies address the management of urological trauma. However, unanswered questions remain regarding optimal use of angioembolization in hemodynamically stable patients, indications for operative exploration of stable retroperitoneal hematomas and renal salvage techniques in the setting of hemodynamic instability, and imaging practices for patients undergoing non-operative management. We performed a systematic review, meta-analysis, and developed evidence-based recommendations to answer these questions in both blunt and penetrating renal trauma. Methods The working group formulated four population, intervention, comparator, outcome (PICO) questions regarding the following topics: (1) angioembolization (AE) usage in hemodynamically stable patients with evidence of ongoing bleeding; (2) surgical approach to stable zone II hematomas (exploration vs. no exploration) in hemodynamically unstable patients and (3) surgical technique (nephrectomy vs. kidney preservation) for expanding zone II hematomas in hemodynamically unstable patients; (4) frequency of repeat imaging (routine or symptom based) in high-grade traumatic renal injuries. A systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available evidence was performed. RevMan 5 (Cochran Collaboration) and GRADEpro (Grade Working Group) software were used. Recommendations were voted on by working group members and concurrence was obtained for each final recommendation. Results A total of 20 articles were identified and analyzed. Two prospective studies were encountered; the majority were retrospective, single-institution studies. Not all outcomes projected by PICO questions were reported in all studies. Meta-analysis was performed for all PICO questions except PICO 3 secondary to the discrepant patient populations included in those studies. PICO 1 had the greatest number of articles included in the meta-analysis with nine studies; yet, due to differences in study design, no critical outcomes emerged; similar differences among a smaller set of articles prevented observation of critical outcomes for PICO 4. Analyses of PICOs 2 and 3 favored a non-invasive or minimally invasive approach in-line with current international practice trends. Conclusion In hemodynamically stable adult patients with clinical or radiographic evidence of ongoing bleeding, no recommendation could be made regarding the role of AE vs. observation. In hemodynamically unstable adult patients, we conditionally recommend no renal exploration vs. renal exploration in stable zone II hematomas. In hemodynamically unstable adult patients, we conditionally recommend kidney preserving techniques vs. nephrectomy in expanding zone II hematomas. No recommendation could be made for the optimal timing of repeat imaging in high grade renal injury. Level of evidence: Guideline; systematic review, level III.

Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are poorly differentiated and highly aggressive epithelial neuroendocrine neoplasms. The most common primary site is the lung, but they may arise in every organ. Approximately 37% of extrapulmonary NECs (EP-NECs) occur in the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tract, followed by the genitourinary (GU) system and gynecological tract. As a result of their rarity, there is scant evidence to guide treatment recommendations, and a multidisciplinary approach is essential for the management of such patients. Platinum-based chemotherapy currently represents the standard of care for EP-NECs of any site, mirroring the management of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), but further approaches are still under investigation. Indeed, ongoing trials evaluating targeted therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and radionuclide therapy could provide potentially breakthrough therapeutic options. Given the relative dearth of evidence-based literature on these orphan diseases, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the pathology and current treatment options, as well as to shed light on the most pressing unmet needs in the field.

Introduction: Radiation therapy to the pelvis can result in radiation-induced vaginal soft tissue necrosis. This significantly impacts quality of life. Studies evaluating the efficacy of HBO2 are limited. Methods: In this retrospective report, we reviewed the medical records of patients treated with oncedaily HBO2 for radiation-induced vaginal soft tissue necrosis. We included females between the ages of 18 to 90 with history of pelvic cancer treated with radiotherapy and resultant soft tissue radionecrosis. Data collected included age, comorbid disease, cancer type, radiation dose, HBO2 treatment pressure, time, and total treatments. Primary outcome was improvement of radionecrosis; secondary outcomes were improvement of pelvic pain, reduction in need for analgesia, and improvement of vaginal bleeding. Results: Seven patients were identified, of which six received HBO2. One patient had a vaginal fistula. Four patients had documented improvement of radionecrosis. Four out of five patients with pelvic pain had resolution of their pain, with two patients no longer requiring opioid analgesia. Two patients who presented with vaginal bleeding showed improvement with one resolved and one significantly decreased requiring no further hospitalization or transfusion. One patient experienced no documented improvement in any of the measured outcomes. Conclusion: In this case series, five out of six (83%) patients treated with HBO2 for radiation-induced vaginal necrosis improved in at least one outcome measure. While the sample size is small, these results add to the data available that supports the use of HBO2 in suitable candidates without contraindications who have symptoms related to radiation-induced vaginal soft tissue necrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genital tuberculosis is a rare and unexpected disease in European countries including Croatia. Diagnosis of female genital tract tuberculosis is challenging and is rarely pin-pointed by clinical symptoms because of their low specificity. The authors decided to present a case of genitourinary tuberculosis in a young, immunocompetent fertile woman with high clinical suspicion of abdominal tumor mass. Although considered a desease of the past, rare clinical presentation of genital tuberculosis should be expected and taken into account.

Prostatitis can occur at any age, after its enlargement, it puts pressure on the urinary tracts and causes urinary symptoms. Factors influencing the prevalence of prostatitis include age, genetic, diet, cancer, hormonal factors, and environmental factors. A microbial infection often causes prostatitis. In this systematic review, we tried to report the most important herbal medicines that have been mentioned for prostate treatment in Iranian ethnobotanical documents. Some keywords have been used, such as prostate, prostate inflammation, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, identification of medicinal plants. Also some Iranian Databases have been used, such as ISI Web Science, PubMed, Scopus, ISC, SID, and Google Scholar to review articles and resources. Ethnobotanical knowledge has a solution for treating this disease. Based on the results obtained in Iranian ethnobotanical documents, Lamium album L., Origanum vulgare, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Polygonum aviculare L., Urtica dioica L., Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse., Eremurus persicus (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss., Gundelia tournefortii, Myrtus communis L., Tribulus Terrestris L., and Physalis divaricata D. Don are the most important herbal medicines used in Iranian ethnobotanical sources for prostate treatment. Aim of this systematic review, was to report the most important medicinal plants for prostatitis treatment mentioned in Iranian ethnobotanical documents.

Fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is a rare, benign soft tissue lesion observed in infants characterized histologically by triphasic appearance of bland fibroblastic fascicles, mature adipose tissue, and nodules of primitive myxoid mesenchyme. Preoperative and intraoperative recognition of FHI presents a significant diagnostic challenge due to nonspecific imaging findings and its histologic similarities to alternate benign and malignant entities. Management requires complete local excision and clinical follow-up to monitor for recurrence. Here, we present the diagnosis, management, and two-year follow-up of a 13-month-old boy with a scrotal FHI in addition to a comprehensive literature review of this entity.

Congenital genitourinary anomalies are among the most frequent types of birth defects in neonates. Some anomalies can be a significant cause of morbidity in infancy, while others remain asymptomatic even until adulthood and can be at times the only manifestation of a complex systemic disease. The spectrum of these anomalies results from the developmental insults that can occur at various embryologic stages, and an understanding of the formation of the genitourinary system is helpful in the evaluation and treatment of a child with a congenital genitourinary anomaly. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis of congenital genitourinary anomalies and treatment planning. In this article, we highlight the embryologic and characteristic imaging features of various congenital genitourinary anomalies, demonstrate the utility of different imaging modalities in management, and review specific imaging modalities and protocols for image optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon neoplasm that rarely arises in the genitourinary system. IMTs in the vulva in infants are extremely rare in the literature. The tumor consists of myofibroblastic spindle cells accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration. In this article, we aimed to describe the case of IMT in the vulva. A newborn girl presented with a mass in the vulva detected in the prenatal period. The patient was treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Follow-up 8 months after surgery showed no signs of recurrence. In conclusion, IMT has a variable clinical presentation, surgery is the optimal approach, but in cases without complete resection, chemotherapy is essential.

Abstract Individuals with DICER1 syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by pathogenic germline variants in DICER1, are at increased risk of developing a wide array of predominantly childhood onset conditions, including genitourinary sarcomas. However, data on DICER1 involvement in paratesticular sarcomas have not been published. Herein, we analyse a series of 15 paediatric paratesticular sarcomas and describe in detail the case of a male infant with a paratesticular myxoid tumour, considered to be a low‐grade sarcoma, who also manifested a cystic nephroma, a classic DICER1 syndrome phenotype. He harboured a pathogenic germline DICER1 variant and different somatic hot‐spot mutations in each tumour. The paratesticular tumour showed strong and diffuse expression for WT1 and CD10, an unusual immunophenotype in paediatric sarcomas, but typical of tumours of Müllerian origin. The tumour was postulated to arise from the appendix testis, a Müllerian remnant located in the paratestis. Such an origin would be analogous to other DICER1‐associated non‐epithelial gynaecological tumours, thought to arise from Müllerian derivatives. These findings point towards a key role of DICER1 in Müllerian‐derived structures. Supporting this hypothesis is the fact that the other paratesticular sarcomas from the series were either negative or focally positive for WT1 and for CD10, and none had any DICER1 mutations. In summary, we present the first case of a paratesticular sarcoma associated with DICER1 syndrome, emphasising that paratesticular tumours with an unusual histological appearance may suggest an underlying DICER1 mutation, especially in the presence of a personal or family history of DICER1‐associated disease. In this context, DICER1 mutation testing could lead to changes in clinical care including implementation of cancer care surveillance strategies.

Hydatid cyst disease, caused by the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm larval form, typically affects the liver, lungs, and genitourinary tract. This case report details an unusual manifestation of hydatid cysts in a 62-year-old male with a history of retrovesical hydatid cyst surgery. The patient presented with pain at the root of the penis, and subsequent imaging revealed cysts in the suprapubic, pubic bone, and left pectineus muscle regions. Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the patient underwent surgical excision in 2023. The discussion emphasizes the rarity of such localized cysts, diagnostic imaging techniques, and the necessity of surgical intervention. The postoperative period involved a course of albendazole. While rectovesical hydatid cysts are uncommon, this case underscores the importance of considering them in the differential diagnosis of masses, particularly in endemic regions. Surgical excision remains the primary treatment for symptomatic hydatid cysts., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Gurcan et al.)

Prostatitis can occur at any age, after its enlargement, it puts pressure on the urinary tracts and causes urinary symptoms. Factors influencing the prevalence of prostatitis include age, genetic, diet, cancer, hormonal factors, and environmental factors. A microbial infection often causes prostatitis. In this systematic review, we tried to report the most important herbal medicines that have been mentioned for prostate treatment in Iranian ethnobotanical documents. Some keywords have been used, such as prostate, prostate inflammation, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, identification of medicinal plants. Also some Iranian Databases have been used, such as ISI Web Science, PubMed, Scopus, ISC, SID, and Google Scholar to review articles and resources. Ethnobotanical knowledge has a solution for treating this disease. Based on the results obtained in Iranian ethnobotanical documents, Lamium album L., Origanum vulgare, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Polygonum aviculare L., Urtica dioica L., Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse., Eremurus persicus (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss., Gundelia tournefortii, Myrtus communis L., Tribulus Terrestris L., and Physalis divaricata D. Don are the most important herbal medicines used in Iranian ethnobotanical sources for prostate treatment. Aim of this systematic review, was to report the most important medicinal plants for prostatitis treatment mentioned in Iranian ethnobotanical documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is a mesenchymal neoplasm with variable behaviour, very rarely involving the genitourinary (GU) tract. Most reported cases correspond to isolated case reports. STAT6 immunohistochemistry is a more recent and reliable diagnostic marker. The pathology database of two tertiary institutes was searched for SFTs involving the GU tract. STAT6 strong diffuse nuclear staining confirmed the diagnosis in all four cases, and the NAB2::STAT6 fusion was demonstrated by NGS in one case. Two cases were diagnosed in needle biopsy, one involving the prostate and the other involving the seminal vesicle. One case corresponded to a pelvic mass inseparable from and infiltrating the prostate and bladder. The remainder represented an exceedingly rare involvement of the spermatic cord. Involvement by a SFT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions involving GU organs. STAT6 strong diffuse nuclear staining is an important ancillary tool, particularly in a biopsy., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The villous adenoma is a benign epithelial tumor affecting most often the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon and rectum. The incidence of this disease in the genitourinary tract is less than 1% as the most commonly affected organs are bladder, urethra, prostate, vulva and vagina. Only several cases of villous adenoma in the renal pelvis have been reported in the scientific literature. The disease is more common in men between the ages of 40 and 70. We presented a rare case of huge villous adenoma of the renal pelvis in 61 years old man.

Introduction: Mycoplasma are from cell culture the main polluters. Mycoplasma hominis is one of the most important human mycoplasmas are associated with infections of the genitourinary system in women and men. The aim of this study compare methods of detection of mycoplasma contamination in the genital secretions of men and women referring to infertility center is Kerman. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 100 women and 100 infertile men referred to Kerman Infertility Center during 6 months. Samples that were sent to the laboratory in the PPLO Broth filter 0.45 micrometers were passed and in accordance with the instructions, they were cultured in PPLO solid liquid and solid media and stored at 37 ° C, Co2 incubator. After the extraction of DNA by using PCR method and especial primers, the species and genus of Mycoplasma hominis were determined and studied. Findings: Of the 200 samples examined by culture method, 17.5% of mycoplasma colonies were positive and using biochemical tests were mycoplasma hominis 6%. By PCR method, 44% of samples were infected with mycoplasma and 16.5% contaminated they were mycoplasma hominis. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study show that PCR is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting Mycoplasma huminis in infertile women and men.

Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is a rare, benign proliferation of glands of the urinary tract, usually occurring as a result of chronic inflammation, trauma or other similar chronic injuries to the urothelial mucosa. We aimed to share two pediatric cases diagnosed with NA in our hospital between the years 2010 and 2016. The first case was polypoid type NA of the bladder and the second case was fibromyxoid NA of the urethra.

Individuals with DICER1 syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by pathogenic germline variants in DICER1, are at increased risk of developing a wide array of predominantly childhood onset conditions, including genitourinary sarcomas. However, data on DICER1 involvement in paratesticular sarcomas have not been published. Herein, we analyse a series of 15 paediatric paratesticular sarcomas and describe in detail the case of a male infant with a paratesticular myxoid tumour, considered to be a low‐grade sarcoma, who also manifested a cystic nephroma, a classic DICER1 syndrome phenotype. He harboured a pathogenic germline DICER1 variant and different somatic hot‐spot mutations in each tumour. The paratesticular tumour showed strong and diffuse expression for WT1 and CD10, an unusual immunophenotype in paediatric sarcomas, but typical of tumours of Müllerian origin. The tumour was postulated to arise from the appendix testis, a Müllerian remnant located in the paratestis. Such an origin would be analogous to other DICER1‐associated non‐epithelial gynaecological tumours, thought to arise from Müllerian derivatives. These findings point towards a key role of DICER1 in Müllerian‐derived structures. Supporting this hypothesis is the fact that the other paratesticular sarcomas from the series were either negative or focally positive for WT1 and for CD10, and none had any DICER1 mutations. In summary, we present the first case of a paratesticular sarcoma associated with DICER1 syndrome, emphasising that paratesticular tumours with an unusual histological appearance may suggest an underlying DICER1 mutation, especially in the presence of a personal or family history of DICER1‐associated disease. In this context, DICER1 mutation testing could lead to changes in clinical care including implementation of cancer care surveillance strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident innate cells that are deeply integrated within mucosal tissues and play a critical role in tissue homeostasis and inflammatory processes. ILCs in the Respiratory Tract The lung is considered a non-lymphoid mucosal organ comprising an innate cell network of epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, all crucial for maintenance of immune homeostasis and the initiation of inflammatory processes. In addition to the critical role tissue-resident ILCs provide in lung homeostasis and during inflammation, the contribution of other innate-like unconventional - and -T cells including MR1-restricted MAIT cells and CD1d-restriced NKT cells is now emerging in pulmonary immunity. Moreover, in the decidua which contains decidual NK cells, tissue-resident NK cells and ILC3s, Vacca et al. consider how the changing decidual microenvironment has influenced the plasticity and function of ILCs during early pregnancy, and reflects that their involvement in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy remains unanswered. [Extracted from the article]

Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) in both children and adults has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early HC can occur within 48 hours of completing the chemotherapy conditioning regimen, is usually associated with agents such as cyclophosphamide, and generally resolves promptly. Late HC is commonly associated with BK and other viruses and can prove refractory to antiviral and supportive therapy. There are limited reports of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy showing benefit for refractory HC cases. We describe our experience with salvage HBO2 for a 15-year-old male with refractory HC beginning one month post AHSCT and associated with BK virus. Despite supportive therapies including hyperhydration, forced diuresis, transfusions, intravenous and intravesical cidofovir, macroscopic hematuria persisted and resulted in post-obstructive acute renal failure, need for a suprapubic catheter, then bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy tubes. HBO2 was started two months after the AHSCT and one month after detection of BK viremia. In the week prior to starting HBO2 therapy the patient required transfusion with 25 units of red blood cells and seven units of platelets. After HBO2 was started his transfusion requirements progressively decreased, and he had return of renal function. He had no adverse effect from the HBO2. HBO2 therapy could thus be useful in controlling refractory HC after AHSCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uniform circumferential bladder wall thickening is almost always due to benign disease, with the differential diagnosis including any type of cystitis, neurogenic bladder, and chronic mechanical bladder outlet obstruction. An axial portal venous phase contrast-enhanced CT image through the pelvis in a patient who had undergone transurethral resection of a bladder tumor and topical treatment with BCG 6 months earlier demonstrates marked asymmetric thickening of the bladder wall on the left side laterally and anteriorly (arrow). On CT urography, affected patients usually present with diffuse circumferential bladder wall thickening [[20]], although a minority will have asymmetric areas of bladder wall thickening that mimic urothelial neoplasms (Fig. An axial portal venous phase contrast-enhanced CT image through the pelvis in a patient who had had a transurethral resection of a bladder tumor followed by topical mitomycin therapy demonstrates the bladder wall to be irregularly thickened, with lobulated mass-like thickening particularly along the right lateral and anterior walls (arrows). Coronal imaging can be helpful to localize the abnormality. b An axial portal venous phase contrast-enhanced CT image through the pelvis in a different female patient with incontinence demonstrates high attenuation material in a crescentic shape in the periurethral region, consistent with the carbon-coated bead type of bulking agent. c A coronal image from this same female patient's CT helps localize the agent. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Preventing the recurrence of episodes of stone formation is the focus of interest for patients. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities and anatomical alterations of the genitourinary tract in patients with recurrent urolithiasis. Methods: Patients who had recurrent renal calculi were included. Laboratory assessment was performed on two 24-hour samples of urine. The first 24-hour urine was a random specimen and the second was obtained after the patient had been on a sodium-, oxalate- and calcium-restricted diet for at least one week. The patients with hypercalciuria further underwent fasting and calcium load testing and were assessed in terms of parathyroid hormone levels. Urine culturing was conducted to rule out urinary tract infection. All patients were evaluated with ultrasound and intravenous pyelography for any anatomical abnormalities. Results: A total of 30 patients (20 male and 10 females) were included in the study. The most frequently found metabolic alterations were hypercalciuria, low urinary volume, urinary tract infection and hyperoxaluria. Anatomic alterations were found in 26.5% of patients, mainly in the form of renal cysts, pelvi-ureteric junction obstructions, horse shoe kidneys and atrophic kidney. Conclusions: 80% of patients with recurrent stone disease had some measure of metabolic abnormality to account for the disease. The use of two 24-hour urine samples significantly improved the detection rate of metabolic abnormalities compared to a single sample. The major limitation of this study was the small number of patients as well as the short study duration. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2017; 6(2.000): 81-85]

Leiomyoma's (Fibroids) are most common benign tumours of uterus, also seen arising from genitourinary tract and gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles. The leiomyomas are classified based on their location and direction of growth. Paraurethral Leiomyoma is one of the extremely rare conditions. This is a case of a 37-year-old parous woman presented with complaints of swelling in perineal region associated with dragging pain and dyspareunia. Examination revealed 4 X 5 cm paraurethral swelling (mass) in the anterolateral wall of the vagina, protruding through anterior vaginal wall, suspecting Gartner's cyst. MRI showed 4.8 X 4.7 X 3.7 cm well defined mass, within left anterolateral aspect of lower vagina with increased vascularity. Cystoscopy was done which showed normal urethra with mass pushing at bladder trigone and no communication with bladder mucosa, urethra or vagina noted. The mass was excised after evaluation with no complications on follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By virtue of material differentiation capabilities afforded through dedicated postprocessing algorithms, dual-energy CT (DECT) has been shown to provide benefit in the evaluation of various diseases. In this article, we review the diagnostic use of DECT in the assessment of genitourinary diseases, with emphasis on its role in renal stone characterization, incidental renal and adrenal lesion characterization, retroperitoneal trauma, reduction of radiation, and contrast dose and cost-effectiveness potential. We also discuss future perspectives of the DECT scanning mode, including the use of novel contrast injection strategies and photon-counting detector computed tomography., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Catheters are commonly used to treat and diagnose urinary tract abnormalities in the pediatric population. This pictorial essay reviews commonly placed genitourinary catheters imaged by radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US). The purpose of the catheter, how the catheter is placed, and the imaging findings associated with appropriately positioned catheters as well as misplaced and displaced catheters are described. It is important for radiologists to recognize common genitourinary catheters, and be familiar with their normal and abnormal positions as displacement is often first recognized by diagnostic imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Genitourinary system is the most common extrapulmonary site after lymph node and lung involvement of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can affect epididymis, testis, prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, scrotal skin, bulbourethral glands and/or penis. Diagnosis is difficult to establish because there are no pathognomonic signs and usually it has symptoms similar to a testicular cancer. If radiologic and laboratory findings are not enough to put the diagnostic, then the orchidectomy followed by histopahologic exam are the best options to be made. Material and methods: This article is a case report of a 74 years old man with tuberculous right testis. Clear diagnosis was established after orchidectomy was performed and histopathological evaluation of thetestis was made. Results: Our patient immediately started antituberculous therapy with good response to it. The pacient was assessed at 6 months ant 1 year after starting antituberculous therapy. His evolution was good. No other pulmonary and neither extrapulmonary relapses were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Genitourinary system is the most common extrapulmonary site after lymph node and lung involvement of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can affect epididymis, testis, prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, scrotal skin, bulbourethral glands and/or penis. Diagnosis is diffi cult to establish because there are no pathognomonic signs and usually it has symptoms similar to a testicular cancer. If radiologic and laboratory fi ndings are not enough to put the diagnostic, then the orchidectomy followed by histopahologic exam are the best options to be made. Material and methods: This article is a case report of a 74 years old man with tuberculous right testis. Clear diagnosis was established after orchidectomy was performed and histopathological evaluation of thetestis was made. Results: Our patient immediately started antituberculous therapy with good response to it. The pacient was assessed at 6 months ant 1 year after starting antituberculous therapy. His evolution was good. No other pulmonary and neither extrapulmonary relapses were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is a rare metaplastic entity commonly associated with a prior urothelial injury. Most are seen in the urinary bladder and a minority involve the urethra. In this study, we evaluated the expression of p16 as a surrogate marker of this entity and correlated it with clinical pathological parameters. A total of 17 cases of NA were retrospectively studied to assess the immunohistochemical expression of p16 and its value for the diagnosis of this entity., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Alvarez Moreno et al.)

The review aimed to analyze the evidence of the correlation between universal screening for Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnant women and early onset Group B neonatal infection. The research followed the descriptors "screening", "pregnancy", " Streptococcus agalactiae " and "neonatal infections" on the Pubmed, scielo and LILACS databases, for studies published in English between January 1st, 2008 and April 24th, 2018. A total of 200 articles were found, of which 198 were excluded. The present review presented some limiting factors, including the low number of studies selected, the difference of patients included, the risk profile of the populations and the results of the isolated studies, expressed in a significant difference between them. The statistical calculations were performed using secondary data. The meta-analysis revealed a Risk Ratio of 0.37 with a 95% of Confidence Interval, indicating a positive factor for the questioning of this review. However, should be understood as a trend, since a small amount of studies were found. More structured clinical studies are recommended to assess the impact of gestational screening for GBS and neonatal infection to better inform public health measures in gestational and neonatal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is a rare, benign proliferation of glands of the urinary tract, usually occurring as a result of chronic inflammation, trauma or other similar chronic injuries to the urothelial mucosa. We aimed to share two pediatric cases diagnosed with NA in our hospital between the years 2010 and 2016. The first case was polypoid type NA of the bladder and the second case was fibromyxoid NA of the urethra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the major health problems in India. Genitourinary tuberculosis comprises 20% of all extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and is the most common extrapulmonary system to be affected by this disease. The recent surge in the incidence of HIV-infected patients in India has further ignited the fury. Though the members of the Mycobacterium species are well identified, the incidence could not be controlled due to its complex etiopathogenesis and genetic background. Pathological Spectrum: The spectrum of pathological changes of genitourinary tuberculosis is wide, which varies from normal morphology to markedly scarred kidney, bladder, and epididymis with autocystectomy. A thorough knowledge is required to prevent the end-stage complications. The sequel can be detrimental for the patient′s physical, behavioral, psychological, and financial health. Diagnostic Dilemmas: Though culture and polymerase chain reaction are available for the detection of tuberculosis, the sensitivity and specificity varies widely and one should be aware. Conclusions: A thorough knowledge of epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, spectrum of the disease and the possible sequels, will help better and effective management of the disease.

Leptospira sp. is a bacterium present in different environments, including those with unfavorable conditions for survival, with evidence pointing to its adaptation to the genital tract. The aim of the study was to detect Leptospira sp. using serological, molecular and bacterial techniques in samples from the genital and urinary tracts of male goats slaughtered under semiarid conditions. Forty animals destined for slaughter were sampled and, from each one, samples were taken from the urinary and genital tracts for analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microbial culture growth, as well as serum samples for microscopic agglutination testing (MAT). Serological data showed three (7.5%) animals positive for the Pyrogenes serogroup. DNA from Leptospira sp. was detected by molecular testing in 25/120 (20.8%) of the urinary tract samples and in 23/120 (19.1%) of the genital tracts, with no statistically significant difference. A Leptospira sp. sample collected from the vas deferens was sent for DNA sequencing and showed 99% similarity with L. interrogans. Overall, 240 cultures were evaluated and, of these, 36 (15%) showed bacterial growth. Thus, Leptospira sp. organisms were present in male goats managed in an environment of adverse conditions and the spread of Leptospira sp. may be linked to venereal transmission. • Leptospira sp. is present in the genital tract of male goats. • In sequencing, a vas deferens had 100% similarity to L. interrogans. • Even in an adverse environment, Leptospira sp. remains viable. • Genital tract can be considered an extrarenal site of this agent. • Venereal transmission may be contributing to maintenance and transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the highlights of the expert technical consultation on bacterial vaginosis (BV), sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and held in Washington, DC, on 8-9 April 2015. Many issues touched on in this article are discussed in much greater detail in the 6 preceding articles in this supplement to The Journal of Infectious Diseases There was a consensus among the meeting attendees concerning the most important research issues in the field: the pathogenesis of the syndrome, way to optimize treatment, and the relative roles of sexual transmission and endogenous infection in BV epidemiology. This article concludes with a listing of BV and genitourinary tract research priorities that were discussed and agreed on by attendees. The most important of these included better characterization of vaginal microbiome community state subtypes, application of advanced "-omic" technologies to improve understanding of BV pathogenesis, further investigation of the relationships between the male and female genitourinary tract microbiomes, and the development of new drugs for BV treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]