2,708 results on '"GLASS waste"'
Search Results
2. Determine components of clam shells and glass bottles as the base material for glass ceramics using x-ray fluorescence.
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Harkiah, Sasa and Rauf, Nurlaela
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X-ray fluorescence , *CERAMIC materials , *GLASS waste , *BALL mills , *CERAMICS , *GLASS-ceramics , *GLASS bottles - Abstract
The waste clam-shells of the species 'Meretrix Lyrata' and waste glass bottles were used as basic materials to produce glass ceramics. The glass ceramics consisted of 70 wt.% clam shell and 30 wt.% glass bottles mixed homogeneously using ball milling. Clam shells and glass bottles were characterized by X-Ray Fluorescence to determine its compound. The XRF showed the clam shells contain 94.45% of CaO, and become 99.48% of CaO after calcination at 900 oC for 2 hours, while the glass bottle contain 80.28% of SiO2 Its promise material for glass ceramics with better mechanical, structural and physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Silica-based geopolymers admixture of borosilicate waste glasses: A green material for gamma radiation shielding applications.
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Alomayrah, Norah, Alrowaili, Z.A., Arslan, Halil, Olarinoye, I.O., and Al-Buriahi, M.S.
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GLASS waste , *GAMMA rays , *BOROSILICATES , *RADIATION shielding , *ATTENUATION coefficients , *KAOLIN - Abstract
The gamma shielding parameters of an admixture of waste borosilicate glass (BS) and geopolymer (GP) made from activated metakaolin are presented in the present study. The influence of the BS quantity on the density and different gamma shielding quantities is investigated over a wide gamma energy range. Four batches of the G-BS composite were prepared using the solid-state diffusion method, containing 0 (G), 10 % (G-10BS), 20 % (G-20BS), and 30 % (G-30BS) by weight of BS, respectively. The chemical compositions of the G-xBS samples were determined through X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. In addition, the density of the BS-doped geopolymers was determined using the liquid displacement method using deionized water as the displacement fluid. The theoretical determination of estimating shielding parameters began by estimating the mass (μ ρ) and linear (μ) attenuation coefficients of the geopolymers for photon energies in the range of 15 keV to 15 MeV using the XCOM data library. The B and Si content and density of the geopolymer samples increased as the BS weight proportion increased in the geopolymer. The values of the attenuation coefficients (ACs) decreased with energy. For μ, the decrease was from 9.1533 to 0.0355 cm−1, 6.7486 to 0.0374 cm−1, 10.2964 to 0.0396 cm−1, and 10.7722 to 0.0414 cm−1, while for μ ρ , it was 5.3217 to 0.0206 cm2 g-1, 5.3860 to 0.0206 cm2 g-1, 5.3627 to 0.0206 cm2 g-1, and 5.3594 to 0.0206 cm2 g-1, for G, G-10BS, G-20BS, and G-30BS, respectively. There are no significant differences between the photon energy absorption capacity of the geopolymers, especially at energies greater than 1 MeV. The photon buildup factors of the G-xBS samples have very close relative values with no clear order. The introduction of waste borosilicate glass is therefore a way of improving the photon attenuation capacity of geopolymer and, therefore, the potential of shielding applications of geopolymer-based concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Predictive models for treated clayey soils using waste powdered glass and expanded polystyrene beads using regression analysis and artificial neural network.
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Akis, E. and Cigdem, O. Y.
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ARTIFICIAL neural networks , *GLASS waste , *WASTE products , *POWDERED glass , *CLAY soils - Abstract
Waste materials contribute to a wide range of environmental and economic problems. To minimize their effects, a safe strategy for reducing such negative impact is required. Recycling and reusing waste materials have proved to be effective measures in this respect. In this study, an eco-friendly treatment is investigated based on using waste powdered glass (WGP) and EPS beads (EPSb) as mechanical and chemical admixers in soils. For this purpose, Atterberg limit, standard proctor, free swell, and unconfined compression tests are performed on soil samples with different ratios of waste materials at their optimum moisture contents. The obtained test results indicate that adding WGP to cohesive soils increases the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and reduces free swell (FS). In contrast, using EPSb reduces both FS and UCS of the treated soil samples. An optimum combination of both waste materials is determined for the improvement of the properties of high plasticity clay used in this study. Furthermore, multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods are used to predict the FS and UCS of the clayey soils based on the data obtained here and the experimental test results reported in the literature. Once the FS and UCS values of untreated soil and additive percentages are defined as independent variables, both methods are shown to predict the FS and UCS values of the treated soil samples on a satisfactory level with the coefficient of correlation ( R 2 ) values greater than 0.926. Additionally, when only the index properties (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index) of the soil samples with waste materials are used as dependent variables, the R 2 values obtained by the ANN method are 0.968 and 0.974 for FS and UCS, respectively. The results of the untreated soil samples' FS and UCS tests are known, and the linear regression and ANN techniques yield similar results. Lastly, the ANN method is used to predict the FS and UCS of the treated samples in accordance to the limited predictors (e.g., only the Atterberg limits of the soil sample). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Characterization of municipal solid waste in Kuwait: Sector-specific composition analysis and implications.
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Aleisa, Esra and Al-Jarallah, Rawa
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WASTE paper , *WASTE minimization , *GLASS waste , *WASTE recycling , *WASTE management - Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) characterization plays a pivotal role in devising effective waste management strategies conducive to fostering a circular economy. This study presents composition analysis across twenty-four subcategories sourced from residential, commercial, and industrial sectors in Kuwait. The study is conducted in accordance with the Standard Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste (ASTM D5231). The results indicate that organic waste comprises 45.3%, followed by paper waste (19.9%) and plastics (19.8%). The remaining waste comprises glass waste (3.5%), diapers (2.7%), textiles (2.6%) and other waste. Paper waste (19.9%) consists mainly of mixed paper (12.1%), cardboard (3.7%), newspaper (3.3%), printer printouts (0.6%) and other office paper (0.2%). Plastic waste (19.8%) consists mainly of film (11.2%), PET (3.1%), HDPE (1.1%) and other mixed plastics (4.4%). Residential and mixed areas have the highest proportion of organic waste. Commercial areas produce the highest proportion of wastepaper (22.4%) and textiles (3.7%). Industrial areas produce the highest proportion of plastic waste (29.1%), most of which is film (17.3%). The study also provides an overview of the MSW management system in the country, an overview over the legislative framework, and forecasts of future waste generation rates with comparison to historical baselines. Implications: The precise and up-to-date characterization of municipal solid waste is imperative for scholarly journal submissions, as it establishes a foundational understanding of waste composition, aiding researchers and policymakers in the development of effective waste management strategies, resource recovery initiatives, and sustainable solutions to address the evolving challenges in waste management systems. This study provides detailed composition analysis for twenty-four municipal solid waste (MSW) subcategories collected across different sources: residential, commercial, industrial, and mixed areas. Time series forecasting is applied to predict MSW generation based on historical data obtained through the local municipality over the past decade. Factorial analysis is applied to investigate changes across source areas, and a hypothesis test is used to compare the current MSW composition against previous baselines. The results demonstrated significant variation across most waste categories. The plastic waste proportion has increased by 48.5% compared to 2013 data, despite awareness campaigns. Paper waste has also increased in proportion from 6.8% to 16.2%; this increase is associated with the mixed paper subcategory, which is mostly used for packaging. The composition data provided in this study are necessary for long-term monitoring, strategy assessment, and legislation associated with waste reduction and remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. A scientometric review of recycled glass waste as an alternative raw material in concrete production.
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Kuoribo, Ewald, Shokry, Hassan, Asawa, Takashi, and Mahmoud, Hatem
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SUSTAINABILITY , *GLASS recycling , *WASTE recycling , *GLASS waste , *WASTE management - Abstract
The escalating use of glass in an ever-evolving world poses a waste management challenge, with glass waste contributing to non-biodegradable landfill growth. Recycling glass waste emerges as a viable solution, combating the need for additional landfills and the environmental repercussions. This study employs a scientometric and content analysis from the Scopus bibliometric database and explores the functional feasibility and performance characteristics of recycled glass waste (RGW) in sustainable concrete production. Results indicate that Asia dominates research contributions to RGW for concrete production compared to other continents. Glass-mixed concrete properties depend on glass type, particle size, shape, surface texture, replacement ratio, and curing age. The pozzolanic reactivity of recycled glass is correlated with its relative fineness. Finer glass particles were considered more suitable for use due to the enhanced alkali-silica interaction. Utilizing glass powder and fine aggregates improves mechanical properties, but high replacement levels could affect concrete strength development. Additionally, using RGA as a cement and fine aggregate replacement reduces concrete's thermal conductivity. This scientometric analysis not only aids in understanding a comprehensive overview of incorporating recycled glass waste into concrete production but also identifies knowledge gaps, guiding sustainable concrete research and development for addressing waste management challenges linked to the growing use of glass in our contemporary society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Optimizing Concrete Strength and Sustainability by Using Blast Furnace Slag and Waste Glass Powder as Additives.
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Das, Amar Kumar, Mangaraj, Abhijit, Behera, Rojalin, and Behera, Smrutiranjan
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INDUSTRIAL wastes ,GLASS waste ,BASIC oxygen furnaces ,WASTE recycling ,FLEXURAL strength - Abstract
Construction industry intends to promote effective utilization of waste materials obtained from various sources to develop an eco‐friendly building material for high performance, life cycle sustainability, and reduction of carbon footprints globally. The current study focusses to produce concrete mix by using industrial wastes such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (BOF) and glass powder (GP). Samples are prepared by utilizing industrial wastes partially for M35 grade concrete. The ground granulated BOF and GP are used with 10%–40% and 0.1%–0.4%, respectively, as the partial replacement of cement. Under different curing periods, the specimens were characterized for their physical and mechanical properties. Test results were analyzed to check the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of the sample mixes prepared. The highest compressive and flexural strength of the samples are found to be 46.23 MPa and 5.13 MPa, at the optimal replacement of BOF and GP in the proportion of 30% and 0.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Investigation of Conditions for Using Mass-Produced Waste Glass as Sustainable Fine Aggregate for Mortar.
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Son, Minjae, Kim, Gyuyong, Lee, Sangkyu, Kim, Hongseop, Eu, Hamin, Lee, Yaechan, Sasui, Sasui, and Nam, Jeongsoo
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GLASS waste ,PARTICULATE matter ,FLEXURAL strength ,MORTAR ,COMPRESSIVE strength ,MICROCRACKS - Abstract
To address the environmental issues arising from the growing scarcity of natural fine aggregates (NFA) and landfilling of waste glass, research is being conducted globally to utilize waste glass as a sustainable fine aggregate. However, contradictory results have been obtained regarding the effect of the type of waste glass and the physical properties of waste glass fine aggregate (GFA) on concrete, making it challenging to promote the use of GFA in concrete. Therefore, to promote the use of GFA in concrete, it is necessary to examine it under field conditions, such as mass-production processes or real-scale concrete applications. This study introduced a mass-production process for GFA, and the effect of mass-produced GFA on mortar was evaluated. The fine aggregate properties (particle aspect ratio, crushing rate, and solubility) of the GFA and the effects of color, content, and particle size on the mortar properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and ASR expansion behavior) were analyzed, along with the results reported in previous studies. Consequently, the high aspect ratio and microcracks in the particles of mass-produced GFA led to an increase in the strength reduction and ASR expansion of the mortar. These effects appear to be particularly severe for transparent GFA. Overall, this study proposed the content of GFA within 20% or the replacement of fine particles (< 500 μm) in NFA as a condition for sustainable fine aggregate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Compositional effects on the growth of diopside crystals in the simulated high‐level waste glass.
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Jia, Ruidong, Niu, Chenchen, Liu, Xuelian, Xu, Kai, and Tan, Shengheng
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RARE earth oxides , *GLASS waste , *ALKALINE earth metals , *CRYSTAL growth , *LIQUID waste - Abstract
Borosilicate glasses are the primary waste forms for the industrial immobilization of high‐level liquid waste. Yet, the compositional variation of waste glasses can form the diopside phase, which can be detrimental to the melting process and the properties of the final glass products. This study prepared simulated waste glasses with variable contents of alkaline earth metals, boron, transition metals, and rare earth metal oxide and subjected them to heat treatments. The effect of the compositional variation on the diopside crystallization behavior was explored using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results revealed that the average size of diopside crystals was proportional to the square root of the heat treatment durations. Increased contents of alkaline earth and transition metal oxides could contribute to the growth of diopside crystals, while boron oxide tended to inhibit it. Finally, a prediction model correlating the average crystal size, compositional variation, and heat treatment durations was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Study on fresh and hardened state properties of eco-friendly foamed concrete incorporating waste soda-lime glass.
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Mydin, Md Azree Othuman, Jagadesh, P., Bahrami, Alireza, Majeed, Samadar S., Dulaimi, Anmar, and Omar, Roshartini
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GLASS , *GLASS waste , *POROSITY , *CONCRETE waste , *GLASS bottles - Abstract
Improper waste management is causing global environmental problems. Waste glass may have adverse impacts on the ecosystem. While a substantial amount of soda-lime glass bottle (SGB) undergoes recycling to create new glass items, a significant volume still ends up in landfills. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the potential use of SGB in foamed concrete (FC) production as an aggregate replacement. SGB was substituted for sand in different weight fractions, ranging from 5 to 50%. The fresh state, mechanical, thermal, pore structure, and transport properties were examined. The findings showed a significant enhancement in the FC's mechanical properties when SGB replaced 20% of sand. The compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths exhibited a rise of up to 17.7, 39.4, and 43.8%, respectively. The findings also demonstrated that the addition of SGB improved the thermal conductivity, sorptivity, water absorption, and porosity. The scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the inclusion of 20% SGB caused a substantial decrease in void diameter and enhanced its uniformity. A comparison was made between the experimental data and predictions of the mechanical properties using various models of international standards, such as IS 456, ACI 318, NZS-3101, EC-02, AS 3600, and CEB-FIB, along with several references in the literature. The findings implied a strong correlation between the strength properties. The outcomes of this research offer valuable insights into both the possible advantages and constraints of using SGB in FC. Furthermore, this extensive laboratory investigation may serve as a guideline for future study and aid in the advancement of greener and more environmentally friendly FC alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Analysis of the thermal insulation performance of cement with waste glass powder in geothermal well.
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Ji, Ying, Song, Li, Sha, Qianqian, Zhu, Gang, Xue, Yuze, Zhang, Tinghui, and Fan, Shuai
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GLASS waste , *POWDERED glass , *GEOTHERMAL wells , *THERMAL conductivity , *COMPRESSIVE strength , *THERMAL insulation - Abstract
To improve the heat extraction efficiency from the wellbore fluids to the stratum in the geothermal well, thermal insulation cement, which contains of waste glass powder as a heat-insulating material, is proposed to apply in geothermal well's middle and upper sections in the paper. Effect of such glass powers on mechanic and thermal property of thermal insulation cement was then investigated. Various tests were carried out to measure compressive strength, thermal conductivity, microstructure porosity etc. parameters of the thermal insulation cement. Results showed that the waste glass powder would enhance its the compressive strength and improve its the thermal insulation performance. Correlation study between contents of the added waste glass powder in geothermal cements and its mechanic and thermal property was conducted. It was found that thermal insulation cement exhibited its optimum performance when the added content of glass powers was 20% in weight. Analysis of the microstructure porosity with SEM found that the pores in thermal insulation cement with added waste glass powders were mostly closed, tiny and even, and therefore contributed to the compressive strength of the thermal insulation cement; such pores would be also beneficial to improving its thermal insulation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Fabrication of a Concrete Roof Tile by Geopolymerization of Red Clay with Container Glass Wastes.
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Bulaybulay, Keith T., Orpeza, Jessel Grace L., and Menchavez, Ruben L.
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GLASS waste , *LIGHTWEIGHT materials , *GLASS containers , *CONCRETE , *TILES , *CONSTRUCTION materials , *POLYMER-impregnated concrete - Abstract
We report the production of concrete roof tiles using a red clay-based geopolymer binder with container glass waste and river sand as a concrete filler. Clear and colored container glass wastes were separately ground to powder and blended with low-grade red clay to achieve a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of approximately 7.0. The powder blends were converted to geopastes with a solid-to-alkali solution ratio of approximately 0.8 using a 12-molar alkali activator solution containing a mixture of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Rheological analysis showed that the geopaste binders with transparent and colored glass powders exhibited high shear thinning behavior. A higher viscosity was observed for the geopaste with colored glass powder due to the presence of colorants. Fine and coarse particles of river sand were prepared and mixed with different ratios of geopaste binder to river sand of 1:2.0, 1:2.5, and 1:3.0, respectively. All geopaste and river sand formulations were poured into acetate molds and heated in a metal chamber at 80 °C for 24 h, then aged at room temperature for 14 d. The highest flexural strength of 2.33 MPa was obtained from the formulation with a 1:2 ratio of geopaste with transparent glass powder and fine sand. The measured strength corresponded to an apparent porosity of 6.30% and a water absorption of 4.50%. The bulk density was approximately 1.16 g/cm³, which is classified as a lightweight material. A prototype geopolymer concrete roof tile was successfully produced with a sorption coefficient of approximately 0.170 mm/min1/2. This measured sorption coefficient and the physical properties indicate that the produced roof tile is a potential building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
13. Properties of Adhesive Mortars Using Waste Glass.
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Kotsay, Galyna and Szewczenko, Wiktor
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GLASS waste , *WASTE minimization , *GLASS construction , *RECYCLABLE material , *SOLUBLE glass - Abstract
This study investigates the use of waste glass as an active aggregate in glass polymers based on water glass, aiming to enhance the sustainability of construction materials by utilizing recyclable waste. Methodologically, the research employs a combination of water glass as a binder with waste glass, analyzing their chemical interaction and the resulting mechanical properties. The primary findings reveal that the inclusion of finely ground waste glass not only promotes the polycondensation and hardening processes of water glass but also significantly influences the adhesive and cohesive strengths of the developed glass polymers. After 7 days of hardening, the tensile strength of these materials exceeds that of standard concrete with values reaching up to 4.11 MPa, indicating strong adhesion capabilities that could pull out fragments of the concrete substrate. Conclusively, the study underscores the potential of waste glass in improving the structural and economic efficiencies of building materials, contributing to a reduction in landfill waste and offering a promising avenue for the innovative use of recyclable materials in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. Alkali activation-induced cold consolidation of waste glass: Application in organic-free direct ink writing of photocatalytic dye destructors.
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Mahmoud, Mokhtar, Kraxner, Jozef, Mehta, Akansha, Elsayed, Hamada, Galusek, Dušan, and Bernardo, Enrico
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GLASS waste , *SUSTAINABILITY , *GLASS fibers , *ALKALIES , *METHYLENE blue - Abstract
Additive manufacturing, with its ability to assemble a variety of materials in complex and customized architectures, is developing rapidly. The integration of technologies and materials into a sustainable production, however, is still challenging. The present investigation offers new functional glass-based products, from nearly room temperature processing, based on direct ink writing (DIW) of pastes from 'light' alkali activation (2.5 M NaOH) of pharmaceutical glass waste, added with 20 wt% of TiO 2 nanoparticles. The inks were refined by the inclusion of porous glass microspheres (PGMs, 20–30 wt%), previously fabricated from fiber glass waste. Printed scaffolds, stabilized by simple drying (i.e. 'unfired'), were successfully applied in the photodegradation of methylene blue. The degradation efficiency reached 100% within 75 min, and the 3D-printed composites could be easily separated from the solution for subsequent reuse. The degradation efficiency declined only by 7.5%, after 5 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. Alkali-activated waste glass as an alternative cement for preparation of potential low-carbon concrete.
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Zhu, Weiping, Wu, Xianpeng, Pan, Zezhou, Deng, Xuhua, Zheng, Chumao, Qiu, Zhenye, Wang, Daochu, Ling, Zao, Li, Lijuan, Liu, Feng, and Xiong, Zhe
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GLASS waste , *CALCIUM silicate hydrate , *WASTE recycling , *SILICA sand , *SAND , *CONCRETE curing - Abstract
The environment is currently confronted with challenges arising from the substantial accumulation of challenging-to-recycle waste glass. To address this issue, the utilization of alkali-activated waste glass (AAWG) emerges as a promising solution for generating potential low-carbon materials. AAWG, serving as a novel binder, is characterized by a lack of Al/Ca, diverging from both geopolymer and calcium silicate hydrate gels. Consequently, variations in gel properties necessitate corresponding adjustments in AAWG preparation methods. However, to date, there has been limited comprehensive exploration by researchers into the effects of curing conditions (humidity, temperature, and duration) on the compressive strengths of AAWG. The interaction among these factors in influencing AAWG compressive strengths remains unclear. Furthermore, the feasibility of employing AAWG as a standalone binder in concrete, along with the performance of the interfacial transition zone around the aggregates, remains uncertain. Considering these unresolved issues, this study investigates the impact of curing conditions (humidity, temperature, and time) on AAWG compressive strengths. Concrete incorporating AAWG as the binder, granite as coarse aggregates, quartz sand as fine aggregates, and silica sand/flour as inert fillers exhibited compressive strengths surpassing 75 MPa. This research contributes to advancing the upcycling of waste glass to produce high-strength concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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16. Characteristics of composite briquettes produced from carbonized banana peels and waste glass.
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Nyakoojo, Emmanuel Karakwita, Wakatuntu, Joel, Jasper, Eseru, Yiga, Vianney Andrew, Kasedde, Hillary, and Lubwama, Michael
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GLASS waste ,POWDERED glass ,GLASS composites ,AGRICULTURAL wastes ,THERMAL efficiency - Abstract
Briquettes made from carbonized agricultural residues present sustainable material alternatives to wood charcoal and firewood for commercial and industrial applications. However, these briquettes are plagued by property weaknesses including low drop strength and thermal efficiency. Therefore, this study focuses on enhancing the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite briquettes produced from carbonized banana peels and waste glass. Composite briquettes comprised of banana peels biochar and waste glass powder (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were developed, characterized, and evaluated using thermo-gravimetric analysis and bomb calorimetry to determine thermo-physical properties and higher heating values, respectively. The thermal efficiency and emissions (CO, CO
2 , and PM2.5 ) were assessed using the water boiling test and an emissions monitoring system. Proximate analysis revealed that moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content of the developed briquettes ranged from 2.5 to 9.7%, 19.2 to 37.2%, 28.7 to 55.6%, and 7.2 to 44.9%, respectively. Drop strength for the briquettes was 84% without waste glass in the composite, increasing to 94–98% with waste glass included in the composite matrix. Higher heating values ranged from 20.1 to 35.8 MJ/kg. Thermal efficiency rose from 22% with no waste glass powder to 40% with 50% waste glass powder addition, while CO and CO2 emissions decreased from 41 to 11 ppm; and 50 to 15 ppm, respectively. PM2.5 remained constant across all banana peel biochar waste glass composites. Notably, even a modest 10% waste glass composition significantly improved drop strength and thermal efficiency, but higher waste glass percentages correlated with elevated ash values and reduced higher heating values. Therefore, the developed composite briquettes can be used in commercial and industrial applications including in some industrial boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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17. Influence of waste glass on concrete strength and permeability during dry-wet cycles.
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Zhang, Xuebing, Quan, Yang, Cao, Guohui, Tang, Shenghua, Ou, Wanji, Cao, Jun, Chen, Baikuang, Liu, Luoqing, Wang, Zhichao, and Xiang, Ping
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GLASS waste , *SILICA sand , *CONCRETE durability , *CONCRETE waste , *ULTRASONIC waves - Abstract
AbstractA series of experiments were carried out to explore the impact of waste glass on the durability of concrete. In this study, waste glass was incrementally incorporated to replace sand as the fine aggregate in creating 240 concrete specimens, with substitution rates of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%. The concrete specimens were subjected to early strength testing on the 3rd and 7th day, followed by evaluation of strength and permeability after curing for 28 days with dry-wet cycles. Furthermore, ultrasonic wave analysis was conducted on the waveform, and the concrete’s internal phases and chemical composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results led to the following observations: (1) The inclusion of glass sand lowered the early compressive strength of concrete, with the lowest drop being 24.78%. However, when it was cured for 28 days and the content of glass sand was not more than 30%, the change rate of its compressive strength was between −2.85% and 3.19%, so it was practically negligible. (2) Glass sand substitution rates ranging from 10% to 30% greatly enhanced the strength of concrete under dry-wet cycles, and the 50% substitution rate significantly improved the permeability properties, although it adversely affected the strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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18. Effect of Fe2O3 on the structure and properties of Mo‐containing borosilicate glasses for nuclear waste immobilization.
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Xu, Youli, Liao, Qilong, Wang, Fu, Gu, Yuxin, Pu, Boyang, and Zhu, Hanzhen
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BOROSILICATES , *GLASS waste , *FERRIC oxide , *FISSION products , *CHEMICAL structure , *RADIOACTIVE wastes - Abstract
As a fission product in high‐level radioactive nuclear waste, Mo has low solubility in borosilicate glass. Fe2O3 is not only a prevalent transition metal element but also a major corrosion product in high‐level radioactive nuclear waste. Against this backdrop, the effect of Fe2O3 content on the structure and chemical durability of typical molybdenum‐containing sodium borosilicate glasses for nuclear waste immobilization are studied. The results show that the samples containing more than 3.85 mol% Fe2O3, a completely homogenous amorphous glass sample is obtained. Moreover, the mechanism of the effect of Fe2O3 on the solubility of Mo is discussed in detail. In this work, a portion of Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ and enters into the glasses as a charge compensation ion as Fe2+O6. Concurrently, Fe3+ ions contribute to the formation of the glass networks as Fe3+O4. Iron incorporation can improve the chemical durability of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. Potential of waste glass to adsorb graphene oxide from aqueous solutions: Mechanisms and behavior.
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Li, Na, Lai, Haocheng, Wang, Wei, Jiang, Ping, Pang, Yingdi, and Yu, Yanfei
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GLASS waste , *GRAPHENE oxide , *AQUEOUS solutions , *WASTEWATER treatment , *WATER pollution - Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is commonly used in wastewater treatment owing to its high adsorption efficiency; however, the separation of GO from treated water presents a considerable challenge, causes secondary pollution and poses an enormous threat to organisms and the environment. In this study, waste glass (WG) is employed in the aquatic environment to adsorb GO, and the adsorption mechanism is examined by SEM, TEM, BET, XRD, AFM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and Zeta potential testing methods. The effect of the pH, mass of WG, initial GO concentration, temperature, and adsorption time on the adsorption of GO by WG is examined. The adsorption mechanism included electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding and surface complexation. The optimal WG adsorption effect on GO was achieved at a pH, WG mas, GO initial concentration, and temperature of = 3, 40 mg, 80 mg/L, and 313 K, respectively; the corresponding adsorption rate was 95.5 %. An increase in temperature favoured the adsorption reaction. The Freundlich isotherm model more accurately represents the adsorption behavior. The adsorption of GO by WG proceeds via a spontaneous, endothermic multilayer adsorption process. Adsorption equilibrium was attained after 750 min, which was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. WG is highly reusable and stable. This study demonstrates that solid-waste WG can be employed as an inexpensive and highly-efficient adsorbent for the effective and efficient removal of GO from aqueous solutions, providing a reference for water pollution treatment in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Effects of recycled waste on the modulus of elasticity of structural concrete.
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Gerges, Najib N., Issa, Camille A., Khalil, Nariman J., and Aintrazi, Sarah
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WASTE recycling , *REINFORCED concrete , *RUBBER waste , *GLASS waste , *WASTE products , *CRUMB rubber , *POWDERED glass , *FLY ash - Abstract
Concrete, the construction industry's most utilized construction material, has transformed the environment and the modern built-up lifestyle. Although concrete is a first-rate supplier to the carbon footprint, it is imperative for buildings to display sustainable characteristics. Scholars have explored techniques to lessen the carbon footprint and the way to put into effect strategic waste control plans in which waste is reused. This study explores the dual benefits wherein concrete ingredients are replaced through abandoned waste which reduces the unwanted waste materials that have a substantial carbon footprint and thus results in the recycling of waste as part of a sustainable economic system. In this study, timber ash is utilized as a partial substitute for sand and cement, crumb rubber and waste glass as a partial substitute for sand, recycled concrete, and waste glass as a substitute for gravel. Characteristics studies were done to check the influence of each waste replacement on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. More than sixty-five combinations of waste have been examined to attain the modulus of elasticity of concrete. A total of about 200 concrete cylinders were cast to provide at least three cylinders for each generated data point. Three different ASTM standards were utilized to determine the modulus of elasticity of each mix. Four mixes comprising of the combination of two waste materials and two mixes comprising of the combination of three waste materials replacing natural materials were determined to exhibit an equal or superior modulus of elasticity of the control mix of 25 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Influence of Waste Glass Powder on the Properties of Vitrified Bricks Based on Loess.
- Author
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Lesovik, V. S., Zagorodnyuk, L. Kh., Djumaniyazov, Z. B., Boltabayev, D. Z., Xujyazov, Sh. X., and Ruzimov, Yo. S.
- Subjects
- *
GLASS waste , *POWDERED glass , *CHEMICAL resistance , *LOESS , *MOISTURE - Abstract
The possibility of obtaining high-strength vitrified bricks based on loess by adding 20% of waste glass powder was established. At the same time, the amount of moisture in the material should be close to 10%, which corresponds to the dry-pressing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The effect of iodine on the local environment of network‐forming elements in aluminoborosilicate glasses: An NMR study.
- Author
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Soudani, Sami, Paris, Michael, and Morizet, Yann
- Subjects
- *
GLASS waste , *NUCLEAR magnetic resonance , *IODINE , *RADIOACTIVE wastes , *FRACTURE toughness - Abstract
Knowledge of the structural organization of nuclear waste glasses at the atomic scale is the basis for further studies of macroscopic properties (e.g., fracture toughness, chemical durability, and leaching rate). Recent studies have focused on the iodine dissolution mechanism in oxide‐based glasses synthesized under high‐pressure conditions, but there is still a lack of key information on the extent of the modifications caused by iodine entering the glass network. We therefore decided to conduct an in‐depth study by nuclear magnetic resonance on two series of aluminoborosilicate glasses synthetized under high pressure conditions and doped with either I2 or I2O5. The obtained 11B, 23Na, and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were fitted and correlated with the iodine content in order to find possible relationships with the local environment change for the probed cations. These data showed that iodine has no effect on the coordination of aluminum and very little effects on that of boron. In contrast, we found an expected relationship of the I content with the 23Na NMR parameters. In comparison with previous studies on the non‐bridging oxygen (NBO) distribution in aluminoborosilicate, we suggest that Na+ is mainly scavenged from silica tetrahedra with one or two NBO (Q3${Q}^3$ or Q2${Q}^2$) as no boron planar triangles with one NBO are expected for such compositions. From those information, we establish a model for iodine dissolution in nuclear waste glass that is consistent with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Nanostructured Glass-Ceramic Materials from Glass Waste with Antimicrobial Activity.
- Author
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Caland, Juliani P., Baptista, João, Peiter, Gabrielle Caroline, Rossi de Aguiar, Kelen M. F., Coelho-Júnior, Horácio, Sinnecker, João P., Felix, Jorlandio F., and Schneider, Ricardo
- Abstract
Modern consumption patterns have led to a surge in waste glass accumulating in municipal landfills, contributing to environmental pollution, especially in countries that do not have well-established recycling standards. While glass itself is 100% recyclable, the logistics and handling involved present significant challenges. Flint and amber-colored glass, often found in high quantities in municipal waste, can serve as valuable sources of raw materials. We propose an affordable route that requires just a thermal treatment of glass waste to obtain glass-based antimicrobial materials. The thermal treatment induces crystallized nanoregions, which are the primary factor responsible for the bactericidal effect of waste glass. As a result, coarse particles of flint waste glass that undergo thermal treatment at 720 °C show superior antimicrobial activity than amber waste glass. Glass-ceramic materials from flint waste glass, obtained by thermal treatment at 720 °C during 2 h, show antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli after just 30 min of contact time. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to monitor the elemental composition of the glass waste. The obtained glass-ceramic material was structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, enabling the confirmation of the presence of nanocrystals embedded within the glass matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Evaluation of thermal and mechanical behavior of pavers with waste additions.
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Meurer, Karine Weber, Machado, Julio Preve, Angioletto, Elidio, and Junca, Eduardo
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- *
GLASS waste , *URBAN heat islands , *HEAT radiation & absorption , *STONE , *BUILDING design & construction - Abstract
New materials and technologies used in construction constantly need improvements, whereby the leveraging of new raw materials for the manufacture of products already in use, such as paving, is required. Thus, this study aimed to determine the mechanical and thermal behavior of pavers containing waste glass and São Tomé stone waste to verify their potential application as cold diffraction. Thereafter, they were comminuted and added to the mixtures for making the pavers having glass waste and São Tomé stone in the range of 0–30% by weight. Mechanical compressive strength and thermal heat absorption tests were performed. Results showed that the replacement of fine aggregates with waste glass and São Tomé stone waste in pavers reached a mechanical resistance of approximately 85% and 73% of that of the reference paver, respectively. The results show that reducing the waste content of pavers can increase the mechanical strength to reach the NBR 9781/87 values. However, pavers with lower mechanical strength can be used in paving pedestrian sidewalks, where the loads are low. Pavers with 30% glass waste achieved a 5.5% reduction in the maximum temperature, which could contribute to the reduction of urban heat islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Shear Strength and Consolidation Behaviour of Kaolin Clay Reinforced with a Granular Column Backfilled with Crushed Waste Glass.
- Author
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Kazmi, Danish, Serati, Mehdi, Williams, David J., Olaya, Sebastian Quintero, Qasim, Sadaf, Cheng, Yi Pik, Grizi, Athina, and Javadi, Akbar A.
- Subjects
GLASS waste ,COLUMNS ,SHEAR strength ,KAOLIN ,CIRCULAR economy - Abstract
Granular columns are commonly used for ground improvement. However, minimal research is presently available on the effect of backfill particle size on the geotechnical performance of granular column-reinforced soil. Geo-environmentally, using crushed waste glass (CWG) as a sustainable replacement for depleting traditional construction sands could offer a cleaner feedstock to backfill granular columns while helping recycle growing stockpiles of waste glass, potentially supporting the circular economy transition and decarbonisation of the construction industry. Given these multi-pronged motivations, this study investigated the shear strength and consolidation behaviour of kaolin reinforced with a CWG granular column. Three different particle size ranges (PSR) of CWG were discretely used to install a granular column in the kaolin bed, including fine (0.50–1.0 mm), medium (1.0–1.7 mm) and coarse (1.7–3.35 mm) particles with median particle sizes of 0.78 mm, 1.42 mm and 2.30 mm, respectively. The geocomposite containing a medium CWG column showed the highest increase in friction angle, increasing from 14.0° for kaolin only specimens to 20.7° for the geocomposites. Similarly, the consolidation behaviour of reinforced kaolin (geocomposites) was typically superior to that of kaolin only specimens. Notably, installing a coarse, medium or fine CWG column decreased the average compression index (C
c ) of the geocomposites by almost 17%, 35% or 50%, respectively, compared to that of the kaolin only specimens. Given the promising results of this initial study, some suggestions are provided for future studies on assessing the application of CWG as an alternative backfill and sustainable geomaterial in granular column construction. This internationally-partnered Video Abstract highlights the findings of the research study, indicating that crushed waste glass (CWG) could potentially serve as a sustainable geomaterial and be used as a replacement for traditional construction sand to backfill granular columns in clayey soils for ground improvement, helping reduce the unsustainable exploitation of sand resources and increasing waste glass recycling, potentially supporting the paradigm shift to a circular economy and contributing to decarbonisation of the construction industry. EwdaqE4KyyTKvkX4_pnUt6 Supplementary material 1 (MP4 3737519 kb) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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26. Glass—Mill Scale—Plastics Wastes Upcycling for Synthesis of Ferrosilicon Alloy at 1550 °C: Implication for Zero Wastes Practice.
- Author
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Kongkarat, Somyote, Amnuanpol, Sitichoke, and Wongsawan, Praphaphan
- Subjects
PLASTICS ,MANUFACTURING processes ,GLASS waste ,RAW materials ,SUSTAINABILITY - Abstract
Driven by the rising demand for glass, metals, and plastics in industrial and household sectors, there was a substantial increase in waste and by-products generated. This study presents a method for repurposing waste glass, mill scale, and plastics as raw materials for ferrosilicon alloy production. This process entails reducing SiO
2 and Fe2 O3 using carbon derived from polystyrene/polypropylene mixtures. The glass, scale, and carbon powders were blended to achieve a C/O molar ratio of 1 (Blends A to F). The thoroughly mixed samples were then shaped into pellets and subsequently heated at 1550 °C in a tube furnace for 60 min. Ferrosilicon was successfully synthesized, with the reaction generating numerous metal droplets along with a slag layer in the crucible. The metallic yield for Blends A to F ranged from 16.65 wt% to 21.39 wt%, with the highest yield observed in Blend D. The bulk metal primarily consists of the FeSi phase, with Blend D exhibiting the highest Si concentration of 13.51 wt% and the highest hardness of 649.55 HV. Mechanism steps for ferrosilicon formation may vary with carbon dissolution rates. This work supports fossil fuel reduction and carbon neutrality, benefiting zero wastes practice and promoting sustainable material processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Gamma-ray interaction studies of concrete with waste glass fillers.
- Author
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Chikkegowda, Ashwitha, Raj, Lingaraj Adarsh, Mohan, Sankarshan Belur, and Krishnaveni, Sannathammegowda
- Subjects
GLASS waste ,CONCRETE waste ,MASS attenuation coefficients - Abstract
In the present work, the efficacy of waste glass as fillers in concrete for gamma-ray shielding has been studied. Glass fillers of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% concentrations have been incorporated into the concrete mixture. The attenuation measurements were performed using gamma spectrometer with NaI(Tl) detector at 511, 662, 1173, and 1332 keV gamma energies. Gamma-ray shielding parameters, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), are determined for all filler concentrations. The mass attenuation coefficient of the prepared samples was found to be varied from 0.081 to 0.088, 0.071 to 0.088, 0.05 to 0.058, and 0.05 to 0.055 (cm
2 per g) for 511, 662, 1173, and 1332 keV gamma energies, respectively. It was observed that experimentally determined (μ/ρ) values were in very good agreement with theoretical values calculated from EDAX data. Furthermore, it was observed that (μ/ρ) showed an increasing trend with an increase in filler concentration, which is attributed to the increase in the shielding property of the material. Therefore, the glass-concrete composite can be accustomed to reduce the intensity of gamma radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Composite Materials with Glass Fiber Waste and Blast Furnace Slag.
- Author
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Fanache, Mihaela, Vasiliu, Leonid, and Harja, Maria
- Subjects
GLASS waste ,COMPOSITE materials ,CONSTRUCTION materials ,CONSTRUCTION & demolition debris ,WASTE storage - Abstract
Fiberglass is a waste generated in the construction materials industry, which is not dangerous for the environment, but long-term and very long-term storage is expensive. Finding a method of reuse as in creating a useful composite material led to the research work in this study. The impact of waste fiberglass and furnace slag on the characteristics of novel composite materials was examined in this study. The density and mechanical properties of the composite samples were examined to determine the impact of waste fiberglass (WFG) concentration in it. Washed river aggregates were replaced with WFG in various ratios in our laboratory tests. Concrete class C16/20 was utilized, having 0.35–0.7 w. % WFG and 2–10% slag. The obtained material was evaluated for density, workability, and compressive strength. The experiments were carried out in an accredited concrete station laboratory. The density of the resulting materials decreased as the WFG content was increased. The densities were higher than the witness sample, ranging from 2358 to 2405 kg/m
3 . The findings show that adding WFG and slag to concrete has a positive impact on its characteristics. With the addition of WFG, the mixture became more non-homogenous, but these characteristics can be optimized in future. Because of the differential in density between WFG and natural coarse aggregates, the fresh density of obtained composites dropped as the percentage of WFG increased; this could be an advantage, as the newly obtained material became lighter. The findings show that adding waste to concrete has a detrimental impact on its qualities. The introduction of blast furnace slag up to 5% does not modify the compressive strength, compared to the reference samples, but 10% slag causes a decrease in compressive strength of 4.2%. A proportion of 0.25% WFG causes a slight increase in mechanical strength; therefore, 0.25% WFG and 5% slag increased the compressive strength, the maximum value being obtained for a composite with 0.25% WFG, 5% slag, 5% sand and aggregates. Capitalization of WFG and slag resulted in significant economic and environmental benefits by reducing waste storage costs and production costs, and advantages resulted from the new material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Waste not, cement stronger: Utilizing ceramic and glass waste as additives for improved well casing cementing.
- Author
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Suhascaryo, K. R. T. Nur, Subiatmono, P., Ilcham, Adi, Zuhaira, Intan, and Prisillia, P. Frisca
- Subjects
- *
GLASS waste , *SHEAR strength , *FUSED silica , *BOND strengths , *COMPRESSIVE strength - Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of waste additives, namely ceramic and glass waste, in increasing the strength of well casing cementing. The compressive strength and shear bond strength of cement samples with silica additives were measured to determine the most effective concentration of additives. The research found that ceramic silica additives and glass additives with a concentration of 35% BWOC yielded the greatest compressive strength and shear bond strength. However, the addition of these additives increased the thickening time of the cement, causing it to dry longer. The implication of this research is that waste additives can be utilized as an alternative to increase the quality of cementing in the oil and gas industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Current development of waste glass as building construction materials.
- Author
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Rahmawati, Cut, Zardi, Muhammad, Anggi, Hidayah Rizka Laysa, Akhramurizqi, and Nasruddin
- Subjects
- *
GLASS waste , *GLASS construction , *BUILDING design & construction , *SILICA sand , *MORTAR , *CONSTRUCTION materials , *SPECIFIC gravity - Abstract
Waste of Glass (WGs) is generally sent to landfills even though they are recyclable and essential as a non-biodegradable resource. It should be transformed into new valuable materials such as sand, a building material commonly used in mortar and concrete manufacture, to reduce its disposal in landfills. This study aims to review the use of Waste of Glass sand (WGs) as building construction materials. The result shows that WGs could partially substitute sand due to its beneficial pozzolanic properties. WGs below 20% can replace part of the cement and positively impact mechanical strength. In contrast, substitutes higher than 20% can cause a negative impact because the remaining amount of CaCO3 is not enough to react to produce C-S-H gel. Utilizing WGs as a replacement for fine sand with more than 20% leads to adverse effects. This issue is due to the specific gravity of the glass below the particular gravity of fine natural sand. WGs have partially replaced cement and fine sand at specific proportions. This innovation can be valuable in building construction materials and protecting the environment simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. An investigation on road construction by adding recycled waste with Bitumen.
- Author
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Chinnusamy, Senthilkumar, Nasiya, K. B., Kumar, R. Deepak, and Thomas, P. Jestin
- Subjects
- *
WASTE recycling , *ROAD construction , *PLASTIC scrap , *WASTE products as building materials , *GLASS waste - Abstract
Industrialization and population increase produce a variety of solid wastes, which is why they are typically thrown away carelessly. Environmental contamination caused by these activities has negative impacts and may be dangerous for the ecosystem. In addition, several researchers have worked must make sure part of these wastes are recycled and used to make other alternative materials as a type of sustainable technology. in an effort to protect the environment. Some of these wastes are regarded as some of the best building substitutes. The feasibility and challenges of utilising various recycled waste materials in building are examined in this study. Small number of the recycled garbage products that are researched include waste glass, Ind. tailings, GPMS, and plastic trash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Fragmentary cement with fly ash and glass fibre reinforcement concrete's strength.
- Author
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Kalam, Abdul Hameed Abdul, Yeswanth, M., and Kalaiyarasan, G.
- Subjects
- *
GLASS fibers , *FLY ash , *POWDERED glass , *GREENHOUSE gases , *GLASS waste , *CONSTRUCTION materials , *CONCRETE - Abstract
One of the most widely utilised building materials in the modern world is concrete. Cement is an essential part of concrete. Environmental concerns, in addition to deforestation and the combustion of fossil fuels, are very important in today's society. For instance, a large amount of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which accounts for 7% of the emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere of the earth, is released during the manufacture of cement, a crucial component of concrete. It can be difficult to safely dispose of the glass waste that is produced in daily life because it has a short lifespan and is typically either stored or discarded after use. Solving the environmental issue brought on by industrial waste is now of great significance on a global scale. Recent research has shown that waste glass, when utilised in the proper fraction and grade, can be successfully used in concrete as a number of substitutes for the constituents of concrete. Due to its high SiO2 content, When made into a very fine powder, discarded glass demonstrates pozzolanic qualities. As a result, it can partially substitute cement in concrete and contribute to the development of strength. In this study, the effect of adding glass fibres in various volume fractions with 20%, 30%, and 40% fly ash substitution of cement was examined, along with its effects on compressive strength and split tensile strength in comparison to conventional concrete. Overall test results indicate that glass fibre can be used in concrete. According to the research, concrete reaches its maximum strength at 20% glass particles. After 20% glass fibre is added, concrete loses strength and weakens compared to the control. The impact of adding various volume percentages of glass fibres (20%, 30%, and 40%) is investigated in this study. Regarding the concrete's split tensile and compressive strength, the impact of cement substitution was examined. According to the overall test outcome, glass fibre might be used in concrete. The outcome suggests that concrete's maximal strength occurs at a glass powder content of about 20%. Concrete's strength decreases and falls below that of the control at a level of 20% glass fibre [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. A study of alkali-silica reaction on greenstone aggregate.
- Author
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Putri, Elsa Eka, Mannan, M. A., Yi, Lu Yi, and Adji, Bayu Martanto
- Subjects
- *
MORTAR , *GLASS waste , *PETROLEUM as fuel , *SOLID waste , *WASTE products , *PORTLAND cement - Abstract
This research reports on a study to evaluate the effects of greenstone aggregate on alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Greenstone aggregate is developed by University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia (UMS). It is produced using solid waste materials like Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), waste glass, recycled aggregate and natural fibre. The main purpose of this study is to develop the optimum mix design to reduce the ASR potential of the greenstone aggregate. The reactivity of the greenstone aggregate was determined using Acceleration Mortar Bar Test (AMBT) and Autoclave Test. From the results of these two tests, the greenstone is evaluated as a moderate reactive aggregate with the potential to cause a harmful crack in the concrete. Moreover, the effectiveness of Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCM) – Clay Brick Powder (CBP) was also tested. The expansion of mortars containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% CBP as a partial replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement was studied with autoclaving expansion test and AMBT. Results showed that the amount of CBP required to control the expansion to <0.1%, which is the harmless zone according to the ASTM C1260 standard limit, is between 15% and 25%. It proved that by the addition of the CBP, the ASR effect of greenstone would be minimized; the amount of CBP added is inversely proportional to the expansion of greenstone mortars. In addition to expansion testing, the compressive strength (ASTM C109) of the greenstone 50 mm mortar cube was determined. Results showed that a greenstone mortar cube containing 15% of CBP is the optimum mix design to reduce greenstone's reactivity and maintain its compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Mechanical and thermal characteristics of waste polymers and glasses cement matrix composites.
- Author
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Almtori, Safaa A. S. and Al Hassan, Nuha Hadi Jasim
- Subjects
- *
GLASS waste , *CEMENT composites , *CONSTRUCTION & demolition debris , *WASTE products , *PLASTIC scrap , *THERMAL insulation , *DENTAL glass ionomer cements - Abstract
Construction waste, such as plastics and glass, contributes to environmental degradation, which means that natural resources are deteriorated or destroyed. In this study, plastic and glass wastes are incorporated into cement mixtures to mitigate these effects. Using waste materials in cement mixtures is evaluated based on a laboratory assessment. The findings can also encourage recycled materials in construction, and promote sustainable waste management practices. The compressive strength of plastic and glass waste is reduced. However, it offers improved thermal insulation properties than conventional mixtures, with a lower conductivity coefficient. As a result, specimen D, which contained 20% cement, 50% gravel, and 30% sand, showed the highest compression force value of 39.8 kN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Effects of using powdered waste glass as cement replacement on the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete: A review.
- Author
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Ahmad, Soran Abdrahman, Rafiq, Serwan Khwrshed, Abdullah, Wrya, and Pour, Amir Mohammad Ramazanian
- Subjects
- *
GLASS waste , *WASTE products , *CONCRETE , *RAW materials , *FLUORESCENT lamps , *POWDERED glass , *GLASS - Abstract
As the rate of usage of concrete continues to increase, the acquisition of the required raw materials from nature for the process of concrete production is also increasing. Using waste materials instead of, or even as a partial replacement for, concrete ingredients might reduce the need to extract raw materials from nature, and this article thus offers a review of previous work on the use of various types of waste glass (fluorescent lamps, packaging glass, food glass, medical glass, door glass, window glass, and coloured and transparent flat glass) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete to study the effects of such replacement on the fresh and mechanical properties of the resulting concrete. The results suggest that the optimum range of use for waste glass replacement to provide properties comparable to those of the control mix is between 10 and 15%. Additionally, the influence of such replacement on the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete is dependent on both particle grading and chemical composition according to the reviewed data. In particular, using 10% waste glass from crushed building waste glass increases compressive strength by 4.6% as compared to the control mix, whereas using 10% heavyweight waste glass causes a 5.2% reduction in the comparative compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Glass Waste Powders as Additives Based Ceramic Materials for Additive Manufacturing of Bricks
- Author
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Revelo, Carlos F., Martins, G. B. Henrique, Delaqua, Geovana C. G., Vieira, Carlos M. F., Colorado, Henry A., and The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Boric Acid as a Pore-Forming Additive in Glass-Clay Compositions
- Author
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Tihomirovs, Pavels, Korjakins, Aleksandrs, di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, Cui, Zhen-Dong, Series Editor, Barros, Joaquim A. O., editor, Kaklauskas, Gintaris, editor, and Zavadskas, Edmundas K., editor
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Effect of Glass Processing Waste Content on Concrete Properties
- Author
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Pocius, Edvinas, Nagrockienė, Džigita, Pundiene, Ina, Girniene, Ingrida, di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, Cui, Zhen-Dong, Series Editor, Barros, Joaquim A. O., editor, Kaklauskas, Gintaris, editor, and Zavadskas, Edmundas K., editor
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Synergy between Ca2+ and high ionic field‐strength cations during the corrosion of alkali aluminoborosilicate glasses in hyper‐alkaline media.
- Author
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Qin, Qianhui, Stone‐Weiss, Nicholas, Shi, Nian, Mukherjee, Pinaki, Ren, Jinjun, and Goel, Ashutosh
- Subjects
- *
GLASS waste , *BOROSILICATES , *GEOLOGICAL repositories , *NUCLEAR models , *CALCIUM ions - Abstract
One major factor impeding the design of nuclear waste glasses with enhanced waste loadings is our insufficient understanding of their composition–structure–durability relationships, specifically in the environments the waste form is expected to encounter in a geological repository. In particular, the high field‐strength cations (HFSCs) are an integral component of most waste streams. However, their impact on the long‐term performance of the glassy waste form remains mostly undeciphered. In this context, the present study aims to understand the impact of some HFSCs (i.e., Nb5+, Zr4+, Ti4+, and La3+) on the dissolution behavior of alkali/alkaline‐earth aluminoborosilicate‐based model nuclear waste glasses in hyper‐alkaline media. At pH = 13, the studied glasses dissolve through the dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism, with Ca precipitation being the most vital step to passivation. In Ca‐free glasses, although the HFSCs slow down the forward rate, they do not seem to impact the residual rate behavior of glasses. The presence of Ca2+, however, initiates the rapid precipitation of network polymerizing HFSCs (i.e., Nb5+, Zr4+, and Ti4+) into a Ca2+/HFSCs‐based passivating layer, thus suggesting a synergy between Ca2+ and HFSCs that contributes to the enhanced long‐term durability of the glasses. Such synergy is not strongly evident for La3+, but instead, a potential La/Si affinity is observed upon the formation of the alteration layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Synthesis of xonotlite using quartz glass powder waste as a silicon source.
- Author
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Liu, Wengang, Zhang, RuiRui, Liu, Wenbao, Li, Weichao, and Wang, Shuaichao
- Subjects
- *
POWDERED glass , *FUSED silica , *GLASS waste , *GLASS construction , *RAW materials - Abstract
Quartz glass powder is a type of silicon-rich industrial waste. Accumulation of this waste has led to resource wastage and environmental pollution. In this paper, quartz glass powder is used as raw material for preparing xonotlite through hydrothermal synthesis. The effects of Ca/Si (C/S) molar ratio, liquid/solid ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the conversion of quartz are studied. The phase and structural changes of glass powder are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on this, the conversion mechanism of quartz in glass powder is explained. The dissolution rate of quartz in an alkaline solution is a critical factor that restricts hydrothermal reactions. The conversion rate of quartz can be effectively increased by raising reaction temperature and extending reaction time. When the reaction temperature is 240 °C and the reaction time reaches 14 h, the conversion of quartz can reach 94.5 wt%. This study reveals the conversion mechanism of quartz in hydrothermal reactions and provides a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of glass powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Recycled cathode ray tube waste glasses for radiation shielding applications: Role of Na2CO3.
- Author
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Alzahrani, Jamila S., Alrowaili, Z.A., Olarinoye, I.O., Alshahrani, B., and Al-Buriahi, M.S.
- Subjects
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CATHODE ray tubes , *MASS attenuation coefficients , *GLASS waste , *THERMAL neutrons , *POWDERED glass - Abstract
The aim of the study is to evaluate the ability of cathode-ray tube funnel waste glasses (CRT-F) to shield photons (gamma and X-ray) and other forms of radiation with rest masses (i.e., neutrons and charged particles) after their Pb content was reclaimed. The lead (Pb) content of cathode-ray tube funnel waste glasses (CRT-F) was reduced using Na 2 CO 3 as the reducing agent CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3). CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) were produced using the melt and quench processes using the powder of pristine funnel glass from discarded cathode ray tube glass and the reduced glass powder, respectively, as the starting materials. The X-ray fluorescence technique was adopted for determining the chemical composition of CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) glasses. The parameters relating to the gamma photon, fissile neutron, moderated neutron, slow neutron, and charged radiation (β, H+, He2+, and C6+) attenuation abilities of pristine CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) were evaluated. The FLUKA simulation code and XCOM were used to estimate the mass attenuation coefficient of the glasses. The stopping power (S p) and range (R) of β, H+, and He2+ were evaluated by using the NIST data-based calculators (ESTAR for β, PSTAR for H+, and ASTAR for He2+) while S p and R data for C6+ was determined using SRIM. The cross section for fast, thermal (25 meV), and slow neutrons (0.1–10 meV) was also estimated. The Pb reclamation from the CRT-F drastically increased the half value layer of photons by at least a factor of 4 at 0.1 MeV and by more than 90 % at 10 MeV. The CRT-F interacts more with fissile and thermal neutrons compared to CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3). Although, CRT-F showed a better ability to attenuate all the radiation types considered, both glasses are better absorbers of radiation (especially photons) than some common shields. The reduction of Pb weight in CRT-F resulted in a drastic reduction in the ability of the glass to attenuate radiation; the resulting glass (CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3)) is however, an environmentally safer glass shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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42. Research on Design and Performance of Microsurfacing Asphalt Mixture with Waste Glass Aggregate.
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Fan, Yansong, Chen, Meizhu, Liu, Wei, Lv, Zhenglong, Cheng, Ming, and Zhang, Jianwei
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- *
GLASS waste , *WASTE recycling , *SOLID waste , *STYRENE-butadiene rubber , *SHEAR strength - Abstract
Waste glass as a solid waste is urgently needed to utilize and alleviate the shortage of natural aggregate. In this paper, a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) modified emulsified asphalt microsurfacing mixture was prepared by partially replacing basalt aggregate with waste glass, and the interlayer shear resistance and night visibility were explored. The optimum content of SBR was determined by evaluating the properties of SBR-modified emulsified asphalt. The wet track abrasion and load wheel test were chosen to optimize the content of asphalt. Moreover, Leutner shear strength was measured to characterize the interlayer shear resistance, and the night visibility was certified through qualitative and quantitative methods. The experimental results indicate that modified emulsified asphalt exhibits good properties when the dosage of SBR is 4%. The addition of waste glass exerts a certain weakening effect on interlayer shear resistance of the microsurfacing mixture, but the adverse impact could be neglected when the content of coarse and fine waste glass is less than 15%. The night visibility is improved significantly when the waste glass is added; the retroreflection coefficients are 52.2 and 45.7 mcd/lx/m2 , respectively, when the content of waste glass fine aggregate and waste glass coarse aggregate reaches 20%, and the reflective effect brought by waste glass fine aggregate is more remarkable. The application of waste glass in the microsurfacing mixture realizes the resource utilization of solid waste, provides a safe environment for driving at night, and achieves the effects of traffic guidance and landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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43. High performance building ceramics based on solid waste
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Dmitry A. Nemuschenko, Vladimir V. Larichkin, Mihail T. Murav’ev, and Maksim A. Neustroev
- Subjects
construction ceramics ,coal power plants ,ash and slag waste ,recycling ,glass waste ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
The most important environmental problem of coal energy in Russia is the accumulation of solid waste in ash dumps - products of coal combustion. Ash dumps are located on the lands of populated areas and are source of toxic dust, contamination of surface and groundwater with soluble compounds and increased radioactivity. An effective solution to the problem of accumulation of ash and slag waste is its use as secondary raw materials in the construction industry. In this work, physicochemical methods were used to study ash and slag raw materials from coal-fired power plants in Novosibirsk and municipal cullet. Recipes for building ceramics have been developed by varying the content of fly ash and cullet, molding technologies, and modes of drying and firing of products. The influence of various methods of preparing raw materials (grinding, fractionation, ignition, mechanical activation) and methods of processing and dispersing ceramic masses on the physical and mechanical properties of experimental samples was studied. The possibility of obtaining ceramic products that meet the requirements of regulatory documents for construction materials is shown.
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- 2024
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44. Evaluating the shear performance of reinforced concrete beams using waste glass powder as a sustainable cement substitute.
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Omer, Brwa and Saeed, Jalal
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- *
CONCRETE beams , *GLASS waste , *POWDERED glass , *REINFORCED concrete , *SHEAR reinforcements , *SHEAR strength , *CEMENT - Abstract
The scarcity of comprehensive data on the shear properties of reinforced GP‐concrete beams without shear reinforcement has hindered their widespread use, mainly due to challenges in predicting their shear performance. This study examines the influence of incorporating up to 15% waste glass powder (GP) with two separate particle size categories: GP‐A (55 to 135 μm) and GP‐B (finer than 55 μm) as a cement replacement on the 180‐day shear performance of reinforced concrete beams with varying cement content and without stirrups. To accomplish this, a total of 14 beams were used, all sharing identical dimensions measuring 200 mm × 250 mm × 2000 mm. The aforementioned parameters were investigated for their effects on the shear performance of beams, including crack patterns, modes of failure, load–deflection behavior, and strength capacities at different loading stages. Furthermore, this investigation explores the applicability of the most commonly used design codes of practice for predicting the shear strength of reinforced GP‐modified concrete beams. These codes are typically employed to design the shear strength of reinforced conventional concrete shallow beams without shear reinforcement. The study's findings indicate that the impact of GP particle size on the shear performance of beams with the same GP content is almost negligible. Additionally, the study found that incorporating GP into concrete beams does not have any negative effects on their cracking load capacity, shear strength, or flexural cracking load capacity. In fact, it can even improve the latter. A comparison of experimental results with predictions from the design codes revealed that both the CEB‐FIP (1990) equation and the ACI equations provided safe estimates of shear strength for the tested beams. However, the CEB‐FIP (1990) equation yielded predictions with a lower mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation compared with the ACI equations, suggesting a higher level of accuracy in its estimates. The findings affirm the suitability of GP‐concrete as a viable alternative in concrete structures specifically engineered to withstand shear forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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45. Quality degradation in glass recycling: substitutability model proposal.
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Barbato, Paula Martina, Olsson, Emma, and Rigamonti, Lucia
- Subjects
- *
GLASS recycling , *WASTE treatment , *DETERIORATION of materials , *GLASS waste , *WASTE management , *WASTE recycling - Abstract
• This study proposes a model to consider quality degradation in glass recycling. • The model is based on technical quality substitutability and market applicability. • The model was applied to a case study on glass waste treatment. • Accounting for quality degradation, only 83% of cullet can replaces raw materials. • The decrease of recycling benefits was of 13–23% for the examined impact categories. The sustainability assessment of waste management systems requires tools capable of evaluating material quality degradation during recycling. Existing research has predominantly focused on the development of substitutability models for plastics, leaving a gap in addressing other materials like glass. Glass is commonly regarded as endlessly recyclable, even though its actual recyclability depends on several crucial factors, such as colour and pollutant contamination. Many Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies in this field assume a one-to-one substitution coefficient, neglecting material deterioration and inaccurately representing real-world scenarios. This study proposes and assesses a substitutability model for glass, aiming to measure the replacement extent between virgin materials and recycled crushed glass (cullet). The methodology is based on two key factors: technical quality substitutability, considering impurities and colour contaminations in cullet, and market applicability, accounting for market demand. Once formulated, the model was applied to a European case study on glass waste treatment. Two scenarios were considered: one assuming complete substitution between cullet and raw materials, the other incorporating quality degradation. Findings indicate that, accounting for quality degradation, only 83% of cullet effectively replaces raw materials, resulting in a decrease of the benefit associated with recycling of 13–23% for the different examined impact categories, compared to complete replacement assumption. This underscores the importance of considering quality deterioration in glass recycling impact assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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46. Atomic-Scale Insights into the Effects of the Foaming Degree on the Glass–Ceramic Matrix Derived from Waste Glass and Incineration Bottom Ash.
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Wei, Ying, Chen, Ziwei, and Wang, Hao
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- *
INCINERATION , *GLASS waste , *FOAM , *CHEMICAL bonds , *MOLECULAR dynamics , *ATOMIC structure , *COMPRESSIVE strength - Abstract
Precise management of the inverse correlation between the total porosity and compressive strength is crucial for the progress of foaming glass–ceramics (FGCs). To deeply understand this relationship, we investigated the atomic-level transformations of five CO2-foaming FGC samples using molecular dynamics simulation. The short-range and intermediate-range structures of the FGCs with varying total porosities (36.68%, 66.28%, 66.96%, 72.21%, and 79.88%) in the system were elucidated. Na cations were observed to exhibit a strong interaction with CO2, accumulating at the surface of the pore wall and influencing the oxygen species. Therefore, the change in the atomic structure of the matrix was accompanied by an increase in the total porosity with an increasing CO2 content. Specifically, as the total porosity increased, the bridging oxygen content within the FGCs rose accordingly. However, once the total porosity exceeded 66.96%, the bridging oxygen content began to decline. This observation was significant considering the role of the bridging oxygen content in forming a continuous cross-linked network of chemical bonds, which contributed to the enhanced mechanical strength. Consequently, the influence of the total porosity on the oxygen species resulted in a two-stage reduction in the compressive strength. This study offers valuable insights for the development of high-strength lightweight FGCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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47. Improved rare mercury recovery from fluorescent lamp wastes through simultaneous leaching and heating.
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Karamzadeh, Leyla, Salahi, Esmaeil, Mobasherpour, Iman, Rajabi, Armin, and Javaheri, Masomeh
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- *
FLUORESCENT lamps , *MERCURY , *GLASS waste , *DEIONIZATION of water , *LEACHING , *SUSTAINABILITY , *MERCURY poisoning - Abstract
Mercury is one of the main components of fluorescent lamps. Considering the adverse effects of mercury on human health and the environment, recovery of mercury-containing fluorescent lamps is very important in developed countries. The glass parts of used fluorescent lamps are among the dangerous wastes whose mercury content should be reduced to the lowest possible level according to international standards. The aim of this research is to achieve a systematic approach to minimize the amount of mercury present in fluorescent lamp glass residues according to the European Commission EC95/2002 regulations. In order to extract mercury from glasses, glass pieces were washed with deionized water, using stirring to increase washing efficiency. In order to achieve the maximum amount of extraction, parameters such as ratio of glass to deionized water (S/L), stirring time, temperature and pH were changed. The results showed that, the highest mercury extraction rate is about 98% and in the conditions S/L = 0.1, stirring time of 12 h, temperature of 60 °C and pH 1, which is using a combination of HCl and H3PO4 acid 5% with a ratio of 1:4 has been obtained. The success of this method not only increases environmental sustainability, but also classifies the resulting glass waste as non-hazardous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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48. Utilizing Industrial Sludge Ash in Brick Manufacturing and Quality Improvement.
- Author
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Huang, Yu-Ming, Chen, Chao-Shi, Chen, Chen-Chung, and Lai, Jian-Wen
- Subjects
- *
GLASS waste , *SANITARY landfills , *WASTE management , *BRICKS , *SLUDGE management , *INDUSTRIAL capacity - Abstract
This research demonstrates changes in the behaviors and characteristics of sintered bricks while using industrial sludge ash (ISA) and waste glass (WG) as a replacement for clay in the brick manufacturing procedure. Owing to the limited amount of available land in Taiwan, it is becoming increasingly difficult to locate suitable sites for sanitary landfills, which is a common final disposal method for ash that is produced during thermal treatment in sludge factories. To meet the urgent need for land, the final waste disposal must convert this waste into a new resource. This research investigated the feasibility of using general industrial sludge ash waste, due to its abundance and high potential as a raw material in producing bricks. The result of this study shows that the bricks made from ISA and WG under a certain mixture proportion (ISA50%/WG40%/Clay10%) had excellent industrial potentials, such as compressive strength and water absorption rate. However, owing to the wide variety of components from different sources of ISA, the mixture proportion might vary accordingly. This study also analyzed the incineration index, proportion design, and process improvement, as well as investigating the possibility of increasing the total use of sludge ash as a resource. This study shows the potentials of utilizing wastes as raw materials in industrial manufacturing procedures. Therefore, more wastes can be tested and turned into resources in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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49. Mechanical, Rheological, and Microstructural Study of Ternary Alkali-Activated Pastes Using BOF Slag, Metakaolin, and Glass Powder as Precursors.
- Author
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Carvalho, Ivo C., Chaves, André R., Araújo, Clédson L., Costa, Heloina N., and Cabral, Antônio E. B.
- Subjects
- *
POWDERED glass , *BASIC oxygen furnaces , *SLAG , *SLAG cement , *GLASS waste , *PASTE , *COMPRESSIVE strength - Abstract
The study of alkali-activated materials as a replacement for portland cement has been growing in recent years due to the sustainable nature of these materials. Nevertheless, ternary alkali-activated pastes using waste glass as a precursor have been insufficiently studied concerning their rheological, mechanical, and microstructural properties. In addition, there is a lack of research studying alkali-activated mixtures using basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag and glass waste as precursors. Therefore, this paper aims to study the effect of glass powder (GP) content as a precursor, the effect of the activator ratio in alkali-activated ternary pastes of BOF slag, metakaolin (MK), and GP, and the influence of the Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio on its mixtures. The activator solutions of NaOH and Na2SiO3/NaOH were used in the production of the pastes. The liquid/solid ratio was kept fixed at 0.6 and the molarity of the NaOH solution was fixed at 12 M, seeking to analyze the impact of the Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio, with adopted values of 0.75, 1.5, and 2.5. We also aimed to study the impact of the glass content in the mixture for the values of 10%, 20%, and 25%, replacing the BOF slag. The workability by the minislump test, rheology, compressive strength for 1 and 28 days, and microstructural parameters were analyzed. ANOVA was performed to determine the significance of variables in the workability and compressive strength parameters. Pastes with the highest activator ratio (Na2SiO3/NaOH=2.5) produced better compressive strength (34.74 to 36.11 MPa) and lower minislump spreads (90 to 98 mm) compared with the mixtures with Na2SiO3/NaOH=1.5 and 0.75, besides indicating a denser microstructure, linked to higher production of aluminosilicate gels. Higher GP contents generated pastes with lower mechanical performance (16.7 MPa for Na2SiO3/NaOH=0.75) and microstructural qualities, albeit with better workability (124-mm minislump spread). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Returnable packaging systems and store operations: Processes, costs, and benefits.
- Author
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Raible, Ina Marie, Holweg, Christina, Reiner, Gerald, and Teller, Christoph
- Subjects
- *
ELASTICITY (Economics) , *GLASS waste , *CONSUMER goods , *RETAIL stores , *PACKAGING - Abstract
Returnable packaging systems (RPS) related to consumer products help to reduce problematic plastic and glass waste in supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to investigate distribution and return processes and the related cost drivers and benefits of returnable packaging with a deposit refund system in retail stores. Through the lens of the actor–network theory and based on 30 interviews with store managers, including on‐site observations, we develop a research model that structures key processes of RPS and their input and output factors. By subsequently applying system dynamics modeling, we find that: (1) customers' process satisfaction, (2) price elasticity of demand, and (3) time between repeat purchases are key variables that impact RPS' attractiveness and performance. This research contributes to an in‐depth understanding of processes within RPS as well as interdependencies between cost drivers and benefits for retailers. From a managerial perspective, these insights can enable retailers to take action based on the influencing factors for efficient operations related to RPS. Finally, this research has policy implications as it provides argumentation for the commercial benefits of RPS for retailers aside from the overemphasized cost perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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