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1. INTRODUCTION The article addresses capital rationing in the petroleum sector, i.e., the fact that oil companies limit or cut their investment budgets. Our definition is that a company rations [...]

With the growing concern regarding climate change, the integration of renewable electric technologies into the grid has taken on increased importance over the past decade. In particular, the integration of wind energy is increasing the attention paid to power transmission investment planning, generation adequacy, and secure system operation. This attention calls for the development of new tools that can simultaneously address the economics, transmission, ancillary services, and reserve requirements associated with wind energy. This paper proposes a method for choosing the optimal plan for expanding transmission and generation considering optimal power flow, discrete plant sizes, and the resource variability of wind energy. The method minimizes total cost, i.e., the sum of the construction cost and the operation cost, to fulfill expected load. Due to the nature of transmission expansion planning and the economies of scale associated with conventional power plants, finding the expansion plan is an integer programming problem solved by a branch and bound method. The proposed method is tested by applying it to a nine-bus system. CE Database subject headings: Wind energy; Climatic changes; Electric power supply.

I. INTRODUCTION II. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS A. Trade Law B. Corporate Law C. Finance D. Energy III. GENERAL POLITICO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IV. DOING BUSINESS IN UKRAINE A. Joint Stock Companies B. Limited [...]

The article examines China's efforts to tap alternative energy sources being fully aware of its requirement and consumption.

Probable reasons for ASEAN countries to rethink export priorities of their domestic oil reserves are presented.

The use of bio-energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The need for investments by energy sector of Europe, to adopt technologies to advance bio-energy, is examined.

Landfill gas energy (LFGE) projects have good prospects of investment, as LFGE provides an alternate energy source at stable price and also reduces emissions of methane. LFGE projects generate about 9 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually, and roughly about 200 million cubic feet per day of LFG for direct use in boilers and other facilities.

Successful market penetration of renewable energy projects mandates the establishment of institutional, organizational and financial conditions under which a commercial market for such products can thrive especially in developing countries. Innovative financing techniques such as the pilot guarantee scheme have to be harnessed if availability and access of financial support for investments relating to renewable energy is to be a given. Efforts aimed at modifying the scheme to suit each individual country should be undertaken.

This panel was convened at 3:15 pm, Thursday, April 4, by its moderator, Richard Deutsch of Andrews Kurth LLP, who introduced the panelists: Rukia Baruti of Africa International Legal Awareness; [...]

Previous studies have proven that many consumers investing in energy efficiency gain high implicit discount rates that substantially exceed market interest rates for borrowing and saving. This observation has been explained by applying the concept of option value adapted from the finance theory. However, the concept does not provide adequate explanation for the pattern in energy-efficiency investments.