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Listed as a quarantine pest worldwide except in the Americas, Xylella fastidiosa was first detected in Europe very recently with reports from Italy in 2013, France in 2015, Germany and Spain in 2016. A large genetic diversity has been evidenced in these different outbreaks, with representatives from at least the three main subspecies (i.e. fastidiosa, multiplex, and pauca). In France, most foci are consecutive to X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ST6 and ST7. However, foci of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa/sandyi ST76 and X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ST79 have been detected. Molecular dating of phylogenetic trees exploiting genome data provided dates of divergence between French isolates and their American relatives that can be considered as proxy or lower bounds of introduction dates. According to these analyses, X. fastidiosa may have been introduced in France as early as 1965 (ST7) and 1980 (ST6). These dates are also coherent with increases in introduction of alien plant material in Corsica. Altogether these results and the various detections of foci of genetically diverse X. fastidiosa strains in Europe support the idea that X. fastidiosa has been introduced in Europe in separate occasions since ~50 years with apparent diverse epidemiological patterns and socioeconomic consequences.

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Objectives The potential of 89Zr-labelled antibodies as diagnostic probes for 89Zr-immuno-PET has been demonstrated by a number of clinical trials.[1] The only chelator used thus far in the clinic is the siderophore desferrioxamine (DFO). However, DFO does not satisfy the preferred ocatadentate coordination of zirconium-89, which results in vivo into unspecific uptake of the radiometal in, e.g., the bones. This can interfere with the detection of bone metastases and leads to additional radiation dose to non-targeted tissue. We have previously reported the development of an extended, octadentate version of DFO, termed DFO*,[2] which provides complexes with [89Zr]Zr4+ of remarkably increased stability in vitro and in vivo. [2, 3] DFO* and derivatives thereof already fulfil a number of prerequisites to become a new standard chelator for zirconium-89; however, its solubility could be improved to facilitate further its application in conjugation chemistry. We here wish to report our efforts in developing novel DFO* derivatives which display an improved water solubility. Methods Based on the DFO* scaffold, new derivatives containing pharmacological modifiers to improve the water solubility were synthesized. In addition, different functional groups for bioconjugation chemistry were included. LogP values of the novel bifunctional chelating agents were determined by HPLC. First bioconjugations and radiolabelling experiments with 89Zr were performed according to published procedures. [1,3] Results All new derivatives exhibited an increased hydrophilicity and thus, enhanced water solubility in comparison to the original DFO* (as well as DFO) system. Preliminary results on their reactivity in bioconjugations, capability of 89Zr-complexation, and stability of radiometal complexes will be reported. Conclusions Structural modifications provided novel derivatives of DFO* with improved water solubility which could facilitate their application in bioconjugation chemistry for the 89Zr-labelling of delicate proteins under aqueous (e.g., organic solvent free) reaction conditions. Acknowledgements This work is supported by the Swiss National Sciences Foundation (grant N° 205321–157216). References [1] G.A.M.S. Van Dongen, M.C. Huisman, R. Boellaard et al. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 2015, 59, 18-38 [2] M. Patra, A. Bauman, C. Mari et al. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 11523-11525 [3] D. Vugts, C. Klaver, C. Sewing et al. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Im. 2016, doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3499-x S394: Poster 22nd International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience

The French standard AFNOR NF U44 051 sets milestones for composts about impurities, heavy metals, pathogens and pesticides. Most of composts made with biowaste respect the standard but rarely the composts made with MSW. The Cemagref improved the composting process by specific tools. However, the important fact was that the heavy metals content decreased since 1998, which allowed to obtain good compost quality from MSW. Then the Cemagref applied its previous knowledge to develop composting from MSW. The efficiency of Launay Lantic composting plant, working since 2004 in the West of France, is well performed. Each apparatus is described in details., La nouvelle norme AFNOR NFU44 051 fixe pour les composts des seuils en inertes ou impuretés, en éléments-traces métalliques, en pathogènes et pesticides. La plupart des composts issus de biodéchets respectent cette norme, ce qui n'est pas le cas pour la plupart des composts issus de déchets ménagers. Le Cemagref a contribué à l'amélioration des techniques de compostage en mettant au point des outils méthodologiques spécifiques mais c'est la chute des teneurs en métaux lourds dans les déchets ménagers, qui à partir de 1998, a permis de relancer le compostage des déchets ménagers et au Cemagref de valoriser ses connaissances antérieures. Les performances de l'usine de Launay Lantic, mise en route en 2004, sont remarquables. Les résultats sont détaillés appareil par appareil.

Some years ago, MSW composting plants produced bad compost mainly in terms of impurities and heavy metals. Some North European countries decided then to make good composts with the selective collection of biowaste and then incineration or MBT plants for the remainder of MSW. However, why should it be forbidden to do similar composts as biowaste compost with MSW? We can prove that it is possible in the French plant of Lantic that works very well since May of 2004. At the end, the total waste treatment cost increases about 35% when the selective collection of biowaste is introduced. The future Compost European Directive should take these considerations into account., Auparavant, les usines de compostage des ordures ménagères produisaient des composts de mauvaise qualité. Les pays du nord de l'Europe décidaient d'organiser des collectes sélectives pour avoir de bons composts et du TMB ou de l'incinération pour le reste des ordures. Mais pourquoi interdire le compostage des OM si la qualité est la même ?Nous pouvons prouver que l'usine de Lantic fonctionne correctement depuis mai 2004. Les futures directives européennes devraient en tenir compte.

La valeur alimentaire est une composante essentielle des fourrages. La luzerne, qui possède une forte teneur en protéines, a une valeur énergétique modérée. Le texte présente des études menées à l'INRA de Lusignan pour établir les possibilités de progrès génétique et les critères et méthodes pour y parvenir. La mise au point d'outils d'évaluation rapide de la digestibilité d'un grand nombre d'échantillons par spectrophotométrie dans le proche infra-rouge permet d'envisager la mesure en sélection de la digestibilité. Une importante variabilité génétique, entre cultivars ou entre plantes individuelles, a été mise en évidence, et l'hérédité de ce caractère est principalement additive. La corrélation génétique entre la digestibilité et le rendement en fourrage est négative mais elle est positive entre la digestibilité et la teneur en protéines. Des études des structures histologiques de la tige montrent que les variations génétiques de digestibilité sont liées à la proportion de xylème secondaire (tissu lignifié) et à la proportion des tissus non lignifiés (parenchyme médullaire et parenchyme cortical)., Feeding value is an important trait in forages. Lucerne, which has a high protein content, has only a moderate energy value. Several studies were carried out to analyse the possibilities of genetic progress, and the methods to obtain it. Tools were developed for the analysis of a large number of samples, using NIRS (near infra-red spectrophotometry), making it possible to measure this trait in a breeding programme. A large genetic variation was evidenced among cultivars and among individual plants, and the inheritance of the trait proved mainly additive. The genetic correlation between digestibility and forage yield was negative , but between digestibility and protein content it was positive. The analysis of the histological structure of the stem showed that the genetic variations for digestibility are related to the proportion of secondary xylem (lignified tissue) and to the proportion of non-lignified tissue (pith parenchyma and cortical parenchyma).

Feeding value is an important trait in forages. Lucerne, which has a high protein content, has only a moderate energy value. Several studies were carried out to analyse the possibilities of genetic progress, and the methods to obtain it. Tools were developed for the analysis of a large number of samples, using NIRS (near infra-red spectrophotometry), making it possible to measure this trait in a breeding programme. A large genetic variation was evidenced among cultivars and among individual plants, and the inheritance of the trait proved mainly additive. The genetic correlation between digestibility and forage yield was negative , but between digestibility and protein content it was positive. The analysis of the histological structure of the stem showed that the genetic variations for digestibility are related to the proportion of secondary xylem (lignified tissue) and to the proportion of non-lignified tissue (pith parenchyma and cortical parenchyma).; La valeur alimentaire est une composante essentielle des fourrages. La luzerne, qui possède une forte teneur en protéines, a une valeur énergétique modérée. Le texte présente des études menées à l'INRA de Lusignan pour établir les possibilités de progrès génétique et les critères et méthodes pour y parvenir. La mise au point d'outils d'évaluation rapide de la digestibilité d'un grand nombre d'échantillons par spectrophotométrie dans le proche infra-rouge permet d'envisager la mesure en sélection de la digestibilité. Une importante variabilité génétique, entre cultivars ou entre plantes individuelles, a été mise en évidence, et l'hérédité de ce caractère est principalement additive. La corrélation génétique entre la digestibilité et le rendement en fourrage est négative mais elle est positive entre la digestibilité et la teneur en protéines. Des études des structures histologiques de la tige montrent que les variations génétiques de digestibilité sont liées à la proportion de xylème secondaire (tissu lignifié) et à la proportion des tissus non lignifiés (parenchyme médullaire et parenchyme cortical).

Feeding value is an important trait in forages. Lucerne, which has a high protein content, has only a moderate energy value. Several studies were carried out to analyse the possibilities of genetic progress, and the methods to obtain it. Tools were developed for the analysis of a large number of samples, using NIRS (near infra-red spectrophotometry), making it possible to measure this trait in a breeding programme. A large genetic variation was evidenced among cultivars and among individual plants, and the inheritance of the trait proved mainly additive. The genetic correlation between digestibility and forage yield was negative , but between digestibility and protein content it was positive. The analysis of the histological structure of the stem showed that the genetic variations for digestibility are related to the proportion of secondary xylem (lignified tissue) and to the proportion of non-lignified tissue (pith parenchyma and cortical parenchyma).; La valeur alimentaire est une composante essentielle des fourrages. La luzerne, qui possède une forte teneur en protéines, a une valeur énergétique modérée. Le texte présente des études menées à l'INRA de Lusignan pour établir les possibilités de progrès génétique et les critères et méthodes pour y parvenir. La mise au point d'outils d'évaluation rapide de la digestibilité d'un grand nombre d'échantillons par spectrophotométrie dans le proche infra-rouge permet d'envisager la mesure en sélection de la digestibilité. Une importante variabilité génétique, entre cultivars ou entre plantes individuelles, a été mise en évidence, et l'hérédité de ce caractère est principalement additive. La corrélation génétique entre la digestibilité et le rendement en fourrage est négative mais elle est positive entre la digestibilité et la teneur en protéines. Des études des structures histologiques de la tige montrent que les variations génétiques de digestibilité sont liées à la proportion de xylème secondaire (tissu lignifié) et à la proportion des tissus non lignifiés (parenchyme médullaire et parenchyme cortical).

The expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myosin heavy chains (MyHC), as markers of myogenesis, metabolism and contractility respectively, were investigated during differentiation of rabbit embryonic muscle cells in primary culture. Myf5, MyoD and myogenin mRNAs were abundantly expressed at day 1 of culture. The expression of Myf5 and MyoD mRNA transcripts decreased sharply as myoblasts fused and differentiated into myotubes, whilst myogenin mRNA was maintained throughout the duration of the culture. In contrast, MRF4 mRNA was weakly expressed on day 1 of culture, its expression increased slightly as myoblasts fused and reached a maximum level in 7-day-old cultures containing striated myofibres. The specific activity of LDH increased linearly during myoblast proliferation and fusion. In 7-day-old cultures, LDH-M mRNA (dominant in glycolytic muscles) and LDH-H mRNA (predominant in perinatal and oxidative muscles) represented 38% and 62% of total LDH mRNA respectively. At this stage, immunocytochemical staining with perinatal and adult-type MyHC antibodies showed that embryonic and perinatal MyHC isoforms were expressed in all myotubes, while few of them were stained by type I MyHC antibody. However, none of them expressed adult type II MyHC. The latter results were further supported by RT-PCR analysis of adult-type MyHC mRNA which showed that only the type I MyHC mRNA transcript was expressed. These data were in agreement with those reported in vivo on perinatal rabbit muscles. They differed from those obtained on cultured satellite cells isolated from adult rabbit fast-twitch or slow-twitch muscles which did not express embryonic MyHC, and instead expressed fast- or slow-type MyHC according to their muscle origin. Taken together, these results further suggest that myogenic mononucleated cells express different properties in vitro according to their developmental origin as well as properties related to those of the muscles from which they were isolated.