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While children are one of the groups at risk in disasters, they can also take an active part in disaster management, provided that the opportunity is given. This research examined the effect of disaster experience, disaster education, country, and city socioeconomic status on children's perceived risk and preparedness with a survey of 1335 children between 11 and 14 years old, in Nepal and Turkey. The survey used questionnaires and the pictorial representation of illness and self measure (PRISM) tool. Results showed that (1) children's risk perceptions were in line with their country-specific objective risks; (2) there were differences between the countries in relation to perception of risk for all the hazards except wildfire; (3) socioeconomic status had a statistically significant effect on children's perceptions of risk and preparedness for earthquakes, wildfires, that is, children who live in wealthier places had higher perceived risk and preparedness; (4) children in both countries showed similar trends in their knowledge of the correct protective actions to take in the event of a hazard occurrence. However, there is still room to enhance children's knowledge, in terms of safety behaviors, as the children selected many incorrect protective actions. There are important implications in terms of child-centered disaster management which hopefully will make life safer and help to create more resilience to disaster in society as a whole.

Objectives: to investigate the effect of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the clinical practice of ophthalmologists in our country. Materials and methods: a questionnaire consisting of 22 questions was delivered to 250 ophthalmologists via e-mail and a smartphone messaging application. A total of 113 ophthalmologists completed the survey. The questions included the participants’ demographic data (age, years in practice, institution, and city), changes in their working conditions and institutional preventive measures implemented during the pandemic, their personal COVID-19 experiences, the prevalence of telemedicine applications, and their attitudes toward these practices. Results: nearly half (47.8%) of the 113 ophthalmologists were 36 to 45 years old. In terms of years in practice, the largest proportion of respondents (28.3%) had 6-10 years of experience. Most of the participants worked in private/foundation universities (37.2%), while 22.1% worked in education and research clinics. Participants working at public universities most often reported that they or a close contact had to work in COVID wards (89.5%). Triage was performed in 51.5% of ophthalmology outpatient clinics, with 88.0% of these participants reporting that patients with fever, cough, or dyspnea were directed to the pandemic clinic without ophthalmological examination. All participants working in public hospitals, education and research clinics, and public university hospitals had postponed elective surgeries, whereas 12.5% of those working in private practice and 20.5% of those working in private/foundation universities reported that they continued elective surgeries. While 80.8% of the participants did not conduct online interviews or examinations, 40.4% stated that they considered telemedicine applications beneficial. Seventy-seven percent of participants expressed concern about a decrease in their income during the pandemic, with this being especially common among participants working in private practice (87.5%) and private/foundation university hospitals (85.7%). Conclusion: ophthalmologists across our country have been affected by this pandemic at a level that will change their clinical approach. We think that ophthalmologists impacted by the difficulty of providing personal protective equipment and economic concerns should be supported more during the pandemic., NA

The aim of this study was to identify corneal biomechanical parameters measured by ORA in patients with TED compared to the healthy group. The NOSPECS classification of patients is used to assess the relation between biomechanical changes and disease severity.We included 22 TED patients, diagnosed with TED for more than five years, and 43 healthy participants. The NOSPECS classification was assessed as mild (grade 1-3) and severe (grade 4-6) disease. For each group, corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), central corneal thickness (CCT), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) and corneal compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) parameters were measured by ORA.The mean age was 38.8±11.6 years for the TED patients and 42.9±15.58 years for the control group. For TED patients and healthy volunteers, the mean levels of CRF, CH, and CCT were measured as follows: 10.43±2.04 vs 10.28±1.91mmHg, p=0.67; 10.18±1.81 vs 10.21±1.68 mmHg, p=0.90; 550.31±35.73 vs 545.23±37.91 µm, p=0.47, respectively. These values were not significant between groups, but they were significantly higher in females compared to males in TED patients [CRF;10.68 (IQR: 9.49-12.14) vs 8.96 (IQR: 8.04-9.92) mmHg, p=0.002, CH; 10.43 (IQR: 9.48-11.25) vs 8.58 (IQR: 7.90-9.95) mmHg, p=0.003 and CCT; 554.25 (IQR: 536.05-579.52) vs 527.40 (IQR: 492.25-545.90) μm, p=0.014]. CRF values were negatively correlated with NOSPECS score (r=-0.317, p=0.036) and significantly higher CRF was observed in mild patients compared to severe disease (11.43 (IQR: 10.14-12.87) vs 9.46 (IQR: 8.75-10.28) mmHg, p=0.008).We found a significant gender effect on corneal biomechanical parameters of TED patients. CRF, CH and CCT values were significantly higher in females compared to males with TED. The clinical severity score of TED showed negative correlation with CRF. CRF value might be a useful parameter in follow-up of TED patients in clinical practice.

Purpose: The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the inflammatory response of the human conjunctival epithelial cells (HConjECs) under stress conditions. Methods: HConjECs were cultured with or without 10−8 M dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in normal osmolar conditions for 48 hours. Then, the media was changed to a higher osmolarity for different time points to demonstrate the effect of hyperosmolar stress conditions on both treated and untreated cells. After the cell pellet was lysed with radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA), phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of p38 kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) were analysed by western blot. The gene expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 were measured with a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cell viability was checked with Annexin V/PI. Results: Pretreatment with 10−8M DHT inhibited the hyperosmolarity-induced expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Expression of p-P38 was inhibited with DHT pretreatment but only DHT-pretreated HConjECs suppressed p-ERK up to 30 minutes after hyperosmolar stress. DHT pretreatment inhibited apoptosis in HConjECs. Conclusion: These data revealed the potential importance of DHT in the treatment of DED. Furthermore, our findings may contribute to a better understanding of how sex hormones affect different ocular surface diseases and their potential for therapy.

PURPOSE To investigate the repeatability of choroidal vascularity index (CVI) measurements in centered and decentered (regarding pupil entry position of the beam) directional subfoveal optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans with (CVI1) and without (CVI2) brightness adjustment. METHODS Thirty-two eyes of 32 healthy volunteers were included in this prospective study. First, the fovea was evaluated by a single horizontal enhanced depth imaging OCT scan in a centered direction. Then, the same subfoveal horizontal line was scanned in a decentered direction. The agreement between CVIs obtained from these centered and decentered directional OCT scans was investigated using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficient between centered and decentered CVI1 was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.48-0.85, P value < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficient between centered and decentered CVI2 was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.5-0.86, P value < 0.001). The mean difference between centered and decentered directional measurements for CVI1 and CVI2 were 0.5 and 0.8, respectively. CONCLUSION There is moderate agreement between CVIs obtained from centered and decentered directional single OCT scans of the same subfoveal area. Studies investigating choroidal vascularity should be standardized by using the same OCT beam direction in all scans.

SIGNIFICANCE Choroidal vascularity index measured by image binarization method from peripapillary optical coherence tomography sections has been found significantly lower in papilledema patients than healthy controls. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare peripapillary choroidal parameters in papilledema patients with control subjects. METHODS Peripapillary spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans of 34 patients with papilledema and 34 healthy controls are acquired for the study. Images are binarized with the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) to calculate total choroidal area, stromal area, luminal area, and choroidal vascularity index. RESULTS Total choroidal area, luminal area, and choroidal vascularity were significantly lower in papilledema patients compared with healthy controls on right (1.343 ± 0.286 vs. 1.694 ± 0.344, P < .001; 0.880 ± 0.209 vs. 1.167 ± 0.255, P < .001; 65.28 ± 2.99% vs. 68.68 ± 2.81%, P < .001, respectively) and left eyes (1.376 ± 0.308 vs. 1.647 ± 0.339, P < .001; 0.899 ± 0.231 vs. 1.134 ± 0.237, P < .001; 64.92 ± 3.44 vs. 68.84 ± 3.23, P < .001, respectively). No difference was found between active and remitted stages of papilledema in terms of choroidal parameters. CONCLUSIONS Peripapillary total choroidal area, luminal area, and choroidal vascularity index are significantly reduced in patients with papilledema. These parameters might be beneficial tools for evaluating choroidal vascularity in papilledema quantitatively and differential diagnosis for optic disc edema.

Aim: The comparison of the diagnostic efficiency of a reference method (light microscopy [LM] using 10% potassium hydroxide [KOH]) with the use of 100% alcohol to in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM)...

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) is an ancient diploid wheat species with many useful traits and used as a wheat gene discovery model. In this research, a total of 41 diploid and tetraploid wheat accessions were tested using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 33 genotypes of T. monococcum along with four genotypes each of tetraploid wheat (T. dicoccon and T. durum) were used as plant material. The analysis utilized 10 polymorphic markers, including a total number of 41 alleles with an average frequency of 4.1 alleles per locus during exploration of the level of genetic variations. Various diversity analyses, which are the effective number of alleles (Ne), gene diversity (h), Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), and Shannon's information index (I), were performed for 10 'A' genome wheat SSR markers. The results showed a narrow variation in einkorn genotypes, supported by Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), with 66% maximum variation in all genotypes. The structure analysis divided the whole germplasm into two populations. A dendrogram was constructed to determine the genetic similarities using the unpaired group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), which separated tetraploid wheat from other genotypes/accessions. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) co-supported the clustering of UPGMA and structure by differentiating the diploid and tetraploid wheat. These findings will help understand the genetic relationships among these wheat accessions and their use in breeding programs in the future works.

Purpose: To evaluate clinical and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings of a patient who developed multiple unilateral subepithelial stromal opacities following conjunctivitis that developed ...

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the sensory profile of preterm children an to investigate the relationship between sensory processing and school readiness at five years of age. Methods: Seventy-six children aged 60–72 months (36 preterm children born

Bu çalışma, perlit ve cocopeat ortamlarında farklı sulama düzeylerinde (S1:%125, S2:%100 ve S3:%75) yetiştirilen hıyarın kök bölgesine uygulanan “waterpad” isimli ürünün verim ve bazı kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme, 2016 yılı sonbahar döneminde tesadüf parsellerinde faktöriyel deneme desenine göre 3 yinelemeli olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneme sonuçlarına göre sulama düzeylerinin azaltılması ile toplam verim, toplam meyve sayısı, ortalama meyve ağırlığı, kök, sürgün ve yaprak kuru ağırlıkları, bitki boyu, gövde çapı ve klorofil içeriğinin azaldığı ancak, SÇKM ve titre edilebilir asitlik miktarının ise arttığı saptanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma neticesinde S1 ve S2 sulama düzeyleri arasında verim ve meyve sayısı bakımından önemli bir farklılığın olmadığı ve aynı istatistiksel grup içerisinde yer aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Waterpad kullanımı ile incelen özelliklerin genel olarak arttığı ancak bu artışların istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Cocopeat ortamında yetiştirilen bitkilerin gerek verim gerekse de bitki gelişimi açısından perlit ortamında yetiştirilenlere göre daha iyi olduğu saptanmıştır.

Due to global warming and climate change, the importance of water resources has increased day by day. For this reason, most of the recent studies have focused on drought, water stress and high temperature resistance. This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of commercial product named "waterpad" which is obtained by placing polymer between paper and jute on the yield and some quality parameters of the eggplant grown in different irrigation levels (I1:100%, I2:75% and I3:50%) in perlite and cocopeat mediums. According to the results of the experiment, it has been determined that by reducing the irrigation levels from I1 to I3, the total yield, total fruit number, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit weight, shoot and leaf dry weights and plant height and stem diameter values have decreased. However, it has been determined that there is no significant difference between I1 and I2 irrigation levels also total yield and total fruit number yielded better results at I2 irrigation level in cocopeat medium. It was found that the effect of using the waterpad on the studied properties was generally insignificant, but the yield and fruit number increased slightly in the cocopeat medium. The highest yield and number of fruits were obtained from the waterpad application with I1 irrigation level in perlite, while in cocopeat it was obtained from waterpad application with I2 irrigation level. It has been observed that the plants grown in cocopeat as the medium have a better effect on both yield and other investigated properties., Küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği gibi nedenlerle, su kaynaklarının önemi her geçen gün daha da artmaktadır. Bu sebeple, son yıllarda yapılan çalışmaların çoğu kuraklık, su stresi ve yüksek sıcaklıklara dayanım üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu çalışma, farklı sulama düzeylerinde (S1: %100, S2: %75 ve S3: %50), perlit ve kokopit (Hindistan cevizi torfu) ortamlarında yetiştirilen patlıcanın kök bölgesine kağıt ve jüt arasına polimer yerleştirilmesi ile elde edilen “waterpad” isimli ticari ürünün verim ve bazı kalite parametreleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme sonuçlarına göre sulama düzeylerinin S1’den S3’e düşürülmesi ile toplam verim, toplam meyve sayısı, meyve çapı, meyve uzunluğu meyve ağırlığı, sürgün-yaprak kuru ağırlıkları, bitki boyu ve gövde çapı değerlerinin azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, ortam ve incelenen özelliklere göre değişmekle birlikte S1 ve S2 sulama düzeyleri arasında önemli bir farklılığın olmadığı, kokopit ortamında toplam verim ve toplam meyve sayısının S2 sulama düzeyinde daha iyi sonuç verdiği belirlenmiştir. Waterpad kullanımının incelenen özellikler üzerine etkisinin genel olarak önemsiz olduğu, ancak kokopit ortamında verim ve meyve sayısını bir miktar arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Perlit ortamında en yüksek verim ve meyve sayısı S1 sulama düzeyindeki waterpad içeren uygulamadan, kokopit ortamında ise en yüksek verim ve meyve sayısı S2 sulama düzeyindeki waterpad içeren uygulamadan elde edilmiştir. Perlit ortamına göre kokopit ortamında yetiştirilen bitkilerin gerek verim gerekse diğer incelenen özellikler üzerindeki etkisinin daha iyi olduğu gözlenmiştir.

OBJECTIVE Blood pressure variability (BPV) is considered as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease including left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular stiffness, and renal dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between ambulatory BPV with subclinical organ damage and vascular stiffness parameters in normotensive healthy subjects. METHODS A total of 100 healthy subjects over 18 years of age were included in this cross-sectional study. We divided the participants into two groups according to the median value of the SD of mean 24-h blood pressure (BP) (Group 1: SD of mean 24-h BP 10.15). BPs of these subjects were recorded over a 24-h period using ambulatory BP monitoring. Mobil-O-Graph device was used to estimate the augmentation index (AIx), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and ambulatory BP measurement. The choroidal thickness was measured by using optical coherence tomography device. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 25.4 ± 5.0 years. Choroidal thickness was correlated with PWV, AIx, protein excretion, and SD of systolic and diastolic BP (P < 0.05). Additionally, participants with higher BP variability have lower choroidal thickness and higher AIx. CONCLUSION We showed that even in normotensive subjects, BPV correlates with choroid thickness. Thus, BPV can be an early prognostic parameter for pathologic vascular changes.

Purpose To investigative the effects of sex steroids on hyperosmolar stress-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-6, and on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs). Methods Immortalized hCECs were cultured with keratinocyte-free medium until reaching 80% confluency with either 10 M dihidrotestosteron (DHT) or 10 M 17-β-estradiol, and then, the medium was changed to hyperosmolar for various time points. After hyperosmolar treatment, a real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to show the TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-6 gene expression levels in hCECs. In addition, the treated cells were lysed, and Western blot analysis was applied for phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2). hCECs viability was measured with Annexin V/propidium iodide. Results Pretreatment with 10 M DHT or 17-β-estradiol inhibited the high osmolarity-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-6. The upregulation of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 with high osmolarity was inhibited partially by DHT, but 17-β-estradiol pretreatment only affected p-p38 for a short time interval. In addition, DHT increased cell viability of hCECs under hyperosmolar conditions. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that DHT and 17-β-estradiol decreased the proinflammatory cytokine gene expression levels which were stimulated by high osmolarity in immortalized hCECs. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway is partially involved in the regulatory effects of DHT on hCECs. These findings may contribute to the etiologic role and therapeutic implications of sex steroids in certain ocular surface diseases.

Amaç –İşgören verimliliği özellikle hizmet sektörü gibi işgücünün yoğun olduğu alanlarda oldukça önemlidir. Kamu işletmeleri de bir hizmet sektörü olarak ele alındığında çalışan kişilerin verimliliğinin ölçülmesi ve artırılmasına yönelik girişimlerde bulunulması incelenmesi gereken bir konudur. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, bir kamu kurumunun merkez biriminde işgören verimliliğinin ortaya koyulabilmesinin mümkün olup olmayacağı, ne gibi sorunların ortaya çıkabileceği ve ne gibi öneriler getirilebileceği gibi soruların cevaplandırılması amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem –Çalışmada, işlem zamanlarının ölçümü Alman kökenliDevlet İş Zamanları Belirleme Komisyonutarafından geliştirilen REFA’nın(Reichsausschuss Für Arbeitszetermittlung-Devlet İş Zamanları Belirleme) zaman etüdü tekniği kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu şekilde kamuda işgörenlerin verimliliklerinin belirlenebilmesi için işlerin ölçülmesi gerekliliğinden hareket edilmiştir. Bunun için gerekli araştırmaverisi bir kamu kurumunun 200 işgörenin çalıştığı merkez biriminde bir aylık süre boyunca gözlem yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra bu veriler kullanılarak standart işlem zamanını ulaşılabileceği gözlemlenen banko düzeni halinde çalışan işgörenlerin gerçekleştirdikleri işlemler üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Bulgular –Bir kamu kurumunun merkez biriminde evlenme soyadı değişikliği işlemi örnek alınarak bankodüzeni halinde çalışan işgörenlerin gerçekleştirdikleri tekrarlı işlemlerin ölçülebildiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca yapılan gözlemler sonucundaçalışma koşullarının ve metotlarının iyileştirilmesi durumunda bu yöntemle dosya ve bilgisayar üzerinde az muhakeme ve standart hareketleri içeren işve işlemlerinin ölçülebilmesinin önünde bir engel bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir. Tartışma –Yapılanişlemlere yönelik Canlı ve Uyaran (Live and Alert) sistem önerisi getirilmiştir. Çalışmada izlenen yaklaşım benzer işlemlerin gerçekleştirildiği birimlerde ve/veya diğer kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarında benimsenerek işgören verimliliğinin artırılmasına katkıda bulunabilir.

The purpose of the study was to determine interobserver and intraobserver agreement, repeatability, and intrasubject variation of the detection of Demodex infestation in eyelids of blepharitis patients using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).Eighty-three eyes of 42 blepharitis patients were included in the study. All eyelids were evaluated from temporal to nasal with IVCM using section mode and 10 lashes with their follicles were imagined, and every image with suspicion of Demodex infestation was recorded. Two experienced and two inexperienced ophthalmologists were masked for the diagnosis and interpreted the IVCM images regarding the presence of Demodex infestation with a 3-week interval. Interobserver and intraobserver agreements were calculated with Cohen's kappa and its variant statistics between and within experienced observers and between inexperienced observers.While average sensitivity for the diagnosis of demodicosis in IVCM images was 83.35% for experienced and 51.35% for inexperienced observers, the average positive predictive value was 88.6% for experienced observers and 91.05% for inexperienced ones. Interobserver agreement between experienced observers was moderate (κ = 0.529) and intraobserver agreements within experienced observers were perfect (κ = 0.918 for observer-1; κ = 0.958 for observer-2). Interobserver agreement between inexperienced observers was poor (κ = 0.162) and intraobserver agreements within inexperienced observers were fair (κ = 0.427 for observer-3; κ = 0.475 for observer-4).The sensitivity, interobserver and intraobserver agreements in IVCM image analysis for the detection of Demodex infestation were highly associated with the clinical experience on IVCM imaging. In the hands of an experienced clinician, IVCM could be reliable for the diagnosis of ocular demodicosis.

Introduction: Clear corneal incision (CCI) architecture in modern microincision cataract surgery (MICS) plays an undeniable role in postoperative refraction. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of hinge incision prior to two-step CCI on postoperative refractive astigmatism after cataract surgery and to demonstrate the schematic presentation of these postoperative astigmatic changes via double-angle polar plots. Methods: this study involved a consecutive case series of patients who had MICS. The first incision was performed as a two-step CCI, whereas the second was made as a hinge incision prior to 2-step CCI. The preoperative corneal and postoperative refractive astigmatism and surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) were calculated by vectorial analysis. Hotelling’s T2 test was performed to compare the centroid values of preoperative and postoperative corneal astigmatism. Results: a total of 63 eyes from 57 subjects were evaluated. Group I consisted of 27 eyes with the two-step CCI, and Group II included 36 eyes with the hinge incision prior to two-step CCI. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of age, sex, axial length, keratometry readings, implanted intraocular lens power, and postoperative spherical equivalent. The centroids of corneal astigmatism postoperatively increased to 0.21 D at 87.6°±0.61 with no significance in Group I (p=0.525) and to 0.70 D at 90.6°±0.47 with significance in Group II (p=0.032). The difference in postoperative centroids between the two groups was also significantly different (p=0.043). Finally, the centroids of SIA were 0.12 D at 85.5°±0.50 and 0.22 D at 91.1°±0.49 for Group I and Group II, respectively, with no significance. Discussion and conclusion: A hinge incision did not have an unfavorable effect on postoperative refractive astigmatism; therefore, it may be preferred for controlled entrance to the anterior chamber, NA

Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) is associated with excessive joint range of motion and the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms. The objective of this study was to examine body awareness, physical fitness parameters, fatigue levels, and musculoskeletal disorders in young adults with HSD and compare them with those without HSD.Young individuals in the age range of 18-24 years were included in the study. Joint hypermobility of individuals was determined by the Beighton Score. Evaluations were made using the Body Awareness Questionnaire, the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Eurofit Physical Fitness Test Battery, and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire.A total of 94 healthy individuals (74 females, 20 males, mean age 21.44 years, SD ± 1.19 years), 47 with HSD and 47 without HSD, were included in the study. It was concluded that body awareness and fatigue levels were similar in two groups (p 0.05). When physical fitness parameters were examined, there was a significant difference between the two groups in Sit and Reach test and the dominant side grip strength (p 0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups in the neck, back, dominant wrist, and total musculoskeletal problems (p 0.05).It was concluded that young individuals with HSD had more flexibility, lower grip strength, more pain especially in the neck and back region, and more musculoskeletal disorders in general. Joint hypermobility is a factor to be considered in evaluating functional performance in these individuals.

Purpose: postoperative refraction in modern microincision cataract surgery gained extra importance in patients with the previous laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. The surgically induced astigmatic changes in those eyes may differ not only in magnitude but also in direction compared to virgin corneas. This study aimed to compare the surgically induced astigmatic changes after microscopic cataract surgery between post-LASIK corneas and virgin eyes. Methods: cases that underwent microincision cataract surgery in eyes with and without previous LASIK surgery were reviewed. The demographics, the axial length at cataract surgery, the central corneal thickness, spheric and cylindric values, keratometry readings, and postoperative posterior corneal astigmatism were retrospectively evaluated. A modified Alpins method was used for astigmatic vector analysis, and baseline astigmatism, surgically induced astigmatism, difference vector, flattening effect, and torque were assessed. Results: a total of 42 eyes from 24 subjects was evaluated. Group I consisted of 14 eyes with the previous LASIK, and Group II included 28 eyes without any refractive surgery. Preoperative mean central corneal thickness in Group I was significantly thinner (p=0.012). There was no significant difference in baseline astigmatism between the groups regarding magnitude and power vectors. After microincision cataract surgery, there were no significant differences in mean spheric and cylindric values and mean keratometry readings (all p>0.05). However, surgically induced astigmatism and difference vector were significantly higher on J45 vector component in post-LASIK eyes and microincision cataract surgery steepening effect on post-LASIK corneas was significantly higher than those in virgin eyes (p=0.001, p=0.002 and p=0.018, respectively). Conclusions: cataract surgery has steepened the corneas in both groups with a significantly higher steepening effect in post-LASIK eyes. Certainly, corneal topography cataract surgery is particularly helpful to provide more precise surgically induced astigmatism interpretations., NA

Background The use of neuroimaging, the General Movement Assessment (GMA), and the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) to identify the risk of neurodevelopmental delay in early infancy is recommended. Aim The aim of this study was to examine the predictive power of neuroimaging, GMA and HINE for neurodevelopmental delay and cerebral palsy (CP) in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) who were treated with hypothermia. Study design Retrospective cohort. Subjects and outcome measures This retrospective study included 47 (18 female and 29 male) infants who were treated with hypothermia due to HIE. Neonates with a diagnosis of HIE were followed and assessed using neuroimaging, GMA, HINE and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-II (Bayley II) between 3 m and 2 years of age. Results Out of the 47 infants with HIE, no fidgety movements were observed in 5 infants. The sensitivity and specificity in determining the psychomotor developmental index (PDI) score were 97% and 100%, respectively, for MRI; 92.9% and 100% for GMA; and 91.9% and 80% for the HINE. The sensitivity and specificity in determining the mental developmental index (MDI) score were 95% and 85.7%, respectively, for MRI; 90.5% and 80% for GMA; and 91.9% and 50% for HINE. The sensitivity and specificity in determining CP diagnosis at the age of 2 years were 83.3% and 95%, respectively, for MRI; 83.3% and 100% for GMA; and 83.3% and 87.8% for HINE. Conclusion The interpretation of MRI, GMA, and HINE that are performed within the early period of life may be the gold standard for the early detection of neurodevelopmental risks in 2-year-old infants with HIE. Clinical implementation of these methods in the early period in the follow-up of these infants offers useful information for the early identification of neurodevelopmental risk and for planning early intervention.

STUDY DESIGN Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric analysis. OBJECTIVE To develop the Turkish version of the Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire (FreBAQ-T) and to evaluate its psychometric properties. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA There is a growing interest in the role that the disturbance of body perception may lead to long-lasting pain problems such as chronic low back pain (CLBP). The Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire (FreBAQ) is a simple and low-cost way of evaluating disturbed back awareness in people with CLBP. METHODS The FreBAQ was translated from English into Turkish using the forward-backward-forward method. One hundred four participants with low back pain completed the FreBAQ-T. The FreBAQ-T was repeated in 15 participants after 1 week to establish test-retest reliability. Although internal and external construct validity was investigated using Rasch analysis and Spearman correlation coefficient, respectively; reliability was evaluated in terms of internal consistency by Cronbach alpha and Person Separation Index. RESULTS All items of the FreBAQ-T were found to fit the Rasch Model (chi-square 6.17 [df = 9], P = 0.723). The internal construct validity was good, overall mean item fit residual was -0.305 (standard deviation: 0.369) and mean person fit residual was -0.290 (standard deviation: 1.349). The reliability was good with Cronbach alpha of 0.87 and Person Separation Index of 0.82. When the test-retest was examined via differential item functioning by time, none of the items showed differential item functioning. CONCLUSION The FreBAQ-T is a valid, reliable, and unidimensional scale for patients with CLBP. This scale will allow assessing back-specific perception in the Turkish population with CLBP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of lid wipes (LWs) containing terpinen-4-ol and sodium hyaluronate (Hy-ter(®)) for the treatment of seborrheic blepharitis compared to baby shampoo (BS). METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, active control, parallel group, multicentre clinical trial included 48 eyes of 48 patients with seborrheic blepharitis who were randomly divided into two treatment arms (1:1, n = 24) using block randomization. LWs or BS were prescribed twice a day for 8 weeks followed by a discontinuation period of 4 weeks. Change in Blepharitis Symptom measure (BLISS), Schirmer’s test, tear breakup time (TBUT), noninvasive TBUT (NI-TBUT), ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, corneal and conjunctival staining, meibography, and Demodex count at different visits (Baseline, 4th, 8th, and 12th week) were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: The baseline values of both groups were similar (p > 0.05). Despite high clinical efficacy in both treatment arms, patients using LWs showed a lower BLISS score at the 8th and 12th-week visit (1.9 ± 2.2 versus 7.2 ± 6.6, p = 0.003; 4.0 ± 1.3 versus 5.8 ± 6.3, p = 0.026). NI-TBUT showed a significant increase starting from the 4th week for patients using LWs and 8th week for patients using BS. Both treatment modalities caused a reduction in the Demodex count after 4 weeks of treatment (p

PURPOSE The comparison of the efficacy of swabs containing tea tree oil and chamomile oil and baby shampoo (BS) in the treatment of seborrheic blepharitis was aimed. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active control, multicenter clinical trial included patients with seborrheic blepharitis using block randomization (BS, n=23; swabs, n=26). Patients were treated with BS or swabs for 8 weeks followed by 4 weeks of treatment withdrawal. Change in Blepharitis Symptom measure (BLISS), Demodex count, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, Schirmer test, tear breakup time (TBUT), noninvasive TBUT (NI-TBUT), corneal staining, and meibography at different visits (baseline, fourth, , and 12th week) were the main outcome measures. RESULTS Patients in both groups showed similar baseline parameters (P>0.05). Patients using swabs showed significantly lower BLISS scores compared with patients using BS at the 4th, 8th, and 12th week visits (3.6±6.1 vs. 6.3±4.5 P=0.011; 1.1±2.8 vs. 6.6±6.7, P

To compare corneal in-vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in patients with seborrheic blepharitis with healthy controls and to evaluate the correlation with theSixty-twoThe mean DCD of eyes in low (37.62 ± 25.18 cells/mm

The comparison of the diagnostic efficiency of a reference method (light microscopy [LM] using 10% potassium hydroxide [KOH]) with the use of 100% alcohol toEyelashes were epilated from the right eyes for the reference method and the left eyes for the alcohol group in 58 eyes of 29 patients. IVCM was used on the left eyes. The primary outcomes were the number ofThe rate ofKOH was found to be superior in terms of the quantification of mites compared to alcohol and IVCM.

Understanding children's risk perceptions and investigating the underlying factors are fundamental to learning more about how children interpret and respond to flood events. To date, there has been no published research about the flood risk perceptions of children in Turkey. This research aims to fill that gap, seeking a better understanding of children's flood risk perceptions to inform efforts to strengthen their resilience to flooding. We examined how flood experience shapes Turkish children's perceptions of flood risk and their level of preparedness. Children aged 11 to 14 years were surveyed, in six schools of Golcuk city, Turkey, before and after a local flood event that occurred on 27th May 2018. This research applied a mixed-method approach that collected and analysed both quantitative and qualitative data, using the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure (PRISM) methodology to measure risk perception and preparedness. The research results show that there was no statistically significant difference in children's flood risk perception before and after the local flood event. However, the importance that children placed on preparedness increased after the flood event. The flood preparedness level of the children surveyed indicates that Turkish children have insufficient knowledge of effective flood preparedness activities: there is an urgent need to make them better prepared for floods. Our findings have implications for policy, especially for those living in flood risk areas. Catastrophic flood events are expected to increase because of climate change, so it is becoming increasingly important to understand the causes of flood risk better, how people perceive flood risk, and how they will respond to flood events. Therefore, flood management policies should incorporate the knowledge, skills, and capacities of children into disaster risk reduction strategies, aiming to reduce the impacts of future flood events.