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Aim The aim of this study was to further advance our understanding of the species‐rich, and ecologically important angiosperm family Combretaceae to provide new insights into their evolutionary history. We assessed phylogenetic relationships in the family using target capture data and produced a dated phylogenetic tree to assess fruit dispersal modes and patterns of distribution. Location Tropical and subtropical regions. Time Period Cretaceous to present. Major Taxa Studied Family Combretaceae is a member of the rosid clade and comprises 10 genera and more than 500 species, predominantly assigned to generaCombretumandTerminalia, and occurring on all continents and in a wide range of ecosystems. Methods We use a target capture approach and the Angiosperms353 universal probes to reconstruct a robust dated phylogenetic tree for the family. This phylogenetic framework, combined with seed dispersal traits, biome data and biogeographic ranges, allows the reconstruction of the biogeographical history of the group. Results Ancestral range reconstructions suggest a Gondwanan origin (Africa/South America), with several intercontinental dispersals within the family and few transitions between biomes. Relative abundance of fruit dispersal types differed by both continent and biome. However, intercontinental colonizations were only significantly enhanced by water dispersal (drift fruit), and there was no evidence that seed dispersal modes influenced biome shifts. Main Conclusions Our analysis reveals a paradox as drift fruit greatly enhanced dispersal distances at intercontinental scale but did not affect the strong biome conservatism observed.

Nurses face unprecedented harms from the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey by AMN Healthcare found that registered nurses experienced significantly elevated levels of stress, burnout, and other challenges that led nearly 1 million to consider leaving nursing altogether. Despite the challenges, a confluence of positive factors present great confidence that the nursing profession can bounce back and become much stronger due to lessons learned and hardships overcome during the pandemic. There is near-universal awareness that solving the significant challenges to nursing is vitally important, because the health of the American people depends on the health of the nation's nurses.

International audience; Premise To further advance the understanding of the species-rich, economically and ecologically important angiosperm order Myrtales in the rosid clade, comprising nine families, approximately 400 genera and almost 14,000 species occurring on all continents (except Antarctica), we tested the Angiosperms353 probe kit. Methods We combined high-throughput sequencing and target enrichment with the Angiosperms353 probe kit to evaluate a sample of 485 species across 305 genera (76% of all genera in the order). Results Results provide the most comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for the order to date. Relationships at all ranks, such as the relationship of the early-diverging families, often reflect previous studies, but gene conflict is evident, and relationships previously found to be uncertain often remain so. Technical considerations for processing HTS data are also discussed. Conclusions High-throughput sequencing and the Angiosperms353 probe kit are powerful tools for phylogenomic analysis, but better understanding of the genetic data available is required to identify genes and gene trees that account for likely incomplete lineage sorting and/or hybridization events.

International audience; Organised by CSTB, FSF is a three-day event that fosters dialogue among scientists, academics and professionals in the field of facade fire safety. FSF 2019 promote the cooperation between manufacturers and researchers. Symposium scope & topics are: 1-Facade materials and systems behaviour in fire, 2-Facade testing and fire propagation, 3-Facade testing and assessments methods, 4-Numerical modelling and case studies, 5-Risk Management and Regulation.

International audience; Plant architecture strongly influences ecological performance, yet its role in plant evolution has been weakly explored. By testing both phylogenetic and environmental signals, it is possible to separate architectural traits into four categories: development constraints (phylogenetic signal only); convergences (environmental dependency only); key confluences to the environmental driver (both); unknown (neither).We analysed the evolutionary history of the genus Euphorbia, a model clade with both high architectural diversity and a wide environmental range. We conducted comparative analyses of 193 Euphorbia species worldwide using 73 architectural traits, a dated phylogeny, and climate data.We identified 14 architectural types in Euphorbia based on trait combinations. We found 22 traits and three types representing convergences under climate groups; 21 traits and four types showing phylogenetic signal but no relation to climate; and 16 traits and five types with both climate and phylogenetic signals. Major drivers of architectural trait evolution likely include water stress in deserts (selected for succulence, continuous branching), frost disturbance in temperate systems (selected for simple, prostrate, short‐lived shoots) and light competition (selected for arborescence). Simple architectures allowed resilience to disturbance, and frequent transitions into new forms. Complex architectures with functional specialisation developed under stable climates but have low evolvability.

Macrophages are innate immune cells that play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Evaluation of pro-inflammatory effects of drugs on macrophages has become commonplace in preclinical drug development prior to human clinical trials. Despite their body-wide distribution, tissue macrophages are often difficult to collect from large animals and humans in a noninvasive manner. Therefore, in vitro-differentiated macrophages are important tools to facilitate cross-species analysis of macrophage function. Although cynomolgus monkeys are an essential non-rodent species for preclinical research, in vitro differentiation of cynomolgus-monkey macrophages has been poorly characterized. In the present unit, we describe a protocol to differentiate cynomolgus-monkey macrophages from isolated bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs). In contrast to monocytes, cynomolgus-monkey BMMCs show robust expansion in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in vitro, which allows expansion of many cells from a single animal donor. Macrophages differentiated from BMMCs retain many of the macrophage phenotypes and functions, including phagocytosis and cytokine release, and therefore can be used as a surrogate to assess effects of drugs on cynomolgus-monkey macrophages. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Introduction Low and middle income countries bear a disproportionate burden of paediatric morbidity and mortality. South Africa, a middle income country, has unacceptably high mortality in children less than 5 years of age. Many factors that contribute to the child mortality rate are time sensitive and require efficient access to emergency care. Delays and barriers within the emergency medical services (EMS) system increase paediatric morbidity and mortality from time sensitive illnesses. Methods This study is a qualitative evaluation of the prehospital care system for paediatric patients in Cape Town, South Africa. A purposive sample of healthcare personnel within and interacting with the EMS system were interviewed. A structured interview form was used to gather data. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed; two independent reviewers performed blinded content analysis of the transcribed script. Results 33 structured interviews were conducted over a 4 week period. Eight broad themes were identified during coding, including: access, communication, community education, equipment, infrastructure, staffing, training and triage. Subcategories were used to identify areas for targeted intervention. Overall agreement between the two independent coders was 93.36%, with a κ coefficient of 0.69. Conclusions The prehospital system is central to delivering time sensitive care for paediatric patients. In a single centre middle income setting, communication barriers between dispatch personnel and medical facilities/EMS personnel were deemed to be a high priority intervention in order to improve care delivery. Other areas for targeted interventions should include broadening the advanced life support provider base and introducing basic medical language in dispatch staff training.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) in children is frequently paucibacillary and non-severe forms of pulmonary TB are common. Evidence for tuberculosis treatment in children is largely extrapolated from adult studies. Trials in adults with smear-negative tuberculosis suggest that treatment can be effectively shortened from 6 to 4 months. New paediatric, fixed-dose combination anti-tuberculosis treatments have recently been introduced in many countries, making the implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO)-revised dosing recommendations feasible. The safety and efficacy of these higher drug doses has not been systematically assessed in large studies in children, and the pharmacokinetics across children representing the range of weights and ages should be confirmed. Methods/design: SHINE is a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, non-inferiority, randomised controlled, two-arm trial comparing a 4-month vs the standard 6-month regimen using revised WHO paediatric anti-tuberculosis drug doses. We aim to recruit 1200 African and Indian children aged below 16 years with non-severe TB, with or without HIV infection. The primary efficacy and safety endpoints are TB disease-free survival 72 weeks post randomisation and grade 3 or 4 adverse events. Nested pharmacokinetic studies will evaluate anti-tuberculosis drug concentrations, providing model-based predictions for optimal dosing, and measure antiretroviral exposures in order to describe the drug-drug interactions in a subset of HIV-infected children. Socioeconomic analyses will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the intervention and social science studies will further explore the acceptability and palatability of these new paediatric drug formulations. Discussion: Although recent trials of TB treatment-shortening in adults with sputum-positivity have not been successful, the question has never been addressed in children, who have mainly paucibacillary, non-severe smearnegative disease. SHINE should inform whether treatment-shortening of drug-susceptible TB in children, regardless of HIV status, is efficacious and safe. The trial will also fill existing gaps in knowledge on dosing and acceptability of new anti-tuberculosis formulations and commonly used HIV drugs in settings with a high burden of TB. A positive result from this trial could simplify and shorten treatment, improve adherence and be cost-saving for many children with TB. Recruitment to the SHINE trial begun in July 2016; results are expected in 2020. Trial registration: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number: ISRCTN63579542, 14 October 2014. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry Number: PACTR201505001141379, 14 May 2015. Clinical Trial Registry-India, registration number: CTRI/2017/07/009119, 27 July 2017.

Background Despite the high burden of pediatric mortality from preventable conditions in low and middle income countries and the existence of multiple tools to prioritize critically ill children in low-resource settings, no analysis exists of the reliability and validity of these tools in identifying critically ill children in these scenarios. Methods The authors performed a systematic search of the peer-reviewed literature published, for studies pertaining to for triage and IMCI in low and middle-income countries in English language, from January 01, 2000 to October 22, 2013. An updated literature search was performed on on July 1, 2015. The databases searched included the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline, PubMed and Web of Science. Only studies that presented data on the reliability and validity evaluations of triage tool were included in this review. Two independent reviewers utilized a data abstraction tool to collect data on demographics, triage tool components and the reliability and validity data and summary findings for each triage tool assessed. Results Of the 4,717 studies searched, seven studies evaluating triage tools and 10 studies evaluating IMCI were included. There were wide varieties in method for assessing reliability and validity, with different settings, outcome metrics and statistical methods. Conclusions Studies evaluating triage tools for pediatric patients in low and middle income countries are scarce. Furthermore the methodology utilized in the conduct of these studies varies greatly and does not allow for the comparison of tools across study sites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0796-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Triage Tools Data Abstraction. (PDF 126Â kb)

Systematic review inclusion and exclusion criteria. (DOCX 71Â kb)

Search Strategy. (DOCX 24Â kb)

Postoperative skin reactions are rare but serious complications. Contact dermatitis, allergic reactions, and burns had been reported. Drugs, disinfectant solutions used for skin preparation, wound dressings had associated with these skin reactions. %10 Povidone iodine solution, being a powerful antiseptic and wide spectrum disinfectant has recently replaced iodine solutions because of sensitivity reactions reported.It has a dark, amber brown color and gives the skin this color. Contact dermatitis, burns had been reported in cases who had skin preparation with %10 povidone iodine. In our case report, some postoperative skin reactions had been described, the possible causes discussed and the important points for careful preoperative skin preparation with povidone iodine had been reviewed., Ameliyat sonrası cilt reaksiyonları ender bildirilen ancak ciddi komplikasyonlardır. Kontakt dermatit, alerjik reaksiyonlar, yanık olguları bildirilmiştir. Bu cilt reaksiyonlarından ilaçlar, cilt hazırlığı için kullanılan solüsyonlar, yara pansuman malzemeleri gibi etkenler sorumlu tutulmuştur. %10 Povidon iyot solüsyonu, güçlü bir antiseptik ve geniş spektrumlu bir dezenfektan olarak, son yıllarda bildirilen sensitivite reaksiyonları nedeniyle iyot solüsyonunun yerini almıştır. Koyu amber kahverengidir ve cilde rengini verir. %10 Povidon iyot solüsyonu ile cilt temizliği uygulanan olgularda, kontakt dermatit, yanık gibi çeşitli cilt reaksiyonları bildirilmiştir. Olgu sunumumuzda, postoperatif dönemde karşılaştığımız bazı cilt reaksiyonları bildirilmiş, olası nedenleri tartışılarak, ameliyat öncesi %10 povidon iyot solüsyonu ile cilt hazırlığında özen gösterilmesi gereken noktalar belirtilmiştir.

Plague has three distinct clinical forms. Bubonic plague may resemble many viral syndromes; a distinct feature is buboes. Buboes are swollen lymph nodes filled with multiplying bacteria. They form near the bacteria’s entry point into the bloodstream. Septicemic plague symptoms can include abdominal pain and shock, with bleeding into skin and internal organs. Tissue manifestations include fingers, toes, or other areas turning black and necrotic. Bubonic and septicemic forms are transmitted by flea bites or the handling of infected animals. Pneumonic plague is easily transmitted from human to human by the inhalation of infectious droplets. Pneumonic plague is often lethal, resulting in respiratory failure and shock. Antibiotic treatment should be started as soon as plague as suspected. A vaccine, which is no longer being manufactured, was effective against the bubonic plague but not pneumonic plague. Research is ongoing for a vaccine effective against pneumonic plague, the form most likely to be utilized as a biological weapon.

Article consultable sur [http://web.b.ebscohost.com.inshs.bib.cnrs.fr/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=4978745d-4866-47ef-84fe-c9bf232b3b92%40sessionmgr120&bdata=Jmxhbmc9ZnImc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#AN=118170097&db=asn]; International audience; This article addresses the characterization of resistive archaeological targets and near surface structures by electromagnetic induction (EMI). It presents tests achieved with the DualEM-421S instrument (Dualem Inc., Milton, Canada) in order to be able to quantitatively compare these measurements to the standard technique of direct-current (d.c.) resistivity. The test was done over the Gallo-roman site of Vieil-Evreux in Normandy, France and one-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) inversions were applied to the data set obtained. We have first investigated the signal-to-noise ratio of each of the six DualEM receiver coils both in a static mode and for a quad-pulled system. The dependence on the roll angle was also measured and it is shown that rotation of DualEM must be taken into account if the roll angle is more than ±10°. Absolute calibration and in-phase/quadrature (out of phase) component discrimination was checked by measuring the response of a small conductive and non-magnetic sphere. Several electromagnetic soundings by measuring the instrument response at different heights were done in order to check the quadrature (out-of-phase) response of the instrument. Inversions of these electromagnetic soundings were compared to d.c. vertical electric soundings (VESs) over four locations and found in accordance. Several maps using different coil configurations (HCP, VCP, PERP) and different heights were performed and inverted, both for a wide mesh (5 m) and for a finer one (0.5 m). The wide mesh allows a global and rapid description of the surface geology context (continuous d.c. measurements cannot deliver equivalent depth of investigation). The fine mesh conductivity maps clearly show the walls of a fanum (temple) as well as other structures and prove that the DualEM-421S is able to map correctly archaeological resistive targets. These maps and their interpretations were compared to previous results obtained by d.c. technique.

Phosphorylation of histone H3 protein at serine 10 is an important step in chromatin remodeling during transcriptional transactivation. IkappaB kinase-alpha (IKK-alpha) and Mitogen- and Stress-activated protein Kinases 1 and 2 (MSK1/2) have been shown to play key roles in the transcriptional regulation of immediate early genes such as c-fos. Interestingly, IKK-alpha and MSK1/2 have also been implicated as histone H3-Ser10 kinases. In this work, we have shown that MSK1/2 are required for epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced, but not tumor necrosis factor-induced, histone H3-Ser10 phosphorylation, both globally and at specific promoters. Consistent with this, MSK1/2 are required for optimal immediate early c-fos transcription in response to EGF potentially through control of both H3-Ser10 and promoter-associated cAMP-response element-binding protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, MSK1/2 control EGF-induced IkappaB alpha promoter H3-Ser10 phosphorylation in the absence of elevated transcription. These studies demonstrate the existence of pathway-specific mechanisms to control histone H3-Ser10 phosphorylation and gene expression.

Mitogenic activation of expression of immediate-early genes, such as c-fos, is controlled through signal-induced phosphorylation of constitutively bound transcription factors that is correlated with a nucleosomal response that involves inducible chromatin modifications, such as histone phosphorylation and acetylation. Here we have explored a potential role for the transcription factor NF-kappaB and its associated signaling components in mediating induction of c-fos gene expression downstream of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent signaling. Here we show that EGF treatment of quiescent fibroblast does not induce the classical pathway of NF-kappaB activation through IkappaB kinase (IKK)-directed IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Interestingly, efficient induction of c-fos transcription requires IKKalpha, one of the subunits of the IkappaB kinase complex. The NF-kappaB subunit, p65/RelA, is found constitutively associated with the c-fos promoter, and knock-out of this transcription factor significantly reduces c-fos gene expression. Importantly, EGF induces the recruitment of IKKalpha to the c-fos promoter to regulate promoter-specific histone H3 Ser(10) phosphorylation in a manner that is independent of p65/RelA. Collectively, our data demonstrate that IKKalpha and p65/RelA contribute significantly to EGF-induced c-fos gene expression in a manner independent of the classical, IkappaBalpha degradation, p65/RelA nuclear accumulation response pathway.

Extensive data indicate that the transcription factor NF kappa B is activated by signals downstream of oncoproteins such as Ras or breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-ABL. Consistent with this, evidence has been presented that NF kappa B activity is required for Ras and BCR-ABL to transform cells. However, it remains unclear whether these oncoproteins activate a full spectrum of NF kappa B-dependent gene expression or whether they may augment or interfere with other stimuli that activate NF kappa B. The data presented here indicate that BCR-ABL expression in 32D myeloid cells or oncogenic Ras expression in murine fibroblasts blocks the ability of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to activate NF kappa B. This suppression of NF kappa B is manifested by an inhibition of TNF-induced inhibitor of NF kappa B (IKK) activity and NF kappa B DNA binding potential but not by blocking TNF-induced nuclear accumulation of NF kappa B/p65. The inhibition of NF kappa B is not observed in oncogenic Raf-expressing cells and is not fully restored by the suppression of PI3-kinase or MEK pathways. Oncogenic Ras suppresses the ability of TNF to activate the expression of NF kappa B-dependent genes, such as iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted). These studies suggest that the ability of Ras and BCR-ABL to activate NF kappa B involves an uncharacterized pathway that does not involve classic IKK activity and that suppresses the TNF-induced IKK pathway through a Raf/MEK/Erk-independent mechanism.