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L’objectif de cette analyse de contenu est d’étudier les lois sur l’indemnisation des accidents de travail au Canada, dans le but de déterminer si les mesures législatives en place répondent aux besoins des travailleuses et travailleurs en protection de l’enfance qui subissent des blessures liées au stress occupationnel (BSO). Après une revue de littérature détaillée sur les risques psychologiques inhérents au travail de protection de l’enfance, ainsi qu’une analyse du contenu des lois sur l’indemnisation des accidents de travail au Canada, nous soutenons deux choses : (a) la nature du travail de protection de l’enfance et les facteurs organisationnels exposent les intervenant·es de ce milieu à des risques particuliers de développer des BSO ; (b) quand ces intervenant·es subissent effectivement une blessure psychologique, ils et elles doivent s’orienter dans un système d’indemnisation des accidents de travail qui ne reconnait pas leur blessure comme une blessure occupationnelle et indemnisable. En tant qu’intervenant·es de première ligne responsables de la sécurité des enfants, les travailleurs et travailleuses en protection de l’enfance sont exposé·es à du stress aigu autant qu’à du stress chronique, ce qui leur fait courir un risque psychologique considérable, similaire à celui que subissent les personnes qui figurent actuellement sous la catégorie des « emplois d’exception » (premiers répondants et premières répondantes et autres intervenant·es de la sécurité publique) dans les lois sur l’indemnisation des accidents du travail. Nous recommandons que les agences d’intervention en protection de l’enfance prennent plus de mesures pour atténuer les risques psychologiques de leurs intervenant·es et que parmi les mesures législatives sur l’indemnisation des accidents de travail, les services de protection de l’enfance soient considérés comme un « emploi d’exception » et que leurs intervenant·es reçoivent par conséquent une indemnisation comparable à celle de leurs homologues de cette catégorie d’emploi.

Anatomic studies have suggested that the central insular sulcus (CIS) runs in line with the Rolandic sulcus (RS). The radiographic relationship between the RS and CIS has not been systematically studied. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of using the CIS as a radiologic landmark to identify the RS.We retrospectively reviewed 100 consecutive normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (200 hemispheres) performed at a single institution. MRI scans with any intracranial pathology or finding were excluded. Sagittal and axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences were used in this study. Two evaluators independently evaluated the relationship of the CIS and RS in all MRI scans. A predefined 3-step method was then used to identify the CIS, RS, and hand motor area in sagittal and axial images.The CIS was found to be correlated with the RS in 191 hemispheres (95.5%). In the remaining 9 hemispheres, the postcentral sulcus represented the most correlated sulcus with the CIS (7 hemispheres). The interrater agreement was 0.673 (P0.05), indicating a substantial agreement. The hand motor area was identified in the same section as the CIS in 175 hemispheres (87.5%).The CIS is a highly reliable radiographic landmark for the identification of the RS. The hand motor area can also be identified reliably using this method.

This paper explains the origins, features and impacts of ‘knowledge activism’ as an emergent form of collective OHS resistance. Coupling labour process theory with Pierre Bourdieu‘s concepts of capital, the analysis connects transformations in production, management, technology, and neoliberal governance to shifts in labour/management power relations, both within the joint committee and the workplace more generally, as defined by the relative social, cultural and symbolic capital accumulated and mobilized by worker representatives.

Supplementary Figure

A.Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed on control or shCdc42 MiaPaCa2 murine sciatic nerve tumors. Slides were stained with DAPI (blue) nuclear staining and primary antibodies (green) targeting total Cdc42, �-Pix, RET, and phospho-RET. B. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and GTP-Cdc42 immunohistochemistry of a control MiaPaCa2 murine sciatic nerve tumor.

AVI file - 3.3MB, Time-lapse live video microscopy showing morphological changes induced after Dvl2 depletion in U87 glioma cells.

AVI file - 3.1MB, Time-lapse live video microscopy of U87 glioma cells infected with control shRNA.

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Studies in several national jurisdictions have highlighted the limitations of joint health and safety committees and worker representatives in affecting change in working conditions. Using Canadian data, this article focuses on the argument that many health and safety committees and worker representatives have been captured or substantially controlled through the State’s promotion of an internal responsibility system framed around a technocratic partnership. The historical development of this framing is first understood within a political economic framework which highlights several major influences, followed by a field theory analysis which explains how these control relations are established by management within workplace settings.

Background and ObjectivesAccurate delineation of the seizure-onset zone (SOZ) in focal drug-resistant epilepsy often requires stereo-EEG (SEEG) recordings. Our aims were to propose a truly objective and quantitative comparison between EEG/magnetoencephalography (MEG) source imaging (EMSI), EEG/fMRI responses for similar spikes with primary irritative zone (PIZ) and SOZ defined by SEEG and to evaluate the value of EMSI and EEG/fMRI to predict postsurgical outcome.MethodsWe identified patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who underwent EEG/MEG, EEG/fMRI, and subsequent SEEG at the Epilepsy Service from the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital. We quantified multimodal concordance within the SEEG channel space as spatial overlap with PIZ/SOZ and distances to the spike-onset, spike maximum amplitude and seizure core intracerebral channels by applying a new methodology consisting of converting EMSI results into SEEG electrical potentials (EMSIe–SEEG) and projecting the most significant fMRI response on the SEEG channels (fMRIp–SEEG). Spatial overlaps with PIZ/SOZ (AUCPIZ, AUCSOZ) were assessed by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Here, AUC represents the probability that a randomly picked active contact exhibited higher amplitude when located inside the spatial reference than outside.ResultsSeventeen patients were included. Mean spatial overlaps with the PIZ and SOZ were 0.71 and 0.65 for EMSIe–SEEG and 0.57 and 0.62 for fMRIp–SEEG. Good EMSIe–SEEG spatial overlap with the PIZ was associated with smaller distance from the maximum EMSIe–SEEG contact to the spike maximum amplitude channel (median distance 14 mm). Conversely, good fMRIp–SEEG spatial overlap with the SOZ was associated with smaller distances from the maximum fMRIp–SEEG contact to the spike-onset and seizure core channels (median distances 10 and 5 mm, respectively). Surgical outcomes were correctly predicted by EEG/MEG in 12 of 15 (80%) patients and EEG/fMRI in 6 of 11(54%) patients.DiscussionWith the use of a unique quantitative approach estimating EMSI and fMRI results in the reference SEEG channel space, EEG/MEG and EEG/fMRI accurately localized the SOZ and the PIZ. Precisely, EEG/MEG more accurately localized the PIZ, whereas EEG/fMRI was more sensitive to the SOZ. Both neuroimaging techniques provide complementary localization that can help guide SEEG implantation and select good candidates for surgery.

The present study investigates the multiple reflexes of historical +[sk] clusters in Low German (Westphalian/Northern Low German) dialects. Original descriptions of over thirty varieties of those dialects spoken between the end of the 19th century to the present day reveal that there are a number of realizations of [sk] (e. g. [sk], [sx], [sç], [ʃx], [ʃç], [s]), whose occurrence depends on both the position within a word (initial, medial, final) and geography (the location of the dialect within a broad region in northwest Germany). The synchronic patterns are argued to reflect a series of diachronic stages: The change from any one of those stages to the next is shown to involve either the emergence of a new sound change (rule addition) or the extension of a preexisting change to a new context (rule generalization). A secondary goal of the present contribution is to show how the treatment of Low German sheds light on the change from historical +[sk] to [ʃ] in High German. In particular, it is argued – contrary to the position taken by the overwhelming majority of Germanicists – that the High German change involved the coalescence of two sounds into one without any intermediate stages.

Individual worker complaints continue to be the core foundation of employment standards enforcement in many Western jurisdictions, including the Canadian province of Ontario. In the contemporary labour market context where segments of the labour force may be disproportionately impacted by rights violations, and employment relationships are more diverse and often more tenuous than previously, the continued reliance on individual claims suggests a need to better understand the challenges associated with the investigation and resolution of claims involving ‘vulnerable workers’ in precarious employment situations. Using interviews with front-line Ontario employment standards officers (ESOs), this article examines the extent to which certain worker characteristics and employment situations perceived by officers as ‘vulnerable’ are identified by officers as significant constraints or barriers to investigation processes and outcomes, and documents whether and how officers address these constraints and barriers. The analysis also identifies the perceived influence of policy, resource and legislative requirements in shaping how officers deal with the more difficult and challenging cases, while also considering the extent to which the officers’ actions are understood by them as discretionary and guided by their particular orientations or concerns. In so doing, this article reveals challenges to the resolution of claims in precarious employment situations, the very place where employment standards are often most needed.

Although changes in occupational stress policy and legislation have drawn increasing attention in Central and Western Canada, relatively little is known about developments in the Atlantic region. In this article, we focus on examining legal reforms, specific policy, and collective bargaining agreement developments in the two Canadian Atlantic provinces that are currently publicly addressing the need for presumptive legislation: Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador. We focus on two occupational groups, police and correctional services, who have been cited in media and public discussions as focal points for legislative and policy reform because of the nature of their work. We assess how stress-related compensation and prevention laws are developing in Atlantic Canada and how occupational policies are moving in a similar direction across the country among these groups. We find that Atlantic Canada is moving relatively slowly to embrace the policy changes introduced by other provinces and the federal government, in terms of legal reforms, organizational policy, and collective bargaining language. We conclude that the lack of legal reforms in compensation, health, and safety law and the limited progress in occupational policies and collective agreements are mutually reinforcing the slow pace of change.

Coordinated directional migration of cells in the mesoderm layer of the early embryo is essential for organization of the body plan. Here we show that mesoderm organization in mouse embryos depends on β-Pix (Arhgef7), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42. As early as E7.5, β-Pix mutants have an abnormally thick mesoderm layer; later, paraxial mesoderm fails to organize into somites. To define the mechanism of action of β-Pix in vivo, we optimize single-cell live-embryo imaging, cell tracking, and volumetric analysis of individual and groups of mesoderm cells. Use of these methods shows that wild-type cells move in the same direction as their neighbors, whereas adjacent β-Pix mutant cells move in random directions. Wild-type mesoderm cells have long polarized filopodia-like protrusions, which are absent in β-Pix mutants. The data indicate that β-Pix-dependent cellular protrusions drive and coordinate collective migration of the mesoderm in vivo., Mesodermal directional cell migration is needed to establish body plan but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors show that loss of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42, β-Pix, at mouse gastrulation disrupts the orderly, collective anterior migration of mesoderm cells due to defective cell protrusions.

Perineural invasion (PNI) is an ominous form of cancer progression along nerves associated with poor clinical outcome. Glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) interacts with cancer cell RET receptors to enable PNI, but downstream events remain undefined. We demonstrate that GDNF leads to early activation of the GTPase Cdc42 in pancreatic cancer cells, but only delayed activation of RhoA and does not affect Rac1. Depletion of Cdc42 impairs pancreatic cancer cell chemotaxis toward GDNF and nerves. An siRNA library of guanine nucleotide exchange factors was screened to identify activators of Cdc42. ARHGEF7 (β-Pix) was required for Cdc42 activation and chemotaxis toward nerves, and also colocalizes with RET under GDNF stimulation. Cdc42 enables PNI in an in vitro dorsal root ganglia coculture model, and controls the directionality of migration but does not affect cell speed or cell viability. In contrast, Rac1 was necessary for cell speed but not directionality, while the RhoA was not necessary for either cell speed or directionality. Cdc42 was required for PNI in an in vivo murine sciatic nerve model. Depletion of Cdc42 significantly diminished the length of PNI, volume of PNI, and motor nerve paralysis resulting from PNI. Activated Cdc42 is expressed in human salivary ductal cancer cells invading nerves. These findings establish the GDNF–RET–β-Pix–Cdc42 pathway as a directional regulator of pancreatic cancer cell migration toward nerves, highlight the importance of directional migration in PNI, and offer novel targets for therapy. Implications: Cdc42 regulates cancer cell directional migration toward and along nerves in PNI.

IMPORTANCE: Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) has become the criterion standard in case of inconclusive noninvasive presurgical epilepsy workup. However, up to 40% of patients are subsequently not offered surgery because the seizure-onset zone is less focal than expected or cannot be identified. OBJECTIVE: To predict focality of the seizure-onset zone in SEEG, the 5-point 5-SENSE score was developed and validated. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a monocentric cohort study for score development followed by multicenter validation with patient selection intervals between February 2002 to October 2018 and May 2002 to December 2019. The minimum follow-up period was 1 year. Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing SEEG at the Montreal Neurological Institute were analyzed to identify a focal seizure-onset zone. Selection criteria were 2 or more seizures in electroencephalography and availability of complete neuropsychological and neuroimaging data sets. For validation, patients from 9 epilepsy centers meeting these criteria were included. Analysis took place between May and July 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Based on SEEG, patients were grouped as focal and nonfocal seizure-onset zone. Demographic, clinical, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, and neuropsychology data were analyzed, and a multiple logistic regression model for developing a score to predict SEEG focality was created and validated in an independent sample. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients (57 women [44.5%]; median [range] age, 31 [13-58] years) were analyzed for score development and 207 patients (97 women [46.9%]; median [range] age, 32 [16-70] years) were analyzed for validation. The score comprised the following 5 predictive variables: focal lesion on structural magnetic resonance imaging, absence of bilateral independent spikes in scalp electroencephalography, localizing neuropsychological deficit, strongly localizing semiology, and regional ictal scalp electroencephalography onset. The 5-SENSE score had an optimal mean (SD) probability cutoff for identifying a focal seizure-onset zone of 37.6 (3.5). Area under the curve, specificity, and sensitivity were 0.83, 76.3% (95% CI, 66.7-85.8), and 83.3% (95% CI, 72.30-94.1), respectively. Validation showed 76.0% (95% CI, 67.5-84.0) specificity and 52.3% (95% CI, 43.0-61.5) sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: High specificity in score development and validation confirms that the 5-SENSE score predicts patients where SEEG is unlikely to identify a focal seizure-onset zone. It is a simple and useful tool for assisting clinicians to reduce unnecessary invasive diagnostic burden on patients and overutilization of limited health care resources.