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U suvremenoj proizvodnji mlijeka upotreba antibiotika jedan je od razloga sve veće rezistencije mikroorganizama na antibiotike. Upravo je mastitis, upala mliječne žlijezde, najskuplja i najčešća bolest mljekarskog sektora, uzrok je najveće potrošnje antibiotika čije je liječenje često puta bezuspješno. Suočavajući se sa sve višom stopom rezistencije mikroorganizama na antimikrobne tvari antibiotika, suvremeno animalna proizvodnja potražila je nova rješenja uporabom preparata biljnog podrijetla. Osim toga, sve se veća važnost pridodaje individualnom pristupu kravama, te neki od takvih pristupa podrazumijevaju uporabu bolusa s bioaktivnim tvarima. Bolus je medij kojim se oralnom aplikacijom iskorištavaju anatomske specifičnosti preživača jer se aktivne tvar iz bolusa sporo otpuštaju u buragu i životinjama omogućuje njeno bolje i učinkovitije iskorištenje kroz određeni vremenski period. Cilj ovog rada je bio utvrditi učinkovitost korištenja bolusa s bioaktivnim tvarima (niacinamid, inulin, salicin te antioksidanti gingeroli, šogaoli, zingeron) na proizvodnju i zdravstveni status mliječnih krava. Istraživanje je provedeno na OPG-u Orbanić u središnjoj Istri na 20 mliječnih krava smeđe pasmina u dvije skupine prema dobi, te je svaka skupina imala je svoju kontrolnu podskupinu. Uvjeti držanja i hranidbe za sve krave bili su istovjetni, a aplikacija bolusa provedena je jednokratno, na početku pokusnog perioda. Analize mlijeka provedene su u Središnjem laboratoriju za kontrolu kvalitete mlijeka u Križevcima svakih 15 dana kroz period od dva mjeseca. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno statistički značajno (p≤0, 01) povećanje mliječnosti krava tretiranih bolusima (16, 29 vs. 27, 60). Od pokazatelja zdravstvenog statusa krava tijekom ispitivanog razdoblja broj somatskih stanica je smanjen (p≤0, 05) posebno kod starijih krava, dok se ukupan broj mikroorganizama u mlijeku statistički nije razlikovao, stoga zaključujemo da korištenje bolusa s bioaktivnim tvarina u proizvodnji mlijeka pridonosi povećanju proizvodnje uz potencijalno poboljšanje ydravstvenog statusa mliječnih krava.

Od njihovog otkrića i primjene penicilina u 40-tim prošlog stoljeća, antibiotici su igrali važnu ulogu u prevenciji, kontroli i liječenju zaraznih bolesti ljudi i životinja. Dokazano je da je uporaba antibiotika u hrani za životinje važan način za povećanje učinkovitosti iskorištenja hrane, poticanje rasta životinja i poboljšanje kvalitete animalnih proizvoda. Međutim, nerazumna uporaba antibiotika dovela je do razvoja rezistentnosti koja može dovesti do prijenosa rezistentnih bakterija i čimbenika rezistentnosti sa životinja na ljude. Zbog ove zabrinutosti, zemlje članice Europske unije zabranile su sve antibiotske stimulatore rasta 2006. u skladu s Uredbom Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća EC br. 1831/2003. Međutim, zabrana upotrebe antibiotika u hrani za životinje donijela je neželjene učinke na stočarsku proizvodnju, poput porasta infekcija kod životinja i smrtnosti, te smanjenja produktivnosti. Kako bi se te neželjene posljedice prevladale, uz globalni problem dramatičnog razvoja bakterijske rezistencije na sintetske antibiotike, istraživačima je naloženo da razmotre korištenje drugih prirodnih proizvoda s antibiotskim djelovanjem. Najčešći prirodni dodaci stočnoj hrani koji se mogu ponuditi kao alternativa antibioticima su biljni ekstrakti i bioaktivni biljni sekundarni metaboliti. Fenolni spojevi (karotenoidi, alkaloidi, fenolni kiseline, flavonoide i tanine), saponini i eterična ulja su najpoznatiji predstavnici biljnih sekundarnih metabolita. Najčešća aplikacija tih tvari vrši se preko hrane, odnosno, apliciraju se kao dio premiksa. Međutim od 2000-tih osmišljen je napredniji sustav aplikacije, bolusima, koji se jednostavno smještaju u burag životinje. Ovi su bolusi osmišljeni tako da se iz njih aktivne tvari oslobađaju/otapaju tijekom kontroliranog vremenskog razdoblja i svoje djelotvorno djelovanje ispoljavaju kroz dulje vrijeme. Stoga je i svrha našeg rada analizirati dosadašnja dostignuća i vlastita istraživanja u korištenju bioaktivnih tvari biljaka kao alternativu antibioticima, kroz njihovu primjenu putem bolusa.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology which affects the oral mucosa. OLP varies in its clinical features from a reticular form that is, in most cases, asymptomatic, to atrophic– erosive, and is accompanied by symptoms of burning sensation and pain followed by difficulty in eating. Given the fact that OLP is a disease of unknown etiology, the treatment is symptomatic and involves suppressing the signs and symptoms of the disease using various topical and systemic drugs. The first line of therapy for treating symptomatic OLP is topical corticosteroids, whereas systemic corticosteroids are used for treating persistent lesions that do not respond to local treatment. However, the lack of convincing evidence on the efficacy of previous therapies, including topical corticosteroids, and numerous side effects that have appeared over recent years has resulted in the emergence and development of new therapeutic options. Some of the therapies mentioned are tacrolimus, efalizumab, dapson, interferon, retinoic acid, photochemotherapy with psoralen and ultraviolet A rays (PUVA), aloe vera, antimalarials, antibiotics and others. These therapies only partially meet the properties of efficacy and safety of use, thus justifying the continuous search and testing of new treatment methods.

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a potentially malignant lesion of the oral mucosa with increased risk of malignant transformation compared to healthy mucosa. Today, many clinical, histopathological, and molecular factors are used as potential predictors of malignant transformation. The aim of the research is to immunohistochemically determine the presence of CD44 and Ki67 in OL and to compare the obtained data with the presence of CD44 and Ki67 in the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy oral mucosa (HOM). Thirty OL, 30 OSCC and 20 HOM were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Significant difference between groups in relation to the presence of CD44 and Ki67 in the epithelium were detected. Significant difference between groups in relation to the presence of CD44 in II were detected. Significant difference of Ki67 presence in II has been detected between OSCC and OL, OSCC and HOM, but not between OL and HOM. Positive correlations with CD44 both in the epithelium and in the II of OL were detected. Positive correlation between CD44 in inflammation with CD44 and Ki67 in the epithelium of OL were detected. Increased immunohistochemical presence of CD44 and Ki67 in OL may be a useful predictor of early changes in malignant transformation.

U suvremenoj, preciznoj proizvodnji mlijeka sve je značajniji individualni pristup kravama. Individualni pristup baziran na korištenju bolusa, medija kojim se oralnom aplikacijom iskorištavaju anatomske specifičnosti preživača, kod kojih se aktivna tvar iz bolusa sporo otpušta u buragu i životinjama omogućuje njeno učinkovitije iskorištenje. Bolusima je moguće životinjama aplicirati bilo koju hranjivu ili aktivnu tvar, čime se pridonosi poboljšanju proizvodnje i zdravstvenog statusa životinje. Bolusima se najčešće apliciraju minerali, vitamini ili njihovi kompleksi, dok se u najnovije vrijeme koriste i kao mediji za dodavanje nekih drugih tvari, kao što su probiotici i biljni ekstrakti. Cilj rada je utvrditi učinkovitost korištenja bolusa s bioaktivnim tvarima na proizvodnju i sastav mlijeka, te broj somatskih stanica u mlijeku, kao pokazatelja zdravlja vimena, odnosno, zdravstvenog statusa mliječnih krava. Za istraživanje će se odabrati 10 krava koje će biti tretirane bolusima, te 10 krava kao kontrolna skupina, bez apliciranih bolusa. Kriterij za odabir krava iz kompletnog stada za istraživanje će biti sastav mlijeka, odnosno broj somatski stanica u mlijeku. Odabrat će se krave iste starosti, te one koje imaju >200.000 BSS/mL mlijeka. Aplikacija bolusa će se provodi jednokratno, na početku pokusnog perioda. Uvjeti držanja i hranidbe za sve krave biti će istovjetni, dok će se pokusnim aplicirati bolusi s bioaktivnim komponentama (herbalni ekstrakti i probiotik) zaštićeni biofilmom. Istraživana svojstva će se pratiti u vremenskom razdoblju od šest mjeseci, četiri mjeseca prije aplikacije, te dva pokusna mjeseca. Analiza mlijeka provodit će se u Središnjem laboratoriju za kontrolu kvalitete mlijeka (SLKM) u Križevcima. Tijekom pokusnog perioda došlo je do blagog povećanja svih parametara proizvodnje mlijeka, osim sadržaja laktoze, te je došlo do statistički značajnog povećanja ukupne proizvodnje mlijeka za oko 15%. Što se zdravstvenog statusa životinja tiče, značajno (p≤0, 01) se smanjio broj somatskih stanica u mlijeku za oko 30% , te možemo zaključiti da dodavanje bolusa s bioaktivnim tvarima značajno smanjuje broj somatskih stanica u mlijeku, odnosno, pridonosi poboljšanju zdravlja vimena mliječnih krava

U Hrvatskoj usluge specijalista oralne medicine dostupne su na klinikama stomatoloških fakulteta, u nekim bolnicama i u privatnoj praksi. Svrha ove retrospektivne studije bila je usporediti djelatnosti oralne medicine na raznim lokacijama. Analiziran je rad specijalista oralne medicine u Zagrebu kroz 3 mjeseca, na fakultetskoj klinici, bolnici i privatno, analizom 796 pacijenta/slučajeva. Na fakultetskoj klinici u Zagrebu i u privatnoj praksi djelatnost je slična, a djelatnost u okviru bolnice dosta se razlikuje. Fakultetska i privatna oralna medicina bavi se uglavnom (>95% slučajeva) zbrinjavanjem bolesti usta vanjskih pacijenata. U bolničkom okruženju manji dio rada specijalista odnosi se na zbrinjavanje bolesti usta (37% slučajeva), a dominira skrb za hospitalizirane i bolesnike s posebnim potrebama. Tamo se obavljaju pripreme (37% slučajeva) za kardiokirurški zahvat, transplantaciju, radioterapiju, kemoterapiju te terapiju antiresorptivnim, antiangiogenim ili biološkim lijekovima te se pruža stomatološka skrb medicinski kompleksnim bolesnicima (12% slučajeva). Također spec. oralne medicine u bolnici sudjeluju u sanaciji zuba u općoj anesteziji (14% slučajeva). Djelatnost spec. oralne medicine u bolnici je područje special care dentistry/ hospitalne stomatologije/stomatologije posebne skrbi, a što otvara pitanje potrebe dodatne edukacije za rad s tim skupinama bolesnika.

In the relevant literature, various changes of oral mucosa and taste disorders have been described so far in patients with COVID-19 disease, and there is no data on how specific this is and whether it can be an indicator of the disease. The aim of this study was to test two hypotheses: People infected with the SARS-CoV-2, with or without signs of COVID-19 disease, do not have specific recognizable oral manifestations of the disease. Taste sensitivity disorder may be an early sign of infection or disease. The study involved 145 subjects divided into 3 groups: H (hospitalised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection), P - post-COVID-19 group (after COVID- 19 disease) and controls (without past or current SARS CoV-2 infection). Oral examinations were performed by specialists in oral medicine/oral pathology, as the most relevant experts in identifying and describing possible oral lesions. Also, data on possible taste disorders were collected from all participants. Results: In 8/50 H-group patients asymptomatic oral candidiasis (different types) was found and in 5/8 it was accompanied with severe hyposalivation. 2/50 H-group patients reported taste disorder (dysgeusia and hypogeusia) which developed parallelly with dry mouth. P-group participants haven't noticed oral diseases during infection, nor they were found in the post-COVID period. 25/49 P-group subjects reported taste sensitivity disorder and/or loss during COVID infection and in 20/49 it was a presenting sign of the disease. In 5/46 controls oral lesions (2 fibromas, oral candidiasis, morsicatio, oral mucosal peeling, fistula) were found. None of the controls reported a taste sensitivity disorder. In conclusion, nor individuals infected with SARS- CoV-19 neither patients with COVID-19 disease have specific or non-specific oral manifestations that could be useful in clinical practice, i.e. that can help identify and possibly predict the course of the disease. Taste sensitivity disorder and/or loss is a possible presenting sign of SARS- CoV-2 infection.

Introduction: Burning mouth syndrome is a painful condition of unknown etiology that impairs quality of life and lacks adequate therapeutic options. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the most effective treatment option for burning mouth syndrome. Informative treatment alone, B-vitamin injections, oral cavity probiotics and low level laser treatment (LLLT) were evaluated and compared. Material and methods: The study included a total of 62 patients diagnosed with burning mouth syndrome and excluded local and systemic causes. Everyone was clearly explained about the diagnosis and given an information leaflet. At the beginning of the study, they filled out a self- perceived quality of life questionnaire (Oral Health Impact Profile ; OHIP-14) and determined the intensity of mucosal symptoms according to the visual-analog scale (VAS), which was also repeated at the check-up. A total of 13 patients were given verbal and written information only, 17 patients were given information and vitamin B injections, 17 patients got information and oral cavity probiotics and 15 patients were given information and were treated with LLLT.Results and conclusions: There was no statistically significant difference in age and gender between the groups (p = 0.99). Differences in OHIP scores before and after different types of therapy have shown significant for oral cavity probiotics and LLLT. Standardized effect sizes between OHIP scores in patients with different types of therapy have shown that oral cavity probiotics have been the most effective treatment for improvement of quality of life. Further investigation on larger group of patients is required.

Uvod: Sindrom pekućih usta (SPU) poremećaj je obilježen simptomima žarenja sluznice usta bez vidljivih patoloških promjena. Većina bolesnika ima u podlozi određeno stresno stanje. Stres potiče izlučivanje različitih endokrinih žlijezda, što rezultira i povišenom razinom glukokortikoidnih hormona. Jedna od opcija u liječenju SPU-a uključuje i niskoenergijski laser. Cilj: Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je utvrditi razinu kortizola u slini i jakost simptoma žarenja kod bolesnika sa SPU-om prije liječenja niskoenergijskim laserom i poslije tog postupka. Materijali i metode: U dvije skupine slučajnim je odabirom podijeljeno dvadeset i troje ispitanika – dvanaestero je bilo u ispitnoj i jedanaestero u placebo skupini. Svakomu od njih određena je razina kortizola u nestimuliranoj slini. U obje se skupine liječenje niskoenergijskim laserom provodilo jedanput na dan tijekom deset dana (isključujući vikend) diodnim tipom lasera Ga-Al-As valne duljine 685 nm. U kontrolnoj skupini liječenje je obavljeno inaktivnom sondom lasera odašiljajući samo zvučni signal. Intenzitet simptoma žarenja mjeren je s pomoću vizualno analogne ljestvice (VAS-a). VAS i nestimulirana slina mjereni su na početku istraživanja i posljednjeg dana liječenja niskoenergijskim laserom. Analiza sline obavljena je komercijalnim kitom ELISA.Rezultati: U obje skupine su VAS bodovi i razina kortizola u slini bili značajno niži nakon liječenja niskoenergijskim laserom. Zaključak: Niskoenergijski laser može bolesnicima sa SPU-om smanjiti jakost žarenja i razinu kortizola u slini. Buduće studije na većem broju ispitanika trebale bi razjasniti je li pozitivan učinak rezultat učinkovitosti lasera ili je placebo efekt., Objectives: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a disorder which is described as burning sensation of the oral mucosa without pathological changes. Most of the patients have some underlying stressful conditions. Stress induces an increase in secretion of different endocrine glands resulting in higher levels of glucocorticoids. One of the options for treatment of BMS includes low level laser therapy (LLLT). The aim of this research was to determine salivary cortisol levels and intensity of burning symptoms in BMS patients before and after LLLT. Material and Methods: Twenty-three participants were allocated by randomization in two groups: 12 patients in the study group and 11 patients in the placebo group. Cortisol levels in all patients were analyzed from the sample of saliva collected without stimulation. In both groups, the LLLT was performed once a day for ten consecutive days (excluding weekend) with Ga-Al-As light-emitting diode type of laser, with a wavelength of 685nm. In the control group, LLLT was done with inactive laser probe which was only emitting audio signal. The intensity of burning symptoms was measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS and unstimulated saliva were measured at baseline and on the last day of the LLLT. A quantitative analysis of saliva was performed using competitive commercial ELISA-kit. Results: VAS scores and salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower in both groups after LLLT. Conclusions: LLLT can be useful in patients with BMS for reducing burning symptoms and salivary cortisol level. Future studies on a larger number of patients should clarify whether the positive results are an outcome of laser effectiveness or of placebo effect.

We present a case of a 25-year-old female who developed angioedema of lower lip and gingiva which lasted for two weeks, due to oral hormonal therapy. Her medical history revealed polycystic ovarian syndrome for which she was taking ethinylestradiol and cyproterone for the previous several months. Oral examination revealed angioedema of lower lip together with erythematous and edematous gingiva. The gingival biopsy was taken and histopathological finding showed chronic inflammatory infiltrate. The serum findings of C2, C3, C4 and C1 inhibitor were normal. The patient was treated with local corticosteroid (betamethasone (Beloderm, Belupo, Croatia) in orabase) which was applied three times a day and antifungal gel (miconazole (Rojazol, Belupo, Croatia) therapy. Patient's gynecologist has withdrawn the drug and regression of oral lesions was noticed after one week.

Matrix metalloproteinases comprise of several endopeptidases which have certain roles in physiological and pathological processes within various body parts. It has been suggested that their role is very important in endometriosis, recurrent implant failure, infertility and even gynecological malignancies. Therefore, we searched Pubmed in order to summarize already known data upon MMPs within female genital tract and 48 articles were included. It seems that matrix metalloproteinases might have role in the treatment of endometriosis and recurrent implantation failure as well as they could serve as markers in women with gynecological malignancies. However, there is a wide heterogeneity among so far published studies and results, and also among applied techniques. Further research of the role of specific MMPs is needed to verify the results.

Pigmented oral lesions represent a large number of possible diagnoses which are sometimes difficult to differentiate. Differential diagnosis of pigmented oral lesions may include a great number of pathological entities, such as amalgam tattoo or graphite tattoo, melanoma, melanotic macule, melanotic pigmentation, melanoacanthoma or endogenous pigmentation. In cases of pigmented oral lesions without clear etiology, a biopsy is mandatory to exclude malignancies.

Svrha: Iz postojeće literature poznato je da metalni ioni iz ortodontskih naprava mogu korodirati zbog djelovanja sline i bakterija u usnoj šupljini. Rezultati većine studija upućuju na to da se razina nikla i kroma u slini ne povisuje nakon postavljanja ortodontskih naprava. No nema istraživanja o razini titanija, kobalta, bakra i cinka u slini ortodontskih pacijenata. Ispitanici i postupci: Razina nikla (Ni), titanija (Ti), kroma (Cr), kobalta (Co), bakra (Cu) i cinka (Zn) mjerena je u slini četrdeset i dvoje pacijenta s keramičkim metalnim bravicama i isto toliko njih s konvencionalnima i to prije postavljanja ortodontskih naprava s pomoću induktivne spregnute plazme/masene spektrometrije i šest mjeseci poslije toga. U statističkoj analizi korištena su dva testa – Wilcoxonov signed rank i Mann-Whitneyev s razinom značajnosti od 0,05. Rezultati: Rezultati su pokazali da se razina titana u slini povisila šest mjeseci nakon postavljanja ortodontskih naprava. Razina kroma i cinka, pak, značajno se snizila nakon postavljanja ortodonskih naprava. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u razini nikla, titanija, kroma, bakra, kobalta i cinka u slini između pacijenata s metalnim i keramičkim ortotontskim bravicama. Zaključak: Možemo zaključiti da se razina titanija u slini značajno povisila šest mjeseci nakon postavljanja ortodontskih naprava za razliku od razine kroma i cinka koja se značajno snizila šest mjeseci poslije njihova postavljanja, bez obzira na vrstu korištenih bravica., Objectives: It is known from the existing literature that metal ions within orthodontic appliances are prone to corrosion due to the salivary and bacterial interplay in the oral cavity. The results from the most studies show that levels of salivary nickel and chromium do not increase after the installment of orthodontic appliances. Material and methods: However, there are no studies on salivary levels of titanium, cobalt, copper and zinc in these patients. Salivary levels of nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were measured in 42 patients with ceramic brackets and in 42 patients with metal conventional brackets prior to insertion of orthodontic appliances and six months after insertion of orthodontic appliances by means of inductive coupled plasma/mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed by use of Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann Whitney test with level of significance set at 0.05. Results: The results showed that salivary level of titanium increased significantly six months after installment of orthodontic appliances. Salivary level of chromium and zinc significantly decreased after installment of orthodontic appliances. There were no significant differences in salivary levels of nickel, titanium, chromium, copper, cobalt and zinc between the patients with metallic and those with ceramic brackets. Conclusion: We might conclude that the salivary level of titanium increased significantly six months after installment of orthodontic appliances unlike salivary levels of chromium and zinc which significantly decreased after installment of orthodontic appliances, regardless of bracket type which was used.

The poster presented the case of a female patient who developed angioedema of the lower lip and gingiva as a side effect of oral contraceptives.The suspected drug was abolished by the patient's gyneacologist and regression of oral lesions was noticed after one week.

Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the ten cancers with the poorest prognosis in humans, mainly due to diagnosis in advanced stages. Apart from being asymptomatic in the early stage, lack of general populations' knowledge contributes to the late diagnosis. According to some studies nearly half of the general population has never heard about oral cancer. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine oral cancer awareness, knowledge of etiology and risk perception for developing oral cancer in the screening population. Material and Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 230 individuals. who came to free oral screening during the Oral Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Week (OHANCAW) in Zagreb, Croatia. Results: A great majority (178 ; 85%) of participants have heard about oral cancer and 110 ; 47.8% have heard about oral cancer screening. One hundred eighty eight (87%) participants knew that smoking was the main causative factor. The knowledge increased with participants' education. Unfortunately, smokers presented only as a minortiy of participants (32 ; 14%). The majority of smokers (18 ; 60%) were aware of their increased risk for developing oral cancer than the nonsmokers of the same age and sex. Conclusions: Compared to other studies, our participants displayed high level of knowledge on oral cancer. The results also pointed out that we should more actively approach high risk populations for future oral cancer screening activities.

Burning mouth syndrome is a diagnosis that is usually difficult for patients to accept. Lack of adequate therapy is often a problem in clinical work, when communicating a diagnosis to a patient. In our experience, vitamin B1, B6 and B12 injections in patients with burning mouth syndrome can be effective and cheap therapy with no unwanted side-effects.

It is well-known that diabetes might affect oral and dental tissues resulting in the periodontal disease, increased caries incidence, neuropathy of the oral tissues, hyposalivation and temporomandibular joint disturbances. However, sometimes the results of various studies are contradictory. Pubmed was searched in the last 10 years in order to find out published data upon diabetes and oral manifestations with key words: diabetes, hyposalivation, xerostomia and oral manifestations and 17 studies were included. The results showed that definitely periodontal disease and hyposalivation are the hallmark of diabetic manifestations in the oral cavity. Therefore, every dentist has to bear diabetes mellitus in the mind when encounters patient with periodontal disease and/or hyposalivation.

Hyposalivation is a lifelong problem in persons who take drugs and despite extensive research, there is a limited help. Acupuncture is known to be helpful in irradiated patients due to the head and neck malignancies, however to our knowledge there are no data with regard to the effectiveness of acupuncture in patients with drug-induced hyposalivation. Unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR) and quality of life assessment scale (OHIP- CRO 14) before and after acupuncture treatment was determined in 24 persons with dry mouth. Acupuncture was performed by use of needles (0, 16x10mm) inserted on the following points ; Shen Man, Point Zero, Autonomic Point, Thirst Point, Salivary Gland F on both ears. Twenty three patients were instructed to use water (in a spray bottle) as much as they needed. Significant increase in salivary flow rate after treatment with acupuncture was found. No significant difference in USFR was found after treatment with water in the spray bottle. Significantly increased OHIP score was found after treatment with acupuncture and water. Drug-induced hyposalivation can be successfully treated by acupuncture. Treatment with water increased quality of life but not salivary flow rate in patients with drug- induced hyposalivation.

We report a case of alopecia areata in a 39- year- old female patient. Medical history revealed Hashimoto thyroiditis , while orthopantomogram suggested symptomless periodontal disease (tooth 27) with periodontal pocket 1.2 mm deep. Patient refused tooth extraction and applied minocyclin 4% and clobetasol propionate(Dermovatte) prescribed by a dermatologist. After 4 weeks hair started to regrow, patient refused to take therapy for any longer.We might conclude that stress rather than periodontal disease led to the localised hair loss.

U ovom prikazu opisali smo slučaj 80-godišnjeg pacijenta koji je bio upućen u Zavod za oralnu medicinu Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu zbog gingivalnog ulkusa prisutnog osam dana. Na kliničkom pregledu uočena je eksponirana kost na bezubom alveolarnom grebenu u području molara s desne strane mandibule veličine 0, 8 cm u promjeru. Inače, pacijent je svakodnevno uzimao doksazosin jer je imao teškoća s urinarnim traktom te ipatropij-bromid zbog respiratornih tegoba. Donju djelomičnu protezu nije promijenio već šest godina. Na početku je, točnije prva tri dana, bio liječen parodontnim zavojem (Resopack, HagenWerken, Njemačka) uz preporuku da ne nosi protezu, no nakon tri dana klinički pregled nije pokazao poboljšanje stanja. Zato smo se odlučili na liječenje topikalnim kortikosteroidom (betametazon) i oralnim antiseptikom (klorheksidin-diglukonat)tri puta na dan. Nakon tri tjedna lezija je zacijelila. Naveden je popis mogućih čimbenika koji mogu rezultirati nastankom ulkusa gingive.

Objectives: Xerostomia or dry mouth is a subjective sensation of oral dryness. Xerostomia may have many causes, including medications, Sjoegren´s syndrome, head and neck radiotherapy, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and psychological factors but drug-induced xerostomia is the most common. Dry mouth treatment consists of salivary stimulation and/or salivary substitutes. Many different artificial salivas are available on the market. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of three different saliva substitutes on quality of life in patients with xerostomia. Methods: A total of 60 patients with xerostomia were divided into three groups. In the first group patients were using dental spray based on thermal springwater, in the second group patients were using mouthwash containing hydroxyethylcellulose, in the third group patients were using marshmallow root. Therapy lasted for two weeks. Quality of life was measured by Croatian version of Oral Health Impact Profile 14 questionnare and visual analog scale was used to determine the intensity of dry mouth before and after therapy. Results: Dental spray based on thermal springwater has shown the highest effect on quality of life in patients with xerostomia. Intensity of dry mouth was lower after the therapy no matter which salivary substitute patients used. Conclusions: We can recommend using all three saliva substitutes for decreasing the intensity of dry mouth. Dental spray based on thermal springwater has shown the best result for both decreasing the intensity of dry mouth symptoms as well as improvement in quality of life.

S obzirom na nedostatne i različite podatke o učestalosti oralnih mukoznih lezija u djece i adolescenata u svijetu, istraživali smo njihovu učestalost u djece i adolescenata na Zavodu za oralnu medicnu Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu. Od ukupno 4 523-je bolesnika primljenih u Zavod za oralnu medicinu, u trogodišnjem razdoblju, bilo je 142-je djece i adolescenata u dobi od 1 do 19 godina života. Podatci su iz bolesničkih kartona organizirani u datoteku u kojoj su navedeni dob, spol, medicinska anamneza, klinički izgled lezija, laboratorijski, mikrobiološki, radiološki i histopatološki nalazi, kad je bilo potrebno. Lezije oralne sluznice zabilježene su prema kriterijima Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije. Najčešća lezija na oralnoj sluznici bila je primarni herpetični gingivostomatitis (21, 12%), potom su slijedile rekurentne aftozne ulceracije (14, 08%), traumatske lezije (11, 9%) i geografski jezik (13, 38%). Nisu dobivene značajne razlike u pojavnosti oralnih bolesti u djece s obzirom na njihovu dob, osim u slučaju rekurentnih aftoznih ulceracija i primarnog herpetičnog gingivostomatitisa. Razlike između dječaka i djevojčica nisu utvrđene ni kod herpesa niti kod rekurentnih aftoznih ulceracija (p=0.704). Nije bilo značajne razlike između dječaka i djevojčica u učestalosti oralnih lezija, kao što nije bilo ni značajnih razlika u oralnim bolestima s obzirom na dob djece, osim u slučaju rekurentnih aftoznih ulceracija i primarnog herpetičnog gingivostomatitisa. Primarni herpetični gingivostomatitis se češće javljao u djece u dobi od 1-6 godina, dok su se rekurentne aftozne ulceracije češće javljale u starijoj dobnoj skupini. Nije bilo povezanosti oralnih lezija sa sistemskim bolestima

Kroz ovaj rad su razmatrana turističko- geografska obilježja grada Opatije, povijesni pregled razvoja turizma, obilježja smještajnih kapaciteta i promet turista od davne 1900. godine do današnjih dana. Tijekom više od 160 godina duge turističke povijesti, destinacija je doživjela znatne promjene u svojoj turističkoj ponudi, kao i u svojoj klijenteli. Opatija se od ekskluzivnog zimskog odredišta za bogatu europsku aristokraciju¸ preko lječilišnog oblika turizma, nakon Drugog svjetskog rata razvila u destinaciju masovnog kupališnog turizma. Turizam je najvažnija privredna perspektiva priobalnog naselja, te se razmatraju osnovne prirodne i antropogene prednosti, nedostaci i mogućnosti u turističkom razvoju. Danas je destinacija opterećena s jedne strane svojom bogatom i uspješnom poviješću, a s druge strane s infrastrukturnim i komunalnim problemima. Posebno je značajan problem zastarjelog načina hotelskog poslovanja, no u zadnjih se par godina ipak nazire napredak.