10 results on '"Nziramasanga P"'
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2. Teacher Education Innovation in Zimbabwe.
- Author
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Nziramasanga, Caiphas T.
- Abstract
Highlights political, educational, and teacher education policies in Zimbabwe since independence, noting the effect on teacher education of the expansion in all levels of education. The paper also describes innovations in teacher education which were aggressive actions on the part of educators in Zimbabwe. (SM)
- Published
- 1991
3. A View from Zimbabwe. Citizenship for the 21st Century: The Role of Social Studies, Third in a Series.
- Author
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Nziramasanga, Caiphas
- Abstract
Points out influences on and constraints to planning a social studies curriculum for the 21st century. Proposes a curriculum based on five essential concept clusters and presents a breakdown of these concepts using Zimbabwe themes and issues. Recommends innovations in teacher education to accompany the proposed curriculum. (LS)
- Published
- 1989
4. Social Studies Curriculum Development in Zimbabwe.
- Author
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Nziramasanga, Caiphas T.
- Abstract
Discusses the restructuring of the social studies curriculum after the attainment of political independence in Zimbabwe. Divides the discussion into three levels of curriculum development: primary, secondary, and teacher education. Stresses the Zimbabwean educational aims as the development of self-reliant individuals, the fostering of national unity, patriotism, and national reconstruction. (RW)
- Published
- 1989
5. Molecular identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria in humans in Zimbabwe.
- Author
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Chin'ombe, N., Muzividzi, B., Munemo, E., and Nziramasanga, P.
- Subjects
- *
MYCOBACTERIAL disease diagnosis , *MOLECULAR diagnosis , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *PATHOGENIC bacteria , *NITROBENZOIC acid - Abstract
Background: Several nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been isolated from diverse environments such as water, soil, sewage, food and animals. Some of the mycobacteria are now known to be opportunistic pathogens in humans. In this study, we describe the molecular identification of NTM in humans in Zimbabwe. Methods & Materials: Human sputum samples were collected during the national TB survey that was carried out by the Ministry of Health and Child care of Zimbabwe in 2014. The NTM were isolated using Lowensen Jensen (LJ) media and tested for growth in the presence of ParaNitroBenzoic acid and their ability to grow at different temperatures, 25 °C, 37 °C and 45 °C. DNA was extracted and rRNA gene amplified by PCR. Amplicons were sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics. Species were identified. Results: Out of total of 963 NTM isolates from sputum samples, 81 were analyzed using 16S ribosequencing. Forty isolates (49.4%) were found to belong to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) species. The other 41 isolates (50.6%) were identified as M. lentiflavum (6.2%), M. terrae complex (4.9%), M. paraense (4.9%), M. kansasii (3.7%), M. moriokaense (3.7%), M. asiaticum (2.5%), M. novocastrense (2.5%), M. brasiliensis (2.5%), M. elephantis (2.5%), M. paraffinicum (1.2%), M. bohemicum (1.2%), M. manitobense (1.2%), M. intermedium (1.2%), M. tuberculosis complex (1.2%), M. parakoreense (1.2%), M. florentinum (1.2%), M. litorale (1.2%), M. fluoranthenivorans (1.2%), M. sherrisii (1.2%), M. fortuitum (1.2%) andMsepticum (1.2%). Two isolates (2.5%) could not be identified, but were closely related to M. montefiorense and M. phlei respectively. Conclusion: Interestingly, the MAC species were the commonest NTM during the survey. Further studies are necessary to ascertain the true diversity of NTM in Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Distribution of rotavirus genotypes associated with acute diarrhoea in Zimbabwean children less than five years old before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction.
- Author
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Mukaratirwa A, Berejena C, Nziramasanga P, Ticklay I, Gonah A, Nathoo K, Manangazira P, Mangwanya D, Marembo J, Mwenda JM, Weldegebriel G, Seheri M, Tate JE, Yen C, Parashar U, and Mujuru H
- Subjects
- Acute Disease epidemiology, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea prevention & control, Feces virology, Gastroenteritis epidemiology, Gastroenteritis prevention & control, Gastroenteritis virology, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Infant, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rotavirus Infections epidemiology, Sentinel Surveillance, Vaccines, Attenuated therapeutic use, Zimbabwe epidemiology, Diarrhea virology, Genotype, Immunization Programs, Rotavirus genetics, Rotavirus Infections prevention & control, Rotavirus Vaccines therapeutic use
- Abstract
Background: Sentinel surveillance for diarrhoea is important to monitor changes in rotavirus epidemiological trends and circulating genotypes among children under 5 years before and after vaccine introduction. The Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care introduced rotavirus vaccine in national immunization program in May 2014., Methods: Active hospital-based surveillance for diarrhoea was conducted at 3 sentinel sites from 2008 to 2016. Children aged less than 5 years, who presented with acute gastroenteritis as a primary illness and who were admitted to a hospital ward or treated at the emergency unit, were enrolled and had a stool specimen collected and tested for rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Genotyping of positive stools was performed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and genotyping assays. Pre-vaccine introduction, 10% of all positive stool specimens were genotyped and all adequate positive stools were genotyped post-vaccine introduction., Results: During the pre-vaccine period, a total of 6491 acute gastroenteritis stools were collected, of which 3016 (46%) tested positive for rotavirus and 312 (10%) of the rotavirus positive stools were genotyped. During the post-vaccine period, a total of 3750 acute gastroenteritis stools were collected, of which 937 (25%) tested positive for rotavirus and 784 (84%) were genotyped. During the pre-vaccine introduction the most frequent genotype was G9P[8] (21%) followed by G2P[4] (12%), G1P[8] (6%), G2P[6] (5%), G12P[6] (4%), G9P[6] (3%) and G8P[4] (3%). G1P[8] (30%) was most dominant two years after vaccine introduction followed by G9P[6] (20%), G2P[4] (15%), G9P[8] (11%) and G1P[6] (4%)., Conclusion: The decline in positivity rate is an indication of early vaccine impact. Diversity of circulating strains underscores the importance of continued monitoring and strain surveillance after vaccine introduction., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Epidemiologic and genotypic characteristics of rotavirus strains detected in children less than 5 years of age with gastroenteritis treated at 3 pediatric hospitals in Zimbabwe during 2008-2011.
- Author
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Mukaratirwa A, Berejena C, Nziramasanga P, Shonhai A, Mamvura TS, Chibukira P, Mucheuki I, Mangwanya D, Kamupota M, Manangazira P, Tapfumaneyi C, Gerede R, Munyoro M, Mwenda JM, Mphahlele JM, Seheri ML, Peenze I, Gonah AN, Maruta A, and Tengende MB
- Subjects
- Child, Preschool, Female, Hospitals, Pediatric, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Population Surveillance, Zimbabwe epidemiology, Gastroenteritis epidemiology, Gastroenteritis virology, Rotavirus genetics, Rotavirus isolation & purification, Rotavirus Infections epidemiology, Rotavirus Infections virology
- Abstract
Background: In anticipation of rotavirus vaccine introduction, the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health initiated rotavirus surveillance in 2008 to describe the rotavirus epidemiological trends and circulating genotypes among children <5 years of age., Methods: Active hospital-based surveillance for diarrhea was conducted at 3 sentinel sites from January 2008 to December 2011. Children aged <5 years, who presented with acute gastroenteritis as a primary illness and who were admitted to a hospital ward or treated at the emergency unit, were enrolled in the surveillance program and had a stool specimen collected and tested for rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay. Genotyping of a sample of positive specimens was performed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction., Results: A total of 3728 faecal samples were collected and tested during the 4 year surveillance period and 1804 (48.5%) tested rotavirus positive. The highest prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea was found during the dry, cool season. Rotavirus positivity peaked in children 3-17 months of age with almost 80% of cases. Compared with rotavirus-negative cases, rotavirus-positive cases were more likely to be dehydrated (26% vs. 14%, P ≤ 0.001) and have vomiting (77% vs. 57%, P ≤ 0.001) and less likely to have fever (17% vs. 24%, P = 0.03). G9P[8] (43.3%), G1P[8] (11.8%), G2P[4] (8.7%), G2P[6] (8.7%) and G12P[6] (8.7%) were the most common genotypes detected., Discussion: Rotavirus causes a significant disease burden among children <5 years of age in Zimbabwe. This active surveillance system can serve as a platform to monitor the impact of rotavirus vaccine on disease burden following vaccine introduction.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus (GBS)) colonisation and persistence, in pregnancy; a comparison of two diverse communities (rural and urban).
- Author
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Mavenyengwa RT, Masunga P, Meque E, Kudinha T, Moyo SR, Bevanger L, Bergh K, Nziramasanga P, and Mapako T
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Prenatal Diagnosis, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Zimbabwe, Rural Population, Streptococcal Infections epidemiology, Streptococcus agalactiae isolation & purification, Urban Population
- Abstract
Objective: To establish the extent of GBS colonisation, persistence of colonisation in pregnancy and influence of obstetric history in two diverse communities (rural and urban) in Zimbabwe., Design: Cross sectional survey., Setting: Rutsanana Clinic in Highfield, Harare (representing the urban area) and Chitsungo Mission Hospital in Lower Guruve, (representing the rural area)., Subjects: 300 and 100 pregnant women from the urban and rural areas respectively., Main Outcome Measures: GBS colonisation and persistence rates for both urban and rural areas were established, together with pregnancy outcome., Results: Mother colonisation rate was significantly higher in the rural areas (60%) as compared to the urban areas (46%). GBS colonisation persistence was evidently more in rural (48%) that in urban women (12%). Baby colonisation was also more in the rural (23%) that in urban area (5%). In both the rural and urban areas, flu-like illness was a common feature and was equally reported by the subjects. Vaginal discharge requiring treatment, previous stillbirths and previous miscarriages were equally reported in both communities.
- Published
- 2006
9. Use of culture methods for recovery of atypical mycobacteria from stools of AIDS patients.
- Author
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Mavenyengwa RT and Nziramasanga P
- Subjects
- Adult, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Humans, Male, Zimbabwe, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Feces microbiology, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria isolation & purification
- Abstract
Objective: To establish recovery rates of atypical mycobateria from stools of suspected AIDS patients using culture media., Design: Laboratory evaluation of recovery rates, contamination rates, optimum exposure time and optimum concentration of alkali used for decontamination., Setting: The study was conducted in Harare, Zimbabwe at two medical institutions: Beatrice Road Infectious Diseases Hospital (BRIDH) (a tuberculosis referral hospital) and Mashambanzou Care Unit (MCU) (a home-based care centre)., Subjects: A total of 386 stool specimens from suspected AIDS patients from the two health institutions plus 81 stool specimens from clinically healthy patients were collected. The number of patients from MCU was 144 (49 females, 95 males) and 242 from BRIDH (119 males, 123 females)., Main Outcome Measure: The main goals were to determine optimum exposure time and optimum concentration of alkali used in decontamination and to identify the culture medium with the best recovery rates of atypical mycobacteria., Results: Optimum recovery of atypical mycobacteria was achieved on Peizer TB medium after treating stool specimens with 4% sodium hydroxide for 35 minutes. In addition, the use of Kirchner's medium improved isolation rates, although with a slight increase in contamination at levels of 2.9%., Conclusion: A stool specimen can be used to recover atypical mycobacteria in suspected AIDS patients. Recovery is achieved using Peizer TB medium at a concentration of 4%. Varying the exposure time of the stool specimen to the decontaminating alkali and incorporating antifungal agents and antibiotics into the medium, improves recovery of atypical mycobacteria.
- Published
- 2003
10. Pulmonary diseases in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Zimbabwe, Central Africa.
- Author
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McLeod DT, Neill P, Robertson VJ, Latif AS, Emmanuel JC, Els JE, Gwanzura LK, Trijssenaar FE, Nziramasanga P, and Jongeling GR
- Subjects
- Adult, Bronchoscopy, Female, Humans, Lung Diseases epidemiology, Lung Diseases, Fungal complications, Lung Diseases, Fungal epidemiology, Lung Diseases, Fungal microbiology, Male, Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, Pneumonia complications, Pneumonia epidemiology, Pneumonia microbiology, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis complications, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis epidemiology, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Sarcoma, Kaposi complications, Sarcoma, Kaposi epidemiology, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary complications, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary epidemiology, Zimbabwe, HIV Infections complications, Lung Diseases complications, Opportunistic Infections complications
- Abstract
During the 11 month period up to 30 September 1987, 37 patients (26 male, 11 female, mean age 27 years) with respiratory symptoms who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive, were studied prospectively on 40 occasions to determine the cause of any pulmonary complications. HIV was heterosexually transmitted. Predominant symptoms were cough (89%), fever (89%), weight loss (83%), and dyspnoea (60%). Transnasal fibre-optic bronchoscopy (with bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brushings and transbronchial lung biopsies) was performed on 35 patients, twice on 3 patients. 'Tru-cut' lung biopsies were obtained from 2 patients who died before bronchoscopy. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the commonest disease, being found in one-third of the patients (12 of 37). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from 4; the remainder of the plates were contaminated. Pneumocystis carinii was present in 8 patients: as the sole pathogen in 3, with Streptococcus pneumoniae in 4, Staphylococcus aureus in 2, and one also had tuberculous lymphadenitis. Endobronchial Kaposi's sarcoma was seen in 6 of 7 patients with skin nodules. Bacterial pathogens isolated included Staph. aureus (5), S. pneumoniae (5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2), Haemophilus influenzae (2), H. parainfluenzae (1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1). Invading Aspergillus fumigatus was diagnosed by lung biopsy in one. No diagnosis was reached for 8 patients. It is concluded that in Central Africa pulmonary complications in AIDS patients are similar to those in Europe and North America but the incidence of different pathogens depends on the prevalence of pathogens in the community. M. tuberculosis is probably the commonest pathogen. This study has confirmed that P. carinii pneumonia does occur, but occurs less frequently.
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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