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This study explored ways to improve the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment from the perspective of the participation of farmers. Firstly, we theoretically analyzed the participation of farmers in rural domestic waste sorting treatment and the associated impact on treatment efficiency. Second, based on the2019survey data from187villages in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, the DEA（Data envelopment analysis）model was used to measure the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment with the participation of farmers. The Tobit model was used to analyze the impact of the participation of the farmers on treatment efficiency. Finally, the influence of the participation of farmers on the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment was further analyzed from the input–output perspective. The results indicated a low average rural domestic waste sorting treatment efficiency of0.58. The direct participation behaviors of farmers, such as the waste sorting awareness rate and supervision behavior, had a significant positive impact on the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment. Additionally, indirect participation, such as payment behavior, had a significantly negative impact on efficiency. The direct and indirect participation of the farmers affected input and output and impacted the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment. Based on the research conclusions, local governments should propose relevant measures to improve the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment. These measures could include reasonably increasing waste sorting treatment, strengthening publicity and education related to domestic waste sorting, guiding the domestic waste sorting of farmers, and establishing incentive mechanisms for farmers to participate in domestic waste sorting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]