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Purpose: Dendrocalamus brandisii has a long planting history in Yunnan Province, China. Practical experience has proven that a long planting duration will affect the soil bacterial community. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the planting duration on soil environmental factors and the soil bacterial community of D. brandisii to provide a scientific basis and theoretical support for the efficient and sustainable management of D. brandisii and the improvement of soil quality. Materials and methods: Soil samples were collected from D. brandisii with similar habitats, consistent management measures, and different planting durations (5, 10, 20, and 40 years). The differences in the soil bacterial community structure, diversity, and functional groups under different planting durations were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology and the FAPROTAX function prediction tool to reveal the main soil environmental factors influencing the variations in the soil bacterial community. Results and discussion: Soil organic carbon (SOC), total potassium (TK), and available phosphorus (AP) increased and then decreased with increasing planting durations, while pH, total phosphorus (TP), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) showed the opposite change trend, indicating that not all environmental factors changed regularly with increasing planting durations. The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia gradually increased and that of Chloroflexi gradually decreased with increasing planting duration, indicating that different successional patterns existed in the soil bacterial community. Different planting durations affected the changes of soil bacterial community diversity, and the Richness index and Shannon index at 10 years was the highest under all planting durations. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed that there were significant differences in soil bacterial community structure with different planting durations. Chemoheterotrophy, aerobic chemoheterotrophy, and cellulolysis were the main functional groups in the soil of D. brandisii, and there were significant differences between different planting durations. Correlation analysis showed that pH, NO3−-N, the C/N ratio, and the C/P ratio were the dominant factors affecting the soil bacterial community. Conclusions: The planting durations of D. brandisii changed the structure, diversity, and functional groups of the soil bacterial community primarily by affecting soil environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]