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In arid regions with scarce water resources, lakes play an extremely vital role in maintaining the ecological environment. Therefore, the Chinese government has launched an ecological water conveyance project in the Tarim River basin in Xinjiang with the aim of restoring the ecological environment of the area. In previous studies, there was no complete evaluation system used to quantify changes in the ecological environment of arid regions after ecological water conveyance. In this paper, Lake Taitema was selected as the study area, which is both a terminal lake in the Tarim River basin and an object of the ecological water conveyance project. This study utilized Landsat TM/OLI satellite remote sensing images and MODIS datasets to build a remote sensing ecological index model and systematically evaluated the changes in the ecological environment and land use types in the Taitema Lake area. A structural equation model was constructed to analyze the correlation between the area of Taitema Lake and its driving factors. The results show that over the selected 20 years, the proportion of pixels with an upward trend (Zc > 0) of the RSEI was 56.5%, while the proportion of pixels with a downward trend (Zc < 0) of the RSEI was 43.5%. The area proportion of regions with poor ecological environment quality decreased by about 40%, and the area proportions of regions with moderate, good, and excellent ecological environment quality increased by 29.7%, 10%, and 0.6%, respectively. By comparing the land use data from 2000 and 2020, the proportion of grassland increased by 6%, the proportion of water area increased by 4.4%, and the proportion of unused land decreased by 9.6%. In summary, after the implementation of the ecological water conveyance project, the ecological environment quality of the Lake Taitema area gradually improved, and ecological water conveyance was the main driving factor of the area change in Lake Taitema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]