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• A diagnostic framework for degradation risks of ecosystem services was developed. • The differentiated risk sources and multiple risk receptors were identified. • The intensity index for degradation risks of ecosystem services was developed. • The regulatory factors were identified via a multiscale-GWR (MGWR) model. • The degradation risks can be reduced by optimizing the land development pattern. Diagnosing degradation risks of ecosystem services (ESs) is a cornerstone for achieving sustainable development of the ecosystem and promote human well-being. In this study, we constructed and applied a diagnostic framework for degradation risks of ecosystem services (ESDRs) in Wuhan City, China. First, the risk receptors and risk sources were spatially overlaid to identify and measure the ESDRs. Second, a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model was applied to identify land development factors that could be used to regulate ESDRs. Finally, the high value areas of ESDRs were clustered and the regression results were used to propose regulatory measures for each clustered zone. Our study showed that the uncontrolled expansion of construction land in Wuhan might weaken the functions of water retention, habitat maintenance and carbon sequestration services, while the functions of habitat maintenance and soil conservation services might be weakened by the expansion of farmland. The five ESDRs identified based on the above results had significant spatial clustering characteristics and spatial heterogeneity. The visual results of the MGWR model suggested that factors of land development could effectively mitigate conflicts between construction or farming activities and ESs. Ultimately, the spatial clusters of ESDRs were scientifically delimited and differentiated regulatory measures were developed simultaneously. Therefore, we argue that land use planning and environmental management in rapidly urbanizing areas should take into account the diagnostic framework of ESDRs in order to protect natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional cultivated land has both sides of supply and demand, and their matches are very important to boost the high-quality development of agriculture and rural areas. The supply-demand match index and GIS spatial analysis were employed to explore the supply-demand mismatches and synergic strategies of multifunctional cultivated land. Taking the Wuhan Metropolitan Area (WMA), China as an example, we obtained the following results: (1) There were obvious supply-demand mismatches of multifunctional cultivated land in the production function, ecological function, and landscape culture function. The spatial distribution of supply-demand mismatches of the three different functions of cultivated land is different. The supply of cultivated land production function is less than the demand, while the supply of landscape culture function is greater than the demand. The supply matches the demand of cultivated land in the ecological function. (2) The supply-demand mismatches of multifunctional cultivated land have scale effects. From the 1 km × 1 km grid scale to the township, county (district), and prefecture-level city scales, the proportion of deficit regions of production function and ecological function decreases with increasing scale. In contrast, the deficit regions of landscape culture function are always concentrated in the center of the WMA. It is considered that we should improve the supply of cultivated land in the production function, protect ecological function and enhance the demand of landscape culture function. Moreover, the management of multifunctional cultivated land needs to strengthen the multiscale spatial linkage and differential strategies of the supply side and demand side. • The analysis framework of supply-demand relationship of multifunctional cultivated land is constructed. • Demand and supply of cultivated land production function, ecological function, and landscape culture function are mapped. • The supply-demand mismatches of multifunctional cultivated land at the multiscales is analyzed. • Synergic strategies are given based on the law of the supply-demand matching in different functions of cultivated land. • The demand-supply matching of multifunctional cultivated land is important for land use planning and rural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]