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Since December 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pregnant women are deductively considered to be in immunosuppressive condition for the safety of semi-allograft fetuses, which increases the risk of being infected by the virus. In this review, we analyzed the unique immunological characteristics of pregnant women and reviewed their known outcomes at different trimesters from the perspective of underlying mechanisms that have been studied and speculated so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that emerged from Wuhan, China in late 2019 causing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). SARSCoV-2 infection begins by attaching to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) via the spike glycoprotein, followed by cleavage by TMPRSS2, revealing the viral fusion domain. Other presumptive receptors for SARS-CoV-2 attachment include CD147, neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and Myeloid C-lectin like receptor (CLR), each of which might play a role in the systemic viral spread. The pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranges from asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, often displaying a cytokine storm syndrome, which can be life-threatening. Despite progress made, the detailed mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 interaction with the host immune system remain unclear and are an area of very active research. The process's key players include viral non-structural proteins and open reading frame products, which have been implicated in immune antagonism. The dysregulation of the innate immune system results in reduced adaptive immune responses characterized by rapidly diminishing antibody titers. Several treatment options for COVID-19 are emerging, with immunotherapies, peptide therapies, and nucleic acid vaccines showing promise. This review discusses the advances in the immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2, vaccines and therapies under investigation to counter the effects of this virus, as well as viral variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a new public health crises threatening globally with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is the seventh member of the coronavirus (CoV) family, which infects humans and to which the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV (MERS)-and SARS-CoV also belong. SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerging human infectious CoV that causes COVID-19, which has been recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11. The most recent outbreak initially presented as pneumonia of unknown etiology as COVID-19 is a pneumonia-like disease with a group of symptoms including fever, dry cough and shortness of breath in a cluster of patients in December 2019 Wuhan, China. The body's immune system tries to protect the body from this pathogen. And as due to its surge in the body, various respiratory and other system-related complications increased. Therefore, in this article, COVID-19 immunopathogenesis is briefly reviewed. Through this review, we try to explain the molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, based on the recent research progress of SARS-CoV-2 and the knowledge from researches on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]