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The growth of Muslim miniorities in Western Europe and North America has forced liberal democracies to ask whether, in a post 9/11 era, religious pluralism extends to Islam. The headscarf--at once a piece of religious clothing and a symbol of Muslim self-identity-is one site of this discussion. My paper looks at two recent cases involving headscarves--one from the United States, the other from Germany. In Freeman v. State (2003) a Florida court held that a Muslim woman could not use a driver's license photo in which she wore a veil that covered all of her face except for her eyes. In its decision, the court referred repeatedly to 9/11 and terrorism--even though, in the past, American courts have allowed some Christian sects to use photo-free licenses. The German Ludin case (2003) involved a Turkish school teacher who wanted to teach while veiled. While Federal Constitutional Court ruled in her favor in this specific instance (largely on technical grounds) it held that the states could prevent teachers from wearing headscarves in class. As in the United States, the headscarf was seen as a threat to the state. The Ludin court itself noted that teachers, as government officials, had the obligation to act with moderation and neutrality. Meanwhile, commentators expressed fear that veiled teachers would spread the "totalitarian ideology" of political Islam. Taken together, the Freeman and Ludin cases underscore the difficultities facing Muslims as they struggle for religious freedom in the liberal democracies of the West. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]