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Abstract: Understanding the nature and cause of spatial and temporal variation in forest carbon is critical for implementation of climate mitigation strategies such as REDD. Such knowledge is lacking and hard to acquire in resource poor regions such as West Africa’s Upper Guinea where benefits of such schemes for forest conservation could have great impact. We undertook a systematic and representative survey of an entire Upper Guinea forest – Gola Forest in southeast Sierra Leone - by measuring over 600plots (0.125ha) in order to quantify the level of spatial variation in C that might exist within a discrete forest type and relate this to historic and contemporary impacts on the forest. We modelled current C stocks and compared these with values calculated from historic surveys. Mean C content in above ground biomass was c. 160Mgha−1. The southern part of the forest which was subject to heavier logging in the 1980s had a lower C content (121–144Mgha−1) compared to the less disturbed central areas (186Mgha−1). Volumes of extracted timber and distance to settlements around the forest explained 42% of the variation in C content. Elevation, slope and other metrics of human impact such as distance to roads did not explain significant additional variation. A survey from the 1950s recorded much higher carbon content than currently found in the south of the forest. This accords with evidence that commercial logging in this area was destructively high. However, old surveys from the late 1960s/early 1970s in less disturbed areas recorded lower carbon content than present. Most of the past surveys were in areas that had not yet been commercially logged so the accumulation in biomass in the last 40years implies recovery from a much older disturbance event, or a change in environmental conditions promoting growth. As a typical Upper Guinean forest, our results from Gola demonstrate the long term impacts of disturbance events on carbon stocks and how these can vary greatly at small scales, highlighting the need for representative and regionally relevant empirical data to inform REDD type initiatives. Nonetheless these forests remain important for carbon sequestration and storage in the region despite this history and the parts of the forest with no recorded logging activity that increased in carbon in recent decades with levels now akin to undisturbed plots reported from elsewhere in the region demonstrate the sequestration potential these forests provide once adequately protected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: This paper analyses the dynamics of vegetation and carbon during the West African monsoon season, for millet crop and fallow vegetation covers in the cultivated area of the Sahel. Comparing these two dominant land cover types informs on the impact of cultivation on productivity and carbon fluxes. Biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and carbon fluxes were monitored over a 2-year period for these two vegetation systems in the Wankama catchment of the AMMA (African monsoon multidisciplinary analyses) experimental super-site in West Niger. Carbon fluxes and water use efficiency observed at the field scale are confronted with ecophysiological measurements (photosynthetic response to light, and relation of water use efficiency to air humidity) made at the leaf scale for the dominant plant species in the two vegetation systems. The two rainy seasons monitored were dissimilar with respect to rain patterns, reflecting some of the interannual variability. Distinct responses in vegetation development and in carbon dynamics were observed between the two vegetation systems. Vegetation development in the fallow was found to depend more on rainfall distribution along the season than on its starting date. A quite opposite behaviour was observed for the crop vegetation: the date of first rain appears as a principal factor of millet growth. Carbon flux exchanges were well correlated to vegetation development. High responses of photosynthesis to light were observed for the dominant herbaceous and shrub species of the fallow at the leaf and field scales. Millet showed high response at the leaf scale, but a much lesser response at the field scale. This pattern, also observed for water use efficiency, is to be related to the low density of the millet cover. A simple LAI-based model for scaling up the photosynthetic response from leaf to field scale was found quite successful for the fallow, but was less conclusive for the crop, due to spatial variability of LAI. Time/space variations in leaf distribution for the dominant species are key to scale transition of carbon dynamics. Results obtained for the two vegetation covers are important in light of the major land use/cover change experienced in the Sahel region due to extensive savanna clearing for food production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]