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This paper presents evidence for hypomineralization disorders (rickets and osteomalacia) in non‐adults at Man Bac, a Neolithic site from northern Vietnam dated to 4000–3500BP, contributing to the well‐described disease burden at the site that includes scurvy, treponemal disease, thalassemia, and malaria. Forty‐four non‐adults (<20 years of age‐at‐death) were assessed for macroscopic and radiographic evidence for hypomineralization disorders. Differential diagnosis was completed using traditional methods and three‐level standardized criteria to combat the challenges of overlapping pathological features between hypomineralization disorder and the other diseases already diagnosed at the site. In addition, a diagnostic certainty approach was applied to investigate the impact of lesion ambiguity on our findings. Kaplan–Meier and Fishers exact tests were applied to assess age‐at‐death‐related epidemiological patterns of hypomineralization disorder and co‐morbid relationships with scurvy, thalassemia, and treponemal disease. Almost 50% of the non‐adult assemblage presented with evidence for hypomineralization disorder, which was associated with decreased survivorship in childhood. Potential epidemiological relationships between scurvy and hypomineralization disorders, and thalassemia and hypomineralization disorders are described. The former relationship may be due to the likelihood of the introduction of rice resulting in multi‐micronutrient deficiency, including vitamin C and calcium deficiency, and cultural attitudes to sunlight. The latter relationship may relate to the pathophysiology of thalassemia that can result in secondary osteomalacia possibly contributing to the development of hypomineralization disorder in the thalassemic non‐adults. The findings are significant as they present possible approaches for diagnosis of disease embedded within complex disease burdens where individuals are likely suffering from co‐morbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We test the hypothesis that the condition(s) leading to the development of cribra orbitalia at Con Co Ngua, an early seventh millennium sedentary foraging community in Vietnam, effectively reduced the resilience of the population to subsequent health/disease impacts. An assessment of both the implications and potential etiology of cribra orbitalia in this specific population is carried out. Methods: The effective sample included 141 adults aged ≥15 years (53 females, 71 males, and 17 unknown sex) and 15 pre‐adults aged ≤14 years. Cribra orbitalia was identified by way of cortical bone porosity of the orbital roof initiated within the diplöic space, rather than initiated subperiosteally. The approach is also robust to the misidentification of various pseudo‐lesions. Resultant data was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results: Median survival is higher in adults aged ≥15 years without cribra orbitalia than those with this lesion. For the pre‐adult cohort, the opposite pattern is seen where median survival is higher in those with cribra orbitalia than those without. Conclusion: Adults displayed increased frailty and pre‐adults increased resilience with respect to cribra orbitalia. The differential diagnosis for a survival analysis of adults and pre‐adults with and without cribra orbitalia included iron deficiency anemia and B12/folate deficiency, parasitism (including hydatid disease and malaria) in addition to thalassemia. The most parsimonious explanation for observed results is for both thalassemia and malaria being the chief etiological agents, while appreciating these conditions interact with, and can cause, other forms such as hematinic deficiency anemias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Scurvy in non‐adults was assessed at the Pre‐Neolithic site of Con Co Ngua and the Neolithic site of Man Bac in northern Vietnam to investigate nutritional stress during the agricultural transition in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Materials: One hundred and four human skeletons under the age of 20 years old were assessed. Methods: Lesions were recorded macroscopically and radiographically. Differential diagnosis using prior established paleopathological diagnostic criteria for scurvy was conducted. Results: There was no clear evidence for scurvy at Con Co Ngua and a high burden of scurvy was present at Man Bac (>79% diagnosed with probable scurvy). Scurvy levels were high across all non‐adult ages at Man Bac indicating significant burden throughout childhood and adolescence. Conclusions: No scurvy at Con Co Ngua is consistent with widely available food sources at the peak of the Holocene thermal maximum. High levels of scurvy at Man Bac corresponds with decreased dietary diversity, high pathogen load, and increased population stress with the transition to agriculture around the time of the 4.2 ka desertification event. Significance: This is the first systematic population‐level non‐adult investigation of specific nutritional disease in MSEA and demonstrates an increase in nutritional stress during the Neolithic transition in northern Vietnam. Limitations: Subperiosteal new bone deposits can be due to normal growth in infants and young children, therefore, identification of scurvy in children under the age of 4 years needs to be considered critically. Suggestions for Further Research: Further work in diagnosing specific nutritional disease in other non‐adult cohorts throughout MSEA is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Long‐term monitoring data is helpful to understand the fluctuation of susceptibility and pattern of cross resistance in insecticide resistance management. After the occurrence of imidacloprid resistance, the brown planthopper (BPH) has gradually developed resistance to thiamethoxam and clothianidin since 2010, but not to dinotefuran and nitenpyram. Here, we analyzed susceptibilities data of five neonicotinoids during 2005–2017 in East Asia and Vietnam to conduct cross‐resistance patterns among neonicotinoids. To determine the factors of development of cross resistance in laboratory bioassays, we used the imidacloprid resistant and control strains that were selected from filed populations in the Philippines and Vietnam. RESULTS: The Linear Mixed Models (LMM) analyses of insecticide susceptibility data showed that the slope values of imidacloprid resistance effects were 0.68 and 1.09 for resistance to thiamethoxam and clothianidin, respectively. Laboratory bioassay results showed that the LD50 values for thiamethoxam and clothianidin in resistant strains (1.4–5.5 μg g−1) were 3.2–16.4 times higher than those in the control strains (0.28–1.5 μg g−1). However, the increase in the LD50 values for imidacloprid was not related to that for dinotefuran and nitenpyram based on the results of the LMM analysis and laboratory bioassay. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the development of imidacloprid resistance result in strong‐cross resistance to some neonicotinoids, thiamethoxam and clothianidin, but not to others, dinotefuran and nitenpyram. We anticipate that our findings will be a starting point for understanding mechanism of the different trend of cross resistance by analyzing long‐term susceptibility data and laboratory bioassays in insect pests. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to test the hypothesis that healed traumatic injuries in the pre-Neolithic assemblage of Con Co Ngua, northern Vietnam (c. 6800–6200 cal BP) are consistent with large wild animal interactions prior to their domestication. The core sample included 110 adult (aged ≥ 18 years) individuals, while comparisons are made with an additional six skeletal series from Neolithic through to Iron Age Vietnam, Thailand, and Mongolia. All post cranial skeletal elements were assessed for signs of healed trauma and identified cases were further x-rayed. Crude trauma prevalence (14/110, 12.7%) was not significantly different between males (8/52) and females (5/37) (χ2 = 0.061, p = 0.805). Nor were there significant differences in the prevalence of fractured limbs, although males displayed greater rates of lower limb bone trauma than females. Further, distinct from females, half the injured males suffered vertebral fractures, consistent with high-energy trauma. The first hypothesis is supported, while some support for the sexual divisions of labour was found. The prevalence and pattern of fractured limbs at CCN when compared with other Southeast and East Asian sites is most similar to the agropastoral site of Lamadong, China. The potential for skeletal trauma to assess animal trapping and herding practices prior to domestication in the past is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Strong resistance to imidacloprid in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) has developed in Southeast and East Asia. Although the mode of inheritance for resistance is very useful information for pest control, this information is unknown in N. lugens. Here, we established two resistant strains that were selected from field populations in Vietnam and the Philippines, and conducted crossing experiments to determine the inheritance pattern. RESULTS: The resistance ratio of 50% lethal dose (LD50) values for the two resistance‐selected strains, i.e., resistant strains originating from Vietnam (VT‐Res) and the Philippines (PH‐Res), to their control strains were ∼ 8‐ and 157‐fold, respectively. Reciprocal cross experiments between VT‐Res and the susceptible strain (S‐strain), and between PH‐Res and the S‐strain showed that the degree of dominance was 0.81 and 0.82, and 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. Analysis of the F2 populations and backcrosses to the parental strains indicated that resistance is a major‐gene trait following Mendelian inheritance. The strength of the resistance was suppressed by pre‐treatment with piperonyl butoxide, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450‐monooxygenases. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens is autosomal and an almost completely dominant major‐gene trait that is likely manifested by high expression levels of a detoxification enzyme. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a genetic component to the minimum effective strain (MES)—a threshold which determines when bone will adapt to function—which suggests ancestry should play a role in bone (re)modelling. Further elucidating this is difficult in living human populations because of the high global genetic admixture. We examined femora from an anthropological skeletal assemblage (Mán Bạc, Vietnam) representing distinct ancestral groups. We tested whether femur morphological and histological markers of modelling and remodelling differed between ancestries despite their similar lifestyles. Static histomorphometry data collected from subperiosteal cortical bone of the femoral midshaft, and gross morphometric measures of femur robusticity, were studied in 17 individuals from the Mán Bạc collection dated to 1906–1523 cal. BC. This assemblage represents agricultural migrants with affinity to East Asian groups, who integrated with the local hunter-gatherers with affinity to Australo-Papuan groups during the mid-Holocene. Femur robusticity and histology data were compared between groups of 'Migrant' (n = 8), 'Admixed' (n = 4), and 'Local' (n = 5). Local individuals had more robust femoral diaphyses with greater secondary osteon densities, and relatively large secondary osteon and Haversian canal parameters than the migrants. The Migrant group showed gracile femoral shafts with the least dense bone made up of small secondary osteons and Haversian canals. The Admixed individuals fell between the Migrant and Local categories in terms of their femoral data. However, we also found that measures of how densely bone is remodelled per unit area were in a tight range across all three ancestries. Bone modelling and remodelling markers varied with ancestral histories in our sample. This suggests that there is an ancestry related predisposition to bone optimising its metabolic expenditure likely in relation to the MES. Our results stress the need to incorporate population genetic history into hierarchical bone analyses. Understanding ancestry effects on bone morphology has implications for interpreting biomechanical loading history in past and modern human populations. • We test if human femur (re)modelling changes with ancestry in an ancient assemblage from Vietnam. • Descriptive data showed larger femora in groups with Australo-Papuan than East Asian ancestry. • Descriptive data also showed variation in femoral bone histology with ancestry. • Results were clear despite different ancestral groups engaging in similar behaviours. • Future biomechanical research could account for ancestry effects on femur (re)modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the aspect and implications of mortuary behavior on children and adults attitude and interaction with late Neolithic Man Bac children in Vietnam. According to the author, their preliminary analyses reveals that the areas cultural phase is dominated by two distinct period which includes Hoabinhin and late Neolithic which is associated to the Shang Dynasty. In addition, the author notes that large number of children suggests a high level of fertility because of the abundance of agricultural products and their mortuary behavior reflects how the society accepted them. It also discusses the biological characteristics and role that affects human behavior and the aspects of children's palaeohealth and well-being as well as description on the bio-cultural context of the area.

The article reports on the development of insecticide resistance to imidacloprid and fipronil. It mentions that in 2003, there were findings of brown planthopper (BPH) insecticide resistance to neonicotinoids in countries including Japan, China, and Vietnam. However, few studies have been done on insecticide resistance of BPH and whitebacked planthoppers (WBPH) to imidacloprid and fipronil. The article presents the results of studies on BPH and WBPH in countries including Japan, China, Vietnam, Taiwan, and the Philippines which showed species-specific insecticide resistance.

The article focuses on the archaeological site of An Son in Vietnam which dates from the Neolithic period. The article discusses the location of An Son near the Vam Co Don river in Southern Vietnam, its initial discovery by archaeologists Louis Malleret and Paul Levy in 1938 and its first excavation in 1978. The article goes on to discuss the excavation led by the authors, burials found at the site and the use of radiocarbon dating.

Abstract: We describe two Vietnamese fossiliferous sites located in Hoà Binh province, northern Vietnam. The site of Tan Vinh, first described here, is a quarry opened in Triassic limestone which exposes a karstic network and its filling. One of the fissure filling contained 104 molars of Leopoldamys sabanus (Rodentia, Muridae). The biochronological age of these deposits can be estimated from late Middle Pleistocene to Holocene. The site of Ma U''Oi is a cave opened in a karstified limestone which yielded 56 molars of four species of Muridae in two assemblages: Niviventer andersoni, L. sabanus, Niviventer fulvescens among a mammal fauna dated from late Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene, and L. sabanus, N. fulvescens and Hapalomys delacouri among a microvertebrate fauna dated to the late Middle Pleistocene. First, we present a description of the two sites in terms of sedimentology. Secondly, we compare molars dimensions of the most common murids, L. sabanus and N. fulvescens, recovered at Ma U''Oi and Tan Vinh, with those recovered in a Thai site. The size difference between the specimens of the two species, especially those of L. sabanus in great numbers, from the northern sites and those from the Thai site suggests a cline which can be due to latitudinal differences in palaeotemperatures. The occurrence of N. andersoni, L. sabanus, N. fulvescens in Pleistocene Vietnamese sites allow to update the past distribution of these species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper describes recent material gathered during the second fieldwork at Ma U''Oi in November 2002 by a Vietnamese–French–Japanese team. The Ma U''Oi cave, located in the province of Hoà Binh (60 km SW from Hanoi), northern Vietnam, belongs to a karstic network developed in Triassic dark-grey limestones. The cave is filled with coarse-grained breccias containing numerous fossil remains, partially preserved at several loci inside the cave (wall, vault and ground). We describe new teeth which confirm the occurrence of mammal taxa already mentioned at Ma U''Oi (Bacon et al., 2004)[Bacon, A-M., Demeter, F., Schuster, M., Long, V.T., Thuy, N.K., Antoine, P-O., Sen, S., Nga, H.H., Huong, N.T.M., 2004. The Pleistocene Ma U''Oi cave, northern Vietnam: palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoenvironments. Geobios 37, 305–314], while others, mainly microvertebrates, emphasize the occurrence of new species for the Pleistocene of Vietnam. We report here, for the first time, the occurrence of these microvertebrates of different groups (primates, rodents, insectivores, small reptiles and amphibians) in the faunal assemblage. Among mammal taxa, the presence of one more hominid affiliated to archaic Homo is also attested by our findings. U/Th dating carried out on 2 samples extracted from breccia speleothems confirms the biochronological estimate, with fossiliferous fillings ranging from late Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]