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This article discusses Chaudhari Mulkiram (April 1910–August 1954) and the contesting ideologies, memories, histories, and socio-political conditions surrounding his career from the 1920s to the mid-1950s. Mulkiram belonged to the Dhangar, a sub-caste of the Khatik caste in Meerut. He was the first Dalit of the United Provinces (UP) who qualified for the Public Service Commission in 1939. This article shows his socio-religious and socio-political relations and responses to the Arya Samaj, Congress, and Scheduled Caste Federation. It reveals how the representatives of these agencies portrayed his life and work. This article also discusses how his relations and responses helped and influenced his caste members in the western UP. It argues that the Arya Samaj, Harijan Sevak Sangh, and Congress used the first generation of Dalit civil servants like Mulkiram to cultivate local leaders and to mobilize local Dalits, peasants, labourers, and villagers to act in their political interests against Ambedkar's movement. Hence, in the 1940s and early 1950s, Mulkiram presented himself as a Gandhi bhakt, Jan Neta (public leader), and Sanyasi (household monk and socio-religious reformer). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian market for crossover vehicles is trend-analyzed, emphasizing the state of Uttar Pradesh. The report examines the sales information for several crossover car companies in India and highlights the variables influencing their expansion. Due to their attractive designs and affordability, crossover car sales in India have significantly increased, according to the data. The study also looks at the segment’s prospects for growth and says that emphasizing feature offerings and technology developments will guarantee steady market growth. According to the research, the crossover car market in Uttar Pradesh has expanded steadily since 2016. The report highlights popular models and forecasts a promising future for the state’s crossover car market, predicting that Uttar Pradesh would grow to be a significant market for these cars nationwide. Some variables, including the popularity of crossover vehicles, the desire for high-end SUVs, the growth of the organized retail market, and the general expansion of the economy, influence this expected growth. The study’s findings give manufacturers and automakers important information they may use to take advantage of Uttar Pradesh’s rising sales volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The River Tamas is a right-bank tributary of the River Ganga flowing through the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, India. It originates in Jhukehi village in the Satna district of Madhya Pradesh and after 268 km it joins with the River Ganga at Sirsa, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The river has a diverse habitat and harbours a variety of flora and fauna. More than 70 fish species reside in the river, along with other biotic communities. A barrage, named Tons and situated at Bakiya village, was commissioned in 1992 for hydro-electric purposes. The continuity and volume of water in the river have been disturbed due to the construction of this barrage and it has changed the ecology and biodiversity. Keeping the ecosystem intact requires that environmental flow calculations be made of the river at the barrage. An attempt has been made to estimate the environmental flow requirement using a desktop hydrological method. Based on the flow duration curve (a hydrological method of flow estimation), the environmental flow for the River Tamas has been calculated using Global Environmental Flow Calculator software. Our calculation are based on flow discharge data received from the Tons Barrage Authority at Bakiya for the period January 2006 to December 2017. Average annual discharge was calculated from the recorded maximum (151.46 cumecs in 2016) and the minimum, 13.53 cumecs in 2007. Mean Annual Runoff was calculated as 1607 Million Cubic Meter with Coefficient of Variation =0.799. To maintain the river in the "slightly modified" class of Environmental Management Class, 27.8 % of Mean Annual Runoff discharge should be released into the river to largely maintain the biodiversity and habitat, while about 57% of Mean Annual Runoff discharge is required to maintain this river in pristine condition. This is a preliminary study to determine the water requirements for healthy habitat and biodiversity of the Tamas river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tamas River is a right-bank tributary of the River Ganga, originating from Jhukehi village in Madhya Pradesh and meeting up with the Ganga at Sirsa, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. An investigation was carried out in six sites at (Itahara, S1), (Madhavgarh, S2), (Bakiya upstream, S3), (Bakiya downstream, S4), (Chakghat, S5) and (Panasaghat, S6) of the river to document the fish diversity, seasonal variability, and impact of environmental variables on fish species composition during the period 2017 to 2019. Altogether 75 fish species belonging to 54 genera, 23 families, and 10 orders were recorded. Fish species richness at (S1), (S2), (S3), (S4), (S5), and (S6) and was recorded as 9, 39, 38, 13, 61, and 49, respectively. Family Cyprinidae with 31 species contributing 41% was the most dominant family, followed by Bagridae (8%) and Schilbeidae (6.7%). Seasonal variation in fish species richness and diversity indices were observed in the river stretch. Maximum species richness (45) was observed at S5 during monsoon and a minimum (6) at S1 during post-monsoon. As per the International Union for Conservation of Nature categorization, 10 out of 75 fish species recorded from the river were considered to be threatened. Three exotic species, namely Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus, and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, were recorded at some stretches, which may be a concern for native fish diversity. Environmental variables like water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, water velocity, and alkalinity influenced the fish community structure. The selected (S1–S6) stretch of the river falls under the category of Slightly Impacted River based on the Shannon Index (H'>3). The present investigation was the first assessment of rich fish diversity covering the maximum stretch of river, which supports many important and small indigenous fishes for conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the commercially approved cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris were susceptible to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) which results in severe reduction in yield. In the present study, a total of 350 common bean genotypes were screened under natural epiphytotic conditions and artificial inoculation during 2016–2017, 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. Only eleven genotypes viz., EC400445, EC400414, ET4515B, EC540173, IC360831, BD9116291, EC31084, EC541703, ET8409, IC340947 and IC356024 were found stable resistant. The BCMV infection was confirmed through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction using coat protein gene amplification. The amplified region was sequenced and analyzed. Percent identity of BCMV-K with reported BCMV strains from different parts of world and based on nucleotide sequence ranged between 94% and 99.70% and maximum identity (99.70%) is observed with the strains of Uttar Pradesh (MT265069) and Himachal Pradesh (FJ387162, EU492546). The identified resistant sources from this study could be utilized as donors to develop BCMV resistant common bean cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of stocking the Gangetic carps, viz. Labeo catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala, in a large tropical reservoir, Uttar Pradesh, India. Time series data of 22 years (1998 to 2019) on fingerling stocking and fish harvest were collected from the State Department of Fisheries, Govt of Uttar Pradesh. The average annual stocking was 36 nos.ha−1 yr−1, and the fingerling stocking size was ranged between 10 and 90 mm total length (TL) with a mean of 30 mm TL. The average fish production potential of the reservoir was estimated at 77.15 kg ha−1 yr−1. The analysis revealed that fish yield from the reservoir progressively increased from 75.02 t to 297.39 t with a mean of 148.82 ± 69.45 t. The regression analysis between the stocking density and yield of stocked species showed an insignificant relation in the reservoir (R2 = 0.0873, p = 0.2495). The percentage change in the production of stocked species in comparison with the previous year was found to be negative for 12 years between 1998 and 2019 indicated an unstable trend. The finding indicated that low stocking density, very small size at stocking, the low conversion efficiency of the photosynthetic energy to fish (0.016%), and the dominance of catfishes were the major causes for the low fish productivity. We suggest greater stocking density of 500 fingerlings ha−1 yr−1, stocking of fingerlings (> 100 mm TL), in situ breeding and rearing in cages and pens, adoption of cage culture technology, and identification and conservation of the breeding ground of the Gangetic carps to optimize the management regime in utilizing the production potential of reservoirs vis-a-vis ensuring livelihood security and sustainability of the fishers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goats make important contributions to the stability of smallholder farming system by providing financial resources for purchase of farm inputs and household needs, nutritional security, skin and fibers, employment and organic manure. In the recent study, a total of 240 goat farmers of two districts (Firozabad and Mainpuri) of the semi-arid zone of Uttar Pradesh, India were interviewed. Weight of 227 goats (≤1 year) were taken by spring balance and information regarding production performance of different traits were collected by interview of goat farmers. Based on the results, goat farmers were classified into three categories viz. landless (25.8%), marginal (54.2%) and small and semi-medium (20%), respectively. Milk yield of Sirohi, Barbari and non-descript breeds were 0.9. 0.6 and 0.8 liter/day, respectively. Jakhrana breed of goat had highest weight irrespective of age and sex, whereas Barbari has lowest among all breeds found in the study area. Dilution of pure breed line and low adoption of recommended management in the study area were important factors for low productivity. Total mortality rate in goat was 21.16% which was highest among 1-3 months old followed by 3-6 months and above 6 months age group, respectively. Age of first kidding, kidding interval and kidding % of non-descript breed in the field were 17.6 months, 11.4 months and 1.29, respectively. There was positive correlation between number of buck kept by farmers and their flock size. Buck of Sirohi breed were most preferred by farmers (72.4%) in study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data collected from 20 PPR affected farm households (HHs) of Jaganpur village of Auraiya district of Uttar Pradesh where outbreak of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease was reported. The findings from the household survey indicated that out of total households (210) in the village, about 85% households (HHs) reared goats with an average flock size of five goats. However, study HHs reared 266 goats with an average flock size of 13. Majority of the HHs (70%) reared goats under extensive management system. The average age of the respondents was 40 years and average family size was of 6. About 35% goat farmers were landless and most of goat farmers belonged to schedule cast social group. The contribution of goats to family income was about 17%. The overall incidence rate was 57.52% however, the rate was found slightly higher in young stock than adults. Similarly, mortality rate in goats in study households was 42%. It was high due to delay in diagnosis and unavailability of veterinary services during the outbreak, as revealed by the goat farmers. Economic loss due to mortality was estimated to be Rs. 12320 per HH. Total morbidity loss due to reduction in yield, weight loss and reduction in market value was Rs.1567. The opportunity cost which include expenses on veterinary care, extra labour and other charges was estimated to be Rs. 269. The total economic loss due to disease was Rs. 14156.00 (Rs.1064.36 per goat). Unavailability of vaccines, medicines, timely veterinary services, high cost medicines and poor knowledge of diseases and their symptoms were to be found major constraints. Study suggests that there is need to organize capacity strengthening programmes on important goat diseases and their vaccination schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]