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The role of meat in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) has been considered conflictive. For this reason, we decided to conduct a case-control study on meat consumption and ESCC. Data included 234 newly diagnosed and microscopically examined ESCC and 2,020 controls with conditions not related to tobacco smoking nor alcohol drinking and without changes in their diets. We studied total meat, red meat, beef, lamb, processed meat, poultry, fish, total white meat, liver, fried meat, barbecued meat, boiled meat, heterocyclic amines, nitrosodimethylamine, and benzo[a]pyrene in relation with the risk of ESCC. Red meat, lamb, and boiled meat were directly associated with the risk of ESCC, whereas total white meat, poultry, fish, and liver were mainly protective against this malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is strong evidence that meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However, for other cancer sites there is currently less convincing evidence. To further explore the association between meat intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 26 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1988 and 2000, including 6892 cancer cases and 1832 hospital controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals of various cancers for intake of total meat, red meat, beef, lamb and processed meat. There was a statistically significant increase in the odds of cancers of the mouth and pharynx (OR=1.63), esophagus (OR=3.30), larynx (OR=1.85), stomach (OR=4.02), colorectum (OR=1.78), lung (OR=1.59), sarcomas (OR=2.27), prostate (OR=1.58), bladder (OR=1.68), kidney (OR=1.96), nervous system (OR=3.12), thyroid (OR=2.38), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (OR=1.79), myeloma (OR=3.28) and all cancer sites combined (OR=1.61) with high intake of total meat and similar findings were found with red meat, beef and lamb. Intake of processed meat was associated with increased odds of cancers of the pharynx (OR=1.90), esophagus (OR=1.51), larynx (OR=2.03), stomach (OR=4.39), colorectum (OR=1.76), breast (OR=1.23), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (OR=2.01), leukemia (OR=2.11) and with all cancer sites combined (OR=1.32). Our results confirm earlier findings of increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers with higher meat intake and suggest that meat consumption increases the risk of multiple other cancer sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of meat in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) has been considered conflictive. For this reason, we decided to conduct a case-control study on meat consumption and ESCC. Data included 234 newly diagnosed and microscopically examined ESCC and 2,020 controls with conditions not related to tobacco smoking nor alcohol drinking and without changes in their diets. We studied total meat, red meat, beef, lamb, processed meat, poultry, fish, total white meat, liver, fried meat, barbecued meat, boiled meat, heterocyclic amines, nitrosodimethylamine, and benzo[a]pyrene in relation with the risk of ESCC. Red meat, lamb, and boiled meat were directly associated with the risk of ESCC, whereas total white meat, poultry, fish, and liver were mainly protective against this malignancy.

In the time period 1990-2004 we conducted a multisite case-control study in order to examine the relationship of mate consumption and risk of 13 cancer sites in Montevideo, Uruguay. The study included 13,201 participants (8,875 cases and 4,326 controls) drawn from the four major public hospitals in the city of Montevideo. Newly diagnosed and microscopically confirmed cases of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, female breast, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder and kidney were included in the study. Controls were drawn from the same hospitals and in the same time period and were afflicted by non-neoplastic conditions not related with tobacco smoking or alcohol drinking and without recent changes in their diets. Odds ratios for mate consumption was directly associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), esophagus, stomach, larynx, lung, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder, and kidney. In conclusion these results suggest that chemicals, like benzo[a]pyrene, could be responsible of the carcinogenic effect of mate in the above mentioned cancer sites.

Objectives: To explore the role of nutrient patterns in the etiology of breast cancer (BC) among Uruguayan women., Methods: A principal component analysis was conducted. The study included 442 newly diagnosed cases of BC and 442 hospitalized controls., Results: Two dietary patterns derived from factor analysis and were labeled as high-meat and antioxidants patterns. Whereas the high-meat pattern was directly associated with BC risk (OR for the highest versus the lowest quartile = 3.50, 95 % CI 1.94-6.30, p-value for trend <0.0001), the antioxidants pattern displayed a protective effect (OR=0.44, 95 % CI 0.27-0.74). Its negative association was stronger for postmenopausal than for premenopausal women (OR=0.63, 95% CI 0.51-0.79 vs. OR=0.89, 95% CI 0.50-1.56, respectively). Both strata were heterogeneous (p=0.004). The high-meat pattern was more associated with BC risk among patients with family history of BC compared with participants without it, but results did not differ by histology. In contrast, the antioxidants pattern was more associated with non-ductal cancers (OR=0.50 [95 % CI 0.35-0.69]) than with ductal cancers (OR=0.72, 95 % CI 0.58-0.88, heterogeneity p-value=0.03)., Conclusions: Results support an association between the high-meat and antioxidant dietary patterns and BC risk. Furthermore, findings suggest that gene-environmental interactions may be important in BC etiology.

Objective: To determine the role of meat consumption and related mutagens in the etiology of lung cancer, we conducted a case-control study among Uruguayan males in the time period 1996-2004., Methods: The study included 846 cases and 846 controls, frequency matched on age and residence. Both series were drawn from the four major public hospitals in Montevideo, Uruguay. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of lung cancer by quartiles of meat intake and mutagens., Results: The highest vs. the lowest quartile of intake of total meat (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.42-2.92), red meat (OR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.63-3.32), and processed meat (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.22-2.65) was associated with increased risk of lung cancer, while intake of total white meat, poultry and fish was not. Heterocyclic amines (IQ, MeIQx, PhIP), nitrosamines and benzo[a]pyrene were directly associated with the risk of lung cancer (OR for PhIP 2.16, 95% CI 1.48-3.15). Moreover, both red meat and meat mutagens displayed higher risks among former smokers compared with current smokers., Conclusions: This study suggests that red and processed meat and meat mutagens may play a role in the etiology of lung cancer.

Introduction: There is strong evidence that high meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However, for other cancer sites there is currently less convincing evidence., Methods: To further explore associations between meat intake and cancer risk we conducted a multisite case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of cancer associated with meat intake., Results: In the multivariable model there was a significant increase in the odds of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (OR= 3.65, 95% CI: 2.21-6.01), esophagus (OR= 3.36, 95% CI: 1.97-5.72), larynx (OR=2.91, 95% CI: 1.80-4.68), stomach (OR= 2.19, 95% CI: 1.31-3.65), colorectum (OR= 3.83, 95% CI: 2.37-6.20), lung (OR= 2.17, 95% CI: 1.52-3.10), breast (OR= 1.97, 95% CI: 1.04-3.75), prostate (OR= 1.87, 95% CI: 1.08-3.21), bladder (OR= 2.11, 95% CI: 1.20-3.72) and kidney (OR= 2.72, 95% CI: 1.22-6.07) with high intake of red meat and similar findings were found for total meat. In addition, intake of beef and lamb were also associated with increased risk of several cancer sites. High intake of processed meat was associated with increased risk of cancers of the esophagus (OR= 1.63, 95% CI: 1.08-2.47), larynx (OR= 1.84, 95% CI: 1.21-2.78), stomach (OR= 1.62, 95% CI: 1.07-2.44), colorectum (OR= 2.15, 95% CI: 1.49-3.11), lung (OR= 1.70, 95% CI: 1.28-2.25) and breast (OR= 1.53, 95% CI: 1.01-2.30)., Conclusion: Our results confirm earlier findings of increased risk of digestive tract cancers, but suggest that meat consumption also increases the risk of several other cancers.

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that high intake of fruit and vegetables may decrease the risk of a wide range of cancers, but this evidence has been challenged by the results of recent studies., Methods: To further explore the association between fruit and vegetable intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancer associations., Results: In the multivariable model higher intake of fruits and vegetables combined was associated with a decreased risk of cancers of the esophagus (odds ratio, OR= 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42-0.97), lung (OR= 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98), breast (OR= 0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71), prostate (OR= 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92) and all sites combined (OR= 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.87). When evaluated separately, fruit intake was more strongly associated with decreased cancer risk than vegetables. These inverse associations were mainly observed in men, among persons with high intake of meat, alcohol drinkers and among smokers., Conclusion: Our results provide some evidence that high intake of fruits and vegetables and particularly fruit may decrease the risk of cancer. However, because of the possibility that these findings could be due to residual confounding from intake of meat, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking, further studies in populations with a large number of participants with low or no exposure to these potential confounding factors are warranted.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that egg consumption may increase the risk of colorectal cancer and some other cancers. However, the evidence is still limited. To further explore the association between egg intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls., Results: In the multivariable model with adjustment for age, sex (when applicable), residence, education, income, interviewer, smoking, alcohol intake, intake of fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy products, fatty foods, meat, energy intake and BMI, there was a significant increase in the odds of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (OR= 2.02, 95% CI: 1.19-3.44), upper aerodigestive tract (OR= 1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.37), colorectum (OR= 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.63), lung (OR= 1.59, 95% CI: 1.10-2.29), breast (OR= 2.86, 95% CI: 1.66-4.92), prostate (OR= 1.89, 95% CI: 1.15-3.10), bladder (OR= 2.23, 95% CI: 1.30-3.83) and all cancer sites combined (OR= 1.71, 95% CI: 1.35-2.17) with a high vs low egg intake., Conclusions: We found an association between higher intake of eggs and increased risk of several cancers. Further prospective studies of these associations are warranted.