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Focuses on the development and maintenance of effective relations between the legislature and community colleges in the U.S. Criticism of higher education due to decline of public confidence in education and economic uncertainty; Changes in the legislature with focus on greater professionalism; Recommendations for community colleges in order to obtain support from the legislature.

The article discusses the application of transorganizational development in producing effective relations between the U.S. Congress and the Executive Branch. The concepts of transorganizational systems (TS) and transorganizational development (TD) originate in the organizational behavior literature. They are essential to the understanding of the emerging field of planned change having to do with multi-organization systems. TS/TD concepts build on literature and practice from a number of areas including interorganizational relations, networks, social problem solving, collective strategy and institution building, to name a few. TD/TS concepts are not entirely foreign to political science and public administration. Two related examples in these domains are: policy decision-making and governance networks. Policy decision-making systems and governance networks are analogous to transorganizational systems. In combination with the emerging theory and practice of transorganizational development, these frameworks can be used to create and manage effective issue collectives. They also offer a potentially rich language for understanding and describing the structure and behavior of relations between Congress and the Executive Branch as manifest in specific policy issues. The idea for applying transorganizational development to congressional- executive relations occurred during a recently completed National Academy of Public Administration study of the congressional-executive relationship. The Academy's Panel on Congress and the Executive focused its investigation on the role of Congress in the details of the policy process.

The article highlights that the general advantages of uniform accounting among hospitals are the same as for business enterprises, namely, comparison of operating efficiency between hospitals and periods of time, and establishment of effective relations with the public served by the institutions. Hospitals are a combination of commercial enterprise and social agency. As a commercial enterprise a hospital may provide services to customers, that is, patients, at prices presumably based upon the costs of the services rendered. As a social agency a hospital may serve a client or customer, regardless of his ability to pay, the costs being met by some other individual or group. This dual aspect of hospital service pervades every problem of administrative practice or public relations. Governmental hospitals are, for the most part, conducted strictly as social agencies with the direct beneficiaries paying none of the costs. Privately owned hospitals, on the other hand, are conducted strictly as commercial enterprises, with the patients paying the full costs including the fixed charges, and with charity provided only by compulsion through the uncollectibility of accounts receivable. The incorporated non-profit hospitals combine both the commercial and social aspects.

This paper is about the importance of understanding immigrant Latino parental involvement in the United States' educational system. Misconceptions regarding Latino parental involvement will be presented as a way to help pre-service teachers and educators to understand factors that determine Latino parental involvement. This information can be used to create opportunities for this group of parents to engage in school activities in accordance with their reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the results of a survey on orientation practices for graduate students conducted among member institutions of the Council of Graduate Schools in the U.S. Mission of the student orientation program; Importance of effective and ethical leadership to the success of all organizations; Establishment and promotion of effective relations with relevant campus offices and external agencies.

Examines the factors contributing to the failure of U.S.-based international business enterprises abroad. Adequacy of experience of managers; Failure to establish effective relations between field managers and parent company management; International orientation of decision-makers.

The article discusses the role of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in pioneering public service labor relations in the U.S. The board of TVA in the 1930s chose to hire its own construction workers in the building of the Norris and Wheeler Dams. In 1934, the board passed a resolution in which it granted its employees right to organize and bargain collectively. The resolution set the example for federal service and in 1962, Executive Order 10988 or the Employee-Management Cooperation in the Federal Service, was issued.

The existing literature explains the wavering course of President Barack Obama's policy on the 2001–03 Egyptian crisis as attributed to either his personal characteristics (lack of an international experience, predisposition to sermonize rather than to strategize) or to the impact of the decline of the United States as a global superpower (inability to influence foreign actors and contexts). Although both explanations are worthy of consideration, this article seeks to demonstrate that they are insufficient when accounting for the uncertainties shown by the United States during the Egyptian crisis. Domestic factors, particularly the internally divided US political elite and a foreign policy team with different views, played a crucial intervening role in defining the features of US foreign policy. It was domestic politics that made the Obama administration ineffective in dealing with the new scenario that emerged in the Middle East and in Egypt in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents news items concerning business enterprises in the U.S., compiled as of July 1977. Motorola Inc.'s development of a game that provides management personnel with a fun way of complying with federal law banning employee discrimination; Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.'s distribution of the book 'Guide to More Effective Relations With the Media' to some plant managers and executives.

The article explores the history of the U.S. intelligence community with an emphasis on changes in leadership. The author traces intelligence reform between the establishment of a Director of Central Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1947 and the position of Director of National Intelligence in 2004. Topics include accurate intelligence on the Soviet Union during the Cold War, the role of outside review panels, and limits on authority.

The article discusses the literature of academic intelligence information in the U.S. as of Winter 2013. It discusses the development of academic intelligence curricula in the U.S., the qualities of intelligence studies programs such as the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) Centers of Academic Excellence (CAE) and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's Officers in Residence programs. It also discusses the organization the International Association for Intelligence Education (IAFIE).

Despite outward appearances, the CIA's evolution between 1945 and 1953 was influenced by two objective investigations – the Eberstadt Task Force and Dulles Commission – and was accelerated, but not instigated, by the shock of the Korean War. The role of these two investigations, which ultimately resulted in NSC 50 and the establishment of the CIA as a viable member of the US intelligence community, has been overlooked in recent literature. While these panels played a critical role in shaping the CIA's organization during this period, the Truman administration never achieved its goal of establishing a truly ‘central’ intelligence organization. This article examines the formation of the CIA, discusses both reports, national policy changes enacted in response, and relevance to the US intelligence community's current operations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A field study was conducted with 47 Army action teams spanning 9 weeks to assess the influence of team leader authenticity on team authenticity and team outcomes. Results showed that team leader authenticity at Time 1 predicted teamwork behavior and team productivity at Time 3, with these relationships mediated by team authenticity at Time 2. We further explored the moderating role of authenticity strength in the team authenticity-teamwork behavior relationship. Team authenticity interacted with authenticity strength such that the team authenticity-teamwork behavior relationship was stronger when authenticity strength was higher rather than lower. Implications of these findings for theories of shared leadership, team leadership, and authentic leadership are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on dispute resolution processes that have developed around the separation of legal concepts and individual and collective rights in the legacy of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The author emphasizes the use of processes including multiparty union-management partnerships, facilitated integrative interest-based bargaining, and consensus-building mechanisms to resolve work disputes in a difficult 2011 economy. Mediation and arbitration, as part of good-faith bargaining, are presented to bring about worker justice.

The article offers information on the aviation unit the Maritime Patrol and Reconnaissance Force (MPRF) of the U.S. Navy. It states that the squadron has two units the P-3 Orion and the Patrol Squadron Two Six (VP-26) which is both an Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW). It highlights the historical timeline of VP-26 from 1943 up to the present.

Hospitals are a significant part of the burgeoning healthcare sector in the United States (U.S.) economy. Despite the availability of what some describe us the world's best healthcare, the U.S. suffers from wide discrepancies in healthcare provision across hospitals and regions of the country. Specifically, capacity, utilization, quality, and even financial performance of hospitals vary widely. Based on secondary data from 533 hospitals in the adjoining states of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, this study develops several comparative metrics that enable benchmarking, which, in turn, leads to several inferences and implications for hospital administrators. The paper concludes with implications for hospital administrators and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on how fifty superintendents (chief executive officers of public school systems, each invited by a researcher to participate) from seven states in the US talked in eight focus groups of their perspectives on their influence as leaders, their efforts to communicate with stakeholders, and how they learn from these stakeholders. We maintain that our participants' revelations suggest that three definitions must be expanded to fit their work. First, influence or authority must be seen not merely as vested in the superintendent; rather, these superintendents described their leadership in terms of working with and through others. Second, organizational communication for these superintendents is more than the district's leader communicating his or her perceptions and wishes to others; it is more relational, in which a variety of actors communicate their perspectives to one another. Third, this type of inter-professional leadership leads logically to relational mentoring, where learning does not pass merely from expert to novice; rather, superintendents described their roles in terms of various parties learning from and teaching one another. We discuss implications of these insights for practice, research, and preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New scholarship promoting direct citizen engagement in public administration is grounded in a rejection of the theory and ethos of the administrative state, including the presumptively conventional views of Woodrow Wilson. Yet Wilson's ideas in this regard were hardly conventional. As part of his sweeping prescriptive vision for a national administrative system in the United States, Wilson promoted cities as the exclusive locus of direct citizen engagement in administration. Scholars and practitioners of the new participatory governance who attend to Wilson's ideas can acquire a valuable regime-level perspective on redefining the role of the public in public management and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work/family balance programs that assist employees have received great attention by employers and researchers. These programs are typically offered by employers to assist employees with effective handling of familial responsibilities while remaining productive at work. Historically, these policies have been catered to working mothers mad have fallen short of addressing the unique needs of fathers in the workplace. Developing policies that are specific to fathers can prove beneficial to companies by promoting increased productivity and greater loyalty. An Employee Assistance Program EAP) can assist companies with developing programs that provide assistance to employees on various levels, The EAP core technology functions promoted by the Employee Assistance Professionals Association (EAPA) provide an excellent structure for exploring how EA professionals can be an integral part in any work/ family balance program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to examine the impact of technology importation on occupational health and safety in both Saudi Arabian and U.S. oil refining industries. Technologies imported to the Saudi oil industry take two forms: hardware (sophisticated equipment to run oil facilities) and software (policies and regulations pertaining to workers' health and safety, and employment rights installed by Aramco's founding multinational companies). This study utilizes qualitative, historically oriented, cross-national case studies to compare and assess workers' health, safety, and rights in Saudi Aramco with its U.S. counterpart, Motiva Enterprises. Two facilities were chosen to conduct field research: the Saudi Aramco oil refinery at Jeddah and Motiva's refinery at Port Arthur, Texas. The Jeddah refinery is fully owned by Saudi Aramco, thus, representing Aramco's health and safety policies and regulations. The Port Arthur refinery serves as a reference case study for U.S. oil refining facilities. The aspects of occupational health and safety in Saudi Aramco—ExxonMobil's joint ventures SAMREF and LUBREF—also are discussed to examine workers' health policies in both companies. The American oil industry made a significant contribution in establishing the Saudi oil industry, with the cooperation of the Saudi government. Despite having outstanding employment benefits schemes in Saudi Aramco, the presence of an organized work force better serves employee participation in Motiva than in Aramco. Safety systems such as Process Safety Management (PSM)—applied in Motiva—partially exist in Aramco to operate hardware technologies safely. Motiva training systems are better through PACE's Triangle of Prevention (TOP). Both companies follow the same pattern of handling occupational injuries and diseases; however, Saudi government agencies (GOSI) are responsible for compensating and treating injured workers. Saudi workers expressed conditional support for the worker committee program proposed by the Ministry of Labor. American and Saudi workers are concerned about the quality and sufficiency of health and safety training, employment promotion, work pressure, and job uncertainty due to continuous downsizing. This article recommends that Saudi social actors increase safety and health awareness in the work environment by providing intensive occupational safety training to the employees (as demanded by Saudi and American workers), improve labor-management relations through establishing strong cooperative contacts with regional and international trade unions, and establish uniform and standard occupational health and safety regulations for Saudi Aramco and its subsidiaries in order to provide an equal level of protection for Saudi workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the promotion of the benign atom as an instrument of American foreign policy towards peace, scientific internationalism and scientific intelligence. The distribution of radioisotopes to other nations for research and medicinal purposes was followed by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace initiative, which was announced at the United Nations.

Discusses the role of the administration of former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in efforts to repeal U.S. laws prohibiting individuals of Chinese descent from immigrating to the country. Information on the moral subtext of the economic argument used against Chinese immigration in the late 19th century; Analysis of the conflict between domestic policy and the aims of U.S. foreign policy in relation to the issue; Implications of the support given by FDR to the repeal.

Examines the career of professional planning consultant Ladislas Segoe within several discernible phases that parallel the development of the U.S. planning practice. Contributions made by Segoe to professional planning; Causes fought for by Segoe; Reasons for the success of the profession in the 1950s.

THE GROWING ALIGNMENT OF INFORMATION SERVICE MANAGEMENT to business-based models of management since the 1970s is evident. The impact of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) on all areas of information service management is bringing about further structural changes and adjustments to practice. The financial environment within library and information services is reviewed and a structure for financial management is presented based on funding source and level of commercial activity. A set of criteria for library resource and service management based on Maurice Line's proposals is reviewed and these are critically appraised against the parameters of the business and financial models discussed. A good fit between Line's principles and business and financial parameters is found. A discussion of macroeconomic factors and contemporary trends is offered. A set of objectives for financial management of library and information services is developed and reviewed in the light of future trends and stakeholder perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the foreign policy of the United States. Problem regarding the organization of foreign policy principles; How the emergence of globalization and democracy has impacted US foreign policy; Notion of containment during the Cold War and reasons for its significance; Establishment of a coherent foreign policy in support of strategic interests.

Looks at the United States Bureau of the Budget (BoB) during a critical period in its history and in the development of the modern presidency, the years 1939-1948. Terry Moe's argument on the interests of modern presidents; Reason for the creation of the BoB; Historical overview of the BoB; Conclusions.

Discusses some theoretical and practical ideas about teaching publishing in the United States. Establishment of an advisory board of industry leaders; Creation of a comprehensive publishing curriculum that draws upon the academic resources of other departments and schools within a university; Development of an effective internship and job placement program.

The article investigates the presidential and congressional relations during the administration of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. It focuses on the thought that a president will organize such relation to suit his policy goals and personal style. During his administration, President Carter illustrated an anti-political style in pursuing policy goals that was uncomplimentary to Congress. It discusses the role of a congressional relations staff, which permitted the president to sustain his personal style of independence.

The school-to-work movement is best understood as part of a broader educational reform initiative aimed at providing workers with the necessary skills to place the US in a position of international economic competitiveness. The school-to-work movement grew out of the educational reforms of the 1980s and 1990s and is defined largely by the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994. The reforms of this period also influenced a paradigm shift in vocational education in the US. Although key premises of the school-to-work movement are invalid and the reforms have failed to build upon past efforts, the rediscovery of progressive vocational education practices holds promise for the improvement of public schooling in the US. The comprehensive high school is considered the setting logistically conducive for school-to-work activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to find out more about the effectiveness of the tools, procedures, and techniques that project personnel use in their work, the Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Environments project at the Software Engineering Institute interviewed personnel in eight software maintenance projects within a U.S. Government organization. These interviews highlighted problems that we believe are typical of many software maintenance organizations and are the subject of this paper. While the interviews discovered a need for maintenance tools to support such areas as reverse-engineering and regression testing, these problems often had their roots in deeper issues. Such issues were a lack of design for maintenance, ineffective communication and low status of maintenance work. This paper addresses these deeper issues and suggests some approaches for their resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses health care reform and the need for public health professionals to assume an active leadership role in the debate. The need for public health agencies to be organized effectively to participate in the legislative policy process. The report `The Future of Public Health,' from the Institute of Medicine.

This article focuses on a study which measured the accomplishments and shortcomings of three offices of the United States Employment Service (ES) offices in the Appalachian Region. It also attempted to determine staff members' attitude regarding the local office's functions as well as the employer's knowledge of and use of the local office's services. Office A was located in a prosperous area, Office B in an average area and Office C in a marginal area. Both ES office personnel and employers were canvassed by mail questionnaires in 1967. The census of employers included 50 to 60 percent of the employment in two of the counties and 60 to 70 percent in the third county. The response rate for the 186 employers surveyed was 54 percent. Based on the findings of the study, employers do not use the ES for various reasons, many of which are directly related to its policy of emphasizing worker need. Over half (52 percent) of the employers complained that the ES does not serve the employers and job seekers equally, but rather serves the job seekers primarily. Two-thirds of the employers reported that they had never been contacted by the ES staff, an indication of the lack of employer service. Moreover, the employers' general lack of knowledge of ES activities confirmed a lack of contact. Employers who had used ES services complained that they had been bombarded with applicants when they had only one or two openings. They also complained that the applicants had not been properly screened. This complaint is confirmed by ES staff responses; over 90 percent of the staff indicated that they do not refer the best qualified workers, and they expressed the opinion that a lesser qualified job seeker should be given referral preference if he is disadvantaged or unemployed.

This article examines educational and psychological testing in professional school level in the U.S. Studies on the measure of educational input suggest that a more sophisticated approach to the incorporation of both test and performance data in selection decisions is required. There is a growing tendency to incorporate various interest, attitude, and personality measures in the admission test batteries of certain professional schools because tests of cognitive attributes have yielded such generally disappointing results. The predictive validity of any instrument depends not only on the validity and reliability of both the predictor and the criterion measures but also on the nature of the environment in which the examinee is expected to function.

The article presents the author's comments on studying accounting in a liberal arts college. He speaks in the defense of the subject. The author asserts that accounting in the liberal arts college has struck deep root and is there to stay. It has inherent qualities that justify the position it now holds in the liberal arts curriculum, and it may be a factor in inducing changes within the college in the direction of a more frank facing of the situation regarding the problem of professional education. The author also finds himself somewhat unprepared to accept the implications of the reference to professional education. He do not think that the case for accounting as a subject making a contribution to a liberal arts curriculum is strongest when put in terms of professional education or of a possible revision of liberal arts curricula looking toward more professional training, as this expression is commonly accepted. According to the author the most valuable contributions which accounting can make toward the enrichment of a liberal arts curriculum are those which can be made within the framework of a conception of this curriculum which has little, if anything, to do with professional or vocational education.

The article presents information on instructional treatments based on learning strategies and the recognition memory of retarded children. Elaboration is the process by which two or more unconnected verbal or pictorial items come to be related by means of a common meaningful context. The basic elaboration finding is that children given a paired-associate task recall more noun pairs when they are supplied with an elaborative prompt, such as a sentence or an integrated picture, than when just supplied with noun pairs. This result has consistently been found with both normal and retarded children. The study, reported in the article, was designed to compare the relative effectiveness of an elaboration treatment and a condition where no specific strategy treatment was provided on two measures of recognition: recognition of displays or groups, and recognition of individual pictures. It seems that the conditions for learning should be optimal when such structured instruction is based on effective learning and memory strategies, such as elaboration.