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Currently, in the United States, there is no legal obligation for medical professionals or civil courts to uphold patients' Advance Directives (ADs) regarding end-of-life care. The applicability and standing of ADs prepared by Alzheimer's patients is a persistent issue in bioethics. Those who argue against giving ADs full status take two main approaches: (1) appealing to beneficence on behalf of the Alzheimer's patient and (2) claiming that there is no longer any personal equivalence between the AD's creator and the subject of the AD. In this paper, I present profound arguments against both approaches. Firstly, I argue that the principle of beneficence cannot apply in the case of Alzheimer's patients, and, secondly, that the moral and legal authority of the AD need not depend on strict equivalence of personal identity. I conclude by arguing that valid ADs protect the dignity and autonomy of Alzheimer's patients and that, therefore, there are moral obligations to uphold ADs which should be reflected in public policy and legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the role that local health departments (LHDs) have in cross sector can address alone, including the work of value alignment and the strategic use of organizational authorities. The practices by which LHDs used their authorities to conduct cross-sector work during the pandemic need exploration. Method: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 public health leaders from metropolitan LHDs across the United States. Our interview guide assessed the values that LHD leadership prioritized in their cross-sector work as well as the range of organizational authorities they leveraged to influence external decision-making in other sectors. Results: We found that LHDs approached cross-sector work by leaning on diverse values and authorities, each with unique implications for their work. The LHDs emphasized their approach to value alignment on a sector-by-sector basis, strategically using diverse organizational authorities—economic, political, moral, scientific, and logistical. While each authority and value we assessed was present across all interviewees, how each shaped action varied. Internally, LHDs emphasized certain authorities more than others to the degree that they more closely aligned with prioritized core values. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the ongoing need for LHD leadership to improve their ability to effectively communicate public health values and the unique authorities by which health-supporting work can be facilitated, including how this message must be adapted, depending on the specific sectors with which the LHD needs to partner and the governance arrangement in which the LHD is situated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding upon Duckitt's dual‐process motivational model of ideology and prejudice (DPM; Duckitt, 2001), this research explores the psychological underpinnings of the approval of hostile design (AoHD) measures. Hostile design measures are interventions designed to deter undesirable behaviours and specific social groups in urban areas. Across three correlational studies (N = 798) conducted in Germany and the US, we investigated the relationship between AoHD, Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), as well as dangerous and competitive worldviews. AoHD was positively associated with RWA and SDO, as well as with dangerous and competitive worldviews. In line with the DPM, the relationship between a competitive worldview and AoHD is mediated by SDO in Studies 2 and 3. In addition, the relationship between a dangerous worldview and AoHD is mediated by RWA in Study 2 but not in Study 3. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a current perspective on George Orwell's 1984 (1949) utopian society in the context of 2022 and implications for higher education and society in the United States. Societies have experienced numerous issues portrayed in 1984 including power struggles and censorship, and identity politics and cancel culture are impeding an open discussion of ideas. Higher education has been considered a bastion of intellectual inquiry and spirited discussions, where faculty members are in a position of authority in the classroom. This authority can influence the learning environment and experiences; however, both faculty and students are feeling threats from various sectors both internally and externally. To address these matters, findings from various reports and studies indicate a need for greater diversity in perspectives on critical issues in academia, which could impact the preparation and the nature of learning experiences provided for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent centennial of the 1921 Budget and Accounting Act presents an opportunity to reconsider the importance of the federal executive budget to American political development. Of particular interest is the apparent shift in political authority from Congress to the president that is sometimes attributed to the Act. The 1921 Act generally marks the rise of the modern presidency, where the president received a durable grant of authority. We examine the congressional hearings and debates regarding the budget process from 1919 to 1921 to assess Congress's expectations of the new budget system it was creating. We show that Congress expected to benefit from the executive budget process and did not view it as a threat to its budget authority. Congress recognized that the executive branch had influence in the budget process, but it preferred presidential influence to department heads' influence. The 1921 Act, at least initially, enhanced the budgeting capacities of both the president and Congress in mutually beneficial ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing acknowledgment of the phenomenon of individuals terminating their pregnancies by obtaining the medications necessary for an abortion—which this article refers to as "self-sourced medication abortion" (SSMA)—has shed light on the current contradictions in the world of abortion provision. This article offers a brief historical overview of the relationship between abortion provision and mainstream medicine, pointing to the factors that have led to the marginalization of abortion care. It then discusses interviews with 40 physicians who provide abortions about their perspectives on SSMA, and it explores how this group responds to the contradictions presented by SSMA. In doing so, it interrogates the changing meaning of "physician authority" among this subset of physicians. The authors suggest that these interviewees represent an emergent sensibility among this generation of abortion physicians, a sensibility strongly tied to a commitment to social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Essay continues a discussion on the authority of courts, executives, and legislators to govern nations where the law diverges from necessity or morality. In a previous Comment, P. Elise McLaren, Answering the Call: A History of the Emergency Power Doctrine in Texas and United States, 53 ST. Mary's LJ. 287 (2022), I asked whether necessity or emergency ever supersedes the law, i.e., whether "emergency powers" exist. In this Essay, I ask whether the government is held accountable to a force other than the people themselves, namely, religious influence. As was done with respect to emergency powers, I ask whether a religious influence is beneficial, detrimental, or neutral, and secondarily whether it is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of discretionary denials by the Patent Trial and Appeals Board (PTAB) and its impact on post-grant proceedings. It discusses the development of discretionary denials, the PTAB's rulemaking authority, and the evolution of these denials from the inception of the America Invents Act (AIA) to the present. It also addresses the use of Fintiv factors for discretionary denials, the limitations of the Federal Circuit's authority to review such decisions.

Although public historians and public intellectuals were present in the United States long before the 1970s and 80s, in those decades these terms emerged as focal points for intensified debates about the roles to which they pointed. Those debates shared more than chronological proximity; they had common questions and concerns. As The Public Historian marks its forty-fifth year, comparing discussions about public historians to those about public intellectuals casts new light on a question posed at the outset and present since: what is public history? This comparison highlights the development of public history as a process—rather than the public historian as a role or public history as a product—and locates it in a broader reconfiguration of academic authority in the public sphere over the last fifty years, which included “public intellectuals” and movements for public sociology, public philosophy, and public humanities. Whereas the authoritative voice remained central to the role of the public intellectual, the process of public history was the ground for a shift to shared authority. Developments in theory and practice in the field of public history therefore resonate beyond it: they constitute one of the richest bodies of work grappling with the always-contested place of experts, professionals, and intellectuals in American democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether prejudice-related personality characteristics (i.e., right wing authoritarianism [RWA]) and COVID-19–driven psychological resource loss might predict perpetrator-directed punitive responding (i.e., support for criminal charges) to a COVID-19–related attack on a Chinese victim by a White male. Across two studies, participants completed an RWA measure and reported the extent they had experienced COVID-19–related psychosocial resource loss. They then read a passage describing the COVID-19–related physical assault. For both studies, at low resource loss levels, low RWA participants reported greater punitive responding toward the perpetrator than high RWA participants. This RWA–punitive responding association was mediated by greater victim-directed suffering sensitivity (i.e., empathy) for Study 1 and greater anti-perpetrator reactions (i.e., hate crime perceptions) for Study 2. The RWA association with the relevant outcome variables (i.e., suffering sensitivity, anti-perpetrator bias, and punitive responding) was eliminated at high psychological resource loss levels. Specifically, low and high RWA participants reported similar reactions. While previous research has demonstrated that high RWA individuals tend to report greater outgroup-directed prejudicial responses due to COVID-19–driven perceptions of threat, our findings demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic can also elicit feelings of resource loss that can diminish the egalitarian reactions typically reported by low RWA individuals. In sum, we demonstrate that experiencing difficult life circumstances such as COVID-19 psychosocial resource loss can diminish supportive reactions toward victimized minority group members even among low RWA participants who are typically expected to be more sensitive to the struggles of those who are disadvantaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) lack of authority to restrict the use of harmful chemicals in nail products which pose occupational health hazards to nail salon technicians. It examines the most pervasive nail product chemicals and their potential effects on occupational health. It analyzes the negative impact of the rigid cosmetic framework of the FDA on its pre- and post-market authority and its power to address nail product safety issues.

The Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC’s) recent assertion of authority to engage in legislative rulemaking in antitrust matters can be addressed in terms of three frameworks: the major questions doctrine, the Chevron doctrine, and as a matter of ordinary statutory interpretation. The article argues that as a matter of ordinary statutory interpretation the FTC has no such authority. This can be seen by considering the structure and history of the Act and is confirmed by the 1975 Federal Trade Commission Improvements Act. Given that the result follows from ordinary statutory interpretation, it is unnecessary for courts to consider the other two frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although much research has investigated parenting styles, few studies have examined parenting across regions of the United States. The current study used a nationwide sample to examine perceived maternal and paternal parenting in four regions of the United States: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. Participants included 1080 emerging adults who answered questionnaires regarding their perceptions of maternal and paternal parenting styles using an online survey. In all regions, the largest profile indicated a parenting style of High Authoritative/Authoritarian and Moderate Permissive mothers and fathers. Similarly, all regions indicated profiles that were High or Very High Authoritarian mothers and fathers. All regions except the West had a profile with High Authoritative mothers and High or Very High Authoritarian fathers. The Northeast, South, and West also had unique profiles found only in those regions. Thus, results indicate similarities as well as distinct differences in parenting style across regions of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, officials in the United States at all levels of government utilized their legal authorities to impose a wide range of measures designed to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; the causative agent of COVID-19), including shutting down businesses, limiting the size of gatherings, requiring masking, and mandating vaccination. These orders and regulations were challenged in court cases that resulted in more than 1000 judicial decisions. Common claims were based on alleged procedural and substantive due process violations, violations of religious liberty, and violations of officials' scope of authority. In more than three fourths of the decisions, the court refused to grant the plaintiffs the relief sought. However, plaintiffs found success in several notable cases, especially in federal court. These recent decisions, as well as broader prepandemic trends, have important implications for public health officials' exercise of their public health powers, especially when those exercises implicate religious liberty. In this legal environment, officials may need to rely more on the powers of persuasion than on their legal authority alone. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(3):280–287. https://doi.org/10.2105/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307181) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of health misinformation by health care professionals who also hold government positions represents a long-standing problem that intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes this problem and considers legal and other response strategies. State licensing and credentialing boards must use their authorities to discipline clinicians who spread misinformation and to reinforce the nature and scope of professional and ethical obligations of government and nongovernment clinicians. Individual clinicians must also play an important role by actively and vigorously correcting misinformation disseminated by other clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine the frequency of loaded handgun carrying among US adult handgun owners overall and by state concealed carry law status. Methods. Using a nationally representative survey of US firearm-owning adults in 2019, we asked handgun owners (n = 2389) about their past-month handgun carrying behavior. Results. A total of 30.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 28.0%, 32.6%) of handgun owners carried handguns monthly, of whom 38.1% (95% CI = 33.6%, 42.7%) did so daily. In permitless carry states, 29.7% (95% CI = 25.9%, 33.9%) of handgun owners carried handguns in the past month, compared with 33.1% (95% CI = 29.9%, 36.3%) in shall issue states and 19.7% (95% CI = 14.9%, 25.5%) in may issue states. Of handgun owners without a permit, 7.5% (95% CI = 4.1%, 13.3%) of those in may issue states and 11.5% (95% CI = 8.5%, 15.4%) of those in shall issues states carried handguns in the past month. Conclusions. In 2019, about 16 million US adult handgun owners carried handguns in the past month (up from 9 million in 2015), and approximately 6 million did so daily (twice the 3 million who did so in 2015). Proportionally fewer handgun owners carried handguns in states where issuing authorities had substantial discretion in granting permits. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(12):1783–1790. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307094) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Nonmedical switching (NMS) is a change in a patient's treatment regimen for reasons other than lack of efficacy, intolerance, adverse effects, or poor adherence. We describe the impact of NMS on patients, health care workers, and health systems, focusing on NMS to in-class biologic alternatives in US patients with chronic, immune-mediated rheumatic and dermatologic conditions. Additionally, we evaluate the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate the physical, psychological, and economic impacts of NMS. STUDY DESIGN: Narrative review. METHODS: We performed a search of MEDLINE's PubMed database from October 2015 to October 2020, with a repeat search in October 2021. Search terms included relevant keywords pertaining to NMS, biologics, and disease areas. Results were supplemented by a search of key congress abstracts from 2015 to 2021 and a targeted internet search. RESULTS: NMS increases medication abandonment, errors, and adverse effects, and it can lead to longer patient visits, increased follow-up visits, additional laboratory tests and procedures, and greater overall health care resource utilization (HCRU). The increased HCRU associated with NMS increases patients' financial burden due to additional co-pays and out-of-pocket costs. CONCLUSIONS: The decision to switch treatments should result from shared decision-making between health care providers (HCPs) and patients to achieve the best clinical outcomes and optimal HCRU. The issues related to NMS may be compounded by the financial and psychosocial stress on HCPs and patients created by the COVID-19 pandemic. HCPs should advocate for continuous patient treatment and be familiar with continuity of care legislation, appeals processes, and manufacturer assistance programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agencies vary over which individuals have final authority to make decisions. But this authority differs in two important ways. While officials with final authority can be either political appointees or civil servants they can also be located anywhere within the agency's hierarchy. This begs the question of whether it is the nature of political appointees or the workflow of actions through an agency that are more responsible for inserting politics into agency decisions. This study addresses this question by employing new institutional data on all state and local air agencies to examine how decision‐making authority competes or reinforces political appointee's efforts to shape agency actions. Our empirical exercise centers on the regulation of 16,000 major air pollution sources under the U.S. Clean Air Act. Our results suggest that while political appointees may influence regulatory output, centralized workflow, regardless of party, impedes output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how contradictory sources of authority manifest the organizational presence of a crisis pregnancy center (CPC) in the southeastern region of the United States. As a type of shadowed organization, a CPC's organizational presence is produced in a tensional space between dialectics of revelation and concealment. With an interest toward understanding these dynamics, we conduct a ventriloquial analysis of CPC's pamphlets and website to examine how sources of authority produce the CPC as a distinct organization. Through this analysis, we develop the idea of authorial incongruity —the co-presence of multiple and heterogeneous sources of authority—to demonstrate how organizational presence emerges as a byproduct of tensional relations between authorities, which serve as resources for organizations seeking to present themselves as consistently "who they have always been." The implications of these findings suggest distinct challenges and opportunities for building strategic relations between (shadowed) organizations and various incongruent stakeholder groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What ethically justifies the provision of invasive and irreversible treatments to minors? In this commentary, I examine this question in response to Moti Gorin's article "What Is the Aim of Pediatric 'Gender‐Affirming' Care?," which critiques autonomy‐based arguments for justification of gender‐affirming care in minors. Minors generally lack sufficient autonomy to make significant medical decisions or major life decisions. For this reason, parents are generally their decision‐makers, working with medical professionals to choose treatments that serve the best interests of the minor. Medical care in minors is justified by beneficence, not autonomy, and this should be no different for gender‐affirming care. This severely undermines autonomy‐based arguments for provision of gender‐affirming care to minors. Given the lack of conclusive evidence for benefit, the nature of the treatment, and the fact that gender dysphoria in minors resolves spontaneously in most cases, there is presently insufficient justification for provision of such care to minors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated young millennials' risk perception, benefit perception, and purchase intention toward GM foods by testing the effects of source credibility and risk attitude. By comparing two samples collected in the U.S. (N = 207) and China (N = 242), we found that source credibility positively influenced benefit perceptions of GM foods among Chinese millennial consumers. Results also revealed risk attitude significantly influenced both American and Chinese millennial consumers' intention to purchase GM foods. Furthermore, a significant interaction effect between source credibility and risk attitude was found on Chinese millennial consumers' risk perception of GM foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of power in the seeking and granting of tenure in an academic setting can influence the future of teaching-learning of nursing in significant ways. In this column, notions of power will guide a discussion about tenure. Warnings are offered of potential traps that might stifle academic freedom, thus defeating the purpose of tenure to promote student learning and advance development of new knowledge unhindered by organizational and political forces. With insights from the humanbecoming leading-following model, thoughts are offered to guide faculty and administrators involved in the tenure process to protect academic freedom that is critical to the mission of nurse education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ther article examines judicial trends amid the public health crisis in the era of COVID-19. Topics discussed are legal challenges to COVID-19 containment measures including rights and religious freedom, regulatory authority of executive agencies to address health and environmental threats, and measures for navigating restoration of public health authority including federal court system reforms and engaging with diverse religious and political constituencies.

Despite changes in specific features of the US health‐care system and policy environment in the past 50 years, professional dominance of medicine remains consistent. Extant social science research has considered how the cultural authority of medicine manifests and persists, sometimes emphasizing institutional structural influences and other times focusing on how individuals' agentic behaviour shapes their decisions and strategies regarding the consumption of health‐care. We build on and extend these literatures using qualitative in‐depth interview data to explore a typology of ways palliative care patients and their caregivers experience medical treatment imperatives across a range of social contexts. Rather than viewing or validating these lived experiences through a medical lens, we foreground the accounts of patients and caregivers as they describe their experiences of where, when, and how they perceive pressure to engage in medical treatment in late life. We adopt a Foucauldian lens to examine how this biopower is both an internal and external experience in our modern biomedicalized society. Our work reveals how treatment imperatives are generated within clinical medical encounters, but also coproduced through multiple and overlapping forces that compel individuals to pursue medical solutions to bodily problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between political ideology and attitudes toward life extension among college students (N = 484). Older age and male gender were associated with more positive attitudes toward life extension, while religious commitment was not. Authoritarian aggression/submission and social dominance orientation were associated with more positive attitudes toward life extension. The results suggest older people, men, and individuals higher in authoritarian traits and social dominance orientation may be more likely to use life-extending biomedical technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on how old age may have impacted Southern American slave owners. Topics include the importance of old age within social hierarchies and interpersonal relations, the authority and dominance of slave masters, and how slaves could be used within intergenerational white family conflicts.

Ongoing campaigns in support of the Global War on Terrorism have created an influx of veterans attempting to reintegrate into civilian society. While some veterans reintegrate easily, others continue to struggle. An increasing number of studies have begun to take a more holistic approach to understanding the root causes of the distress observed in reintegrating veterans. The objective of this study was to utilise the existential framework as conceptualised by Irvin Yalom to generate a deeper understanding of the underlying factors contributing to the struggles that veterans experience in their return to society. A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis (QIMS) approach was used to hear the combined voices of a selection of veterans from the USA and UK. A directed content analysis was used in conjunction with the QIMS methodology to categorise novel constructs in the context of existential ultimate concerns resulting in nine new themes: loss of identity, fear of death, loss of control, reliance on authority, feelings of alienation, self-isolation, resentment towards civilians, loss of collective sense of duty and loss of purpose. Findings enhance the understanding of conflicting values and beliefs underlying reintegration problems, informing future social work practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) land rights, sovereignty conflicts, and health outcomes have been significantly influenced by settler colonialism. This principle has driven the numerous relocations and forced assimilation of AI/AN children as well as the claiming of AI/AN lands across the United States. As tribes across the country begin to reclaim these lands and others continue to struggle for sovereignty, it is imperative to recognize that land rights are a determinant of health in AI/AN children. Aside from the demonstrated biological risks of environmental health injustices including exposure to air pollution, heavy metals, and lack of running water, AI/AN children must also face the challenges of historical trauma, the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Peoples crisis, and health care inequity based on land allocation. Although there is an undeniable relationship between land rights and the health of AI/ AN children, there is a need for extensive research into the impacts of land rights and recognition of sovereignty on the health of AI/AN children. In this article we aim to summarize existing evidence describing the impact of these factors on the health of AI/AN children and provide strateg ies that can help pediatricians care and advocate for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers often find themselves in the midst of developing their own ideologies while facing authoritative demands on classroom instruction. Internally persuasive discourses shaping these ideologies come from education theories, methods instruction, professional workshops, and teachers' own research. This narrative inquiry follows four graduate students and the teacher researcher in a graduate education course as they discover ways to improve their classroom practices while finding authoritative voices for themselves. Narrated by the teacher researcher, participants' stories illustrate authoritative discourses in teaching contexts, internally persuasive discourses framing ideologies about teaching, and the reflective inquiry interanimating the two. Using reflective inquiry to mediate authoritative and internally persuasive discourses, participants navigated tensions caused by these two conflicting discourses while experiencing ideological becoming. Findings indicate that multimodal/multigenre inquiry projects provided access, legitimacy, competence, and values. Further, next steps suggest the importance of using reflective inquiry to mitigate contentious discourses in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to explore whether the association between types of parenting styles and bullying and victimization are similar across White American, U.S.-born Asian, and foreign-born Asian adolescents. Authoritative parenting, which is characterized as being supportive and showing acceptance, is positively related to psychological well-being among White American youth. However, due to different cultural norms in parenting style, Asian parents whose parenting style appears to be controlling and lacking in warmth might differentially affect their children's behavior and socialization in school. Sample was drawn from the 2009–2010 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) U.S. study. The most recent data were collected in the United States from 2009 to 2010. HBSC consisted of adolescents, aged 11, 13, and 15 years. The sample for the present study includes 1438 adolescents who identified as White American, U.S.-born Asian, or foreign-born Asian. Univariate analyses, bivariate analyses, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. The regression analysis was conducted separately for bullying victimization and perpetration across foreign-born Asians, U.S.-born Asians, and White Americans. Among foreign-born Asians, mother's non-involvement was positively associated with bullying victimization. Among U.S.-born Asians, father's non-involvement was found to be positively associated with bullying victimization, and authoritarian parenting was positively associated with perpetration. Among White Americans, both authoritative parenting and mother's non-involvement were positively related to bullying perpetration. This study highlights the importance of understanding the association between types of parenting styles and adolescent bullying and victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical associations not only organize their members' interests but also exercise professional authority within the field of health policy. An important aspect of professional authority is the medical profession's ability to position itsel f in relation to national health policy and whether its command of professional knowledge enables the profession to claim exclusive authority for reflecting on health policy. This article analyzes and compares how medical associations claim authority over health policy and how they reposition their claims in light of perceived contestations to medical authority in public debates or from the political system. The study is based on a qualitative, descriptive analysis of 975 editorials in the medical associations' lead journals in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Denmark over a period of 60 years. The analysis explores the trajectories of authority claims in the three countries and how professional authority claims may be reconfigured to reflect external changes in health policy institutions. Whereas all the medical associations were highly critical of stateorganized health systems in the 1950s and early 1960s, the British and Danish associations seem to shift positions entirely after national health systems are gradually implemented and the associations begin to present themselves as these public institutions' strongest supporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to describe the U.S. population-level prevalence of multiple perpetrator types (intimate partner, acquaintance, stranger, person of authority, or family member) per victim and to describe the prevalence of victim–offender relationship status combinations. Authors analyzed U.S. nationally representative data from noninstitutionalized adult respondents with self-reported lifetime exposure to intimate partner violence, sexual violence, or stalking in the 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS). An estimated 142 million U.S. adults had some lifetime exposure to intimate partner violence, sexual violence, or stalking. An estimated 55 million victims (39% of total victims) had more than one perpetrator type during their lifetimes. A significantly higher proportion of female victims reported more than one perpetrator type compared with male victims (49% vs. 27%). Among both female and male victims with >1 perpetrator type, the most prevalent victim–offender relationship status combinations all included an intimate partner perpetrator. Many victims of interpersonal violence are subject to multiple perpetrator types during their lifetimes. Prevention strategies that address polyvictimization and protect victims from additional perpetrators can have a substantial and beneficial societal impact. Research on victim experiences to inform prevention strategies is strengthened by comprehensively accounting for lifetime victimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the doctrine of foreign affairs preemption and state regulation in light of the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement. Topics discussed include the role of the constitutional presumption on the exclusive authority of the federal government to conduct foreign affairs in the doctrine's power, similarity of the doctrine with the framework of executive power in the case Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, and reason why the doctrine does not displace state law.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic ushered in a new era for advanced practice registered nurses, as emergency regulatory and policy changes expanded the nurse practitioner (NP) scope of practice. The legislative changes enabled NPs to bolster the national pandemic response by working to the full extent of their education and training. The changes are only temporary, and many have contemplated the permanent impact of COVID‐19 when healthcare transitions to a postpandemic normal. NPs now have a unique opportunity to educate others about the merit of their role and advocate for permanent legislative changes. In this creative controversy manuscript, we build a case that national NP full practice authority increases access to care and is vital for a sustainable and resilient healthcare system that can react to future pandemic crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through analysing data collected from interviews with 12 students and 7 teachers, observations, students' journals and other documents at a US high school, this qualitative study examines the sociocultural adaptation of "parachute kids" from mainland China. Emerging themes revealed adjustments to be made at three levels, namely, tangible, structural and mental ones. Parachute kids who had become separated from the host culture appeared to have refused to make adjustments at any of these three levels. Those who were found to be integrated were characterised by an open and curious mind, and were proactive in making adjustments at all three levels. In between separation and integration were children willing to make some adjustments, but not at the mental level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much research in community corrections examines ways in which direct supervision can reduce recidivism, less is known about the role of paroling authorities in using or supporting evidence-based practices. This study presents a selection of results from a survey of paroling authorities across the United States conducted in 2015. We analyze and discuss survey results on the following three topics: (1) What is the structure and power/authority of the paroling authorities? (2) What are the appointments and requirements of paroling authorities? and (3) What evidence-based practices are paroling authorities utilizing? These results demonstrate the state of evidence-based practices in parole decision-making and illustrate ways in which paroling authorities can implement policies and practices that promote sustainability of evidence-based practices in community supervision. The findings indicate that many paroling authorities have adopted policies supportive of evidence-based practices; however, there are some areas in which parole can create continuity and promote better application of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The US faces remarkable food and nutrition challenges. A new federal effort to strengthen and coordinate nutrition research could rapidly generate the evidence base needed to address these multiple national challenges. However, the relevant characteristics of such an effort have been uncertain. Objectives Our aim was to provide an objective, informative summary of 1) the mounting diet-related health burdens facing our nation and corresponding economic, health equity, national security, and sustainability implications; 2) the current federal nutrition research landscape and existing mechanisms for its coordination; 3) the opportunities for and potential impact of new fundamental, clinical, public health, food and agricultural, and translational scientific discoveries; and 4) the various options for further strengthening and coordinating federal nutrition research, including corresponding advantages, disadvantages, and potential executive and legislative considerations. Methods We reviewed government and other published documents on federal nutrition research; held various discussions with expert groups, advocacy organizations, and scientific societies; and held in-person or phone meetings with >50 federal staff in executive and legislative roles, as well as with a variety of other stakeholders in academic, industry, and nongovernment organizations. Results Stark national nutrition challenges were identified. More Americans are sick than are healthy, largely from rising diet-related illnesses. These conditions create tremendous strains on productivity, health care costs, health disparities, government budgets, US economic competitiveness, and military readiness. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has further laid bare these strains, including food insecurity, major diet-related comorbidities for poor outcomes from COVID-19 such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, and insufficient surveillance on and coordination of our food system. More than 10 federal departments and agencies currently invest in critical nutrition research, yet with relatively flat investments over several decades. Coordination also remains suboptimal, documented by multiple governmental reports over 50 years. Greater harmonization and expansion of federal investment in nutrition science, not a silo-ing or rearrangement of existing investments, has tremendous potential to generate new discoveries to improve and sustain the health of all Americans. Two identified key strategies to achieve this were as follows: 1) a new authority for robust cross-governmental coordination of nutrition research and other nutrition-related policy and 2) strengthened authority, investment, and coordination for nutrition research within the NIH. These strategies were found to be complementary, together catalyzing important new science, partnerships, coordination, and returns on investment. Additional complementary actions to accelerate federal nutrition research were identified at the USDA. Conclusions The need and opportunities for strengthened federal nutrition research are clear, with specific identified options to help create the new leadership, strategic planning, coordination, and investment the nation requires to address the multiple nutrition-related challenges and grasp the opportunities before us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrepancies in first- (M = 14.97 years, SD = 1.82) and second-born adolescents' (M = 12.20 years, SD = 1.90 years) and their parents' perceptions of parental authority legitimacy (PAL) were examined in a longitudinal sample of 145 predominantly White, middle-class, U.S. families. Utilizing a growth curve modeling approach, changes in the discrepancies between parents' and both first- and second-born adolescents' ratings of PAL over the course of 4 years were examined separately by the social–cognitive domain of the issues (social domain theory; Smetana, 2011; Turiel, 2002). We found that discrepancies between parents and first-borns increased over time for personal and multifaceted issues, whereas discrepancies for second-born adolescents increased over socially regulated issues. Additionally, larger initial discrepancies between parents and both adolescents over socially regulated issues (i.e., moral and conventional) were associated with greater depressive symptoms, while decreases in discrepancies over time were generally associated with better adjustment outcomes but with some domain and birth order differentiation. Discussion focuses on the developmental appropriateness (or inappropriateness) of family member perception differences in authority legitimacy over the course of adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federalism--the dual system of sovereignty that invests both the nation as a whole and each individual state with the authority to govern the people of the United States of America-- is a foundational pillar of American democracy. Throughout the nation's history, political crises have tested the resilience of this dual system of government established by the United States Constitution. The fundamental contradiction of slavery in a nation founded on the principle that "all men are created equal" triggered the nation's most prominent existential crisis, resulting in the Civil War. In the years leading up to that war, the federal government's protection of the institution of slavery, via the Fugitive Slave Acts, clashed with the personal liberty laws of the free states. These states had eliminated slavery within their own borders, and hence did not embrace federal laws compelling them to allow (or assist in) the pursuit and capture of putative slaves living on free soil. The intensity of the resistance within these states increased as the federal government ratcheted up efforts to enforce the Fugitive Slave Acts, with little consideration given to the conflicting values of American citizens living in free states. The most crucial federalism crisis of today stems from conflicting state and federal perspectives as to immigration. The Trump administration's "zero tolerance" approach to "illegal" immigration has been tone deaf to the mores of people who live in diverse states such as California, especially as to immigrants who are seeking asylum. The President has personally repudiated and even mocked the nation's long-standing commitment to the legal principle of non-refoulement, which prohibits the forcible return of refugees to countries where they face serious threats to their lives or freedom. Moreover, the Trump administration's heavy reliance on executive action to achieve its goals, rather than the legislative process, has generated policies that lack widespread support among the national citizenry, not just that of an individual state. The United States may learn some valuable lessons by reflecting on its past, specifically the history of the federal laws that sought to force the free states to recognize slavery within their borders. Heavy-handed attempts to compel compliance with federal law tend to engender resistance rather than cooperation, especially when, in the eyes of many, the federal law lacks both moral and democratic legitimacy. At a minimum, the federal government should not attempt to commandeer California and similar states to implement federal immigration policies that are misaligned with the values of the majority of their citizens. The safety valve of federalism allows these states to decline to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food, health, and other science communicators have, for years, been concerned about the public's trust in science—especially, with the fierce opposition to some believed-to-be-settled scientific consensus regarding vaccine safety, global climate change, the safety of food biotechnology, and assorted nutrition issues. Experts have struggled to understand why significant segments of the public have continued to resist consensus conclusions. The present article investigates the impact on science communications of a broader, decades-long, societal decline in public trust in most social institutions. The authors investigate the role of trust in the context of a culture-wide loss of confidence in the society's traditional gatekeepers and authority figures. They examine possible causes for the erosion of trust and explore a new heuristic approach, offering possible guidance for food and health communicators in taking account of the ever-more-challenging communication landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial efforts in the past 15 years to professionalise the field of clinical ethics consultation, sociologists have not re‐examined past hypotheses about the role of such services in medical decision‐making and their effect on physician authority. In relation to those hypotheses, we explore two questions: (i) What kinds of issues does ethics consultation resolve? and (ii) what is the nature of the resolution afforded by these consults? We examined ethics consultation records created between 2011 and mid‐2015 at a large tertiary care US hospital and found that in most cases, the problems addressed are not novel ethical dilemmas as classically conceived, but are instead disagreements between clinicians and patients or their surrogates about treatment. The resolution offered by a typical ethics consultation involves strategies to improve communication rather than the parsing of ethical obligations. In cases where disagreements persist, the proposed solution is most often based on technical clinical judgements, reinforcing the role of physician authority in patient care and the ethical decisions made about that care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the portrayal and affective framing of workplace bullying behaviors on the popular American television show The Office. Quantitative and qualitative content analyses were conducted on 54 episodes spanning the show's nine seasons. Results revealed 331 instances of workplace bullying, for an average of 6.13 bullying behaviors per episode. Workplace bullying behavior on The Office was grouped into five categories: sexual jokes, public humiliation, practical jokes, belittlement, and misuse of authority. In general, instances of workplace bully were scripted as humorous and lacking significant consequences, which could further contribute to social discourses that perpetuate the problem of bullying in real-life workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to prove that the political system in America during the beginning of the Cold War used false claims ,established repressive censorship and unjust trials in order to create hegemonic atmosphere and unjustifiable horror in order to control its citizens, like the repressive and unjust trials which happened in the seventeenth century in Salem, Massachusetts. This paper exposes the parallel comparison between these trials of Salem to those of House un American Activities Committee (HUAC)in 1950’s, which in turn fallaciously accused some Americans of being communist and of supporting the radicals who tried to destroy America. Miller throughout the Crucible castigates the American system and calls to safeguard the individual liberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-welfare reform public/private partnerships are marked by the rise of the ideology and practice of "religious neoliberalism," which include a commitment to devolution and remoralization. To understand the impact of religious neoliberalism, scholars must move beyond the elite level to examine the local. We elicited thirty-two interviews with authorities at antipoverty nonprofit organizations and found that ideals associated with religious neoliberalism have seeped into the functioning of many charitable organizations, regardless of their relationship to religiosity. There are a range of organizational beliefs, attitudes, and practices "on the ground," but ultimately religious neoliberalism is a prominent framework for United States-based charity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that there is a crisis of confidence in law enforcement in the United States. What remains to be seen, however, is whether adolescents actually differentiate between legal authorities and other types of authorities. Leveraging cross-sectional, nationally representative data of 12th graders from every year from 2006 to 2017 from Monitoring the Future (N = 10,941), the results indicate that adolescents distinguish between legal authorities (e.g., law enforcement, justice system) and social authorities (e.g., schools, religious institutions). Youth report more confidence in social authorities than in legal authorities. Furthermore, whereas confidence in social authorities remained largely stable between the cohorts over the last decade, confidence in legal authorities, and in law enforcement in particular, has declined markedly. Although there may be an era of mistrust in legal authorities, it cannot be attributed to a ubiquitous anti-authority attitude among modern adolescents in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Diets rich in fruit and vegetables (FV) are associated with favorable public health outcomes, including lower prevalence of cancer and obesity. However, children's FV consumption in many Western countries fails to meet the minimum recommendations. Because parental behaviors influence children's diet from birth, it is important to examine potential interactions between taste preferences and parental behaviors on FV consumption in early childhood. This study tested the moderating effect of an authoritative feeding style on the link between child's FV taste preferences and FV intake. Subjects and methods: Racially/ethnically diverse, low-income parents of 3–5-year-old children were recruited for the study. Parents completed an interviewer-assisted FV food frequency questionnaire and a survey on sociodemographic and other characteristics of the child/parent/family. Hierarchal linear regression models tested the main and interactive effects of taste preferences and authoritative feeding style on children's FV frequency intake, controlling for known covariates, including race/ethnicity and household availability. Results: A total of 281 parents participated in the study, with 16% being authoritative feeders. Authoritative feeding style did not interact with child taste preference to predict fruit intake (β = 0.084; p = 0.98) or vegetable intake (β = −2.908; p = 0.24). Child's taste preference, after controlling for home availability, was the strongest predictor of FV intake in the sample (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Nutrition education efforts targeting FV promotion in low-income families should focus on strategies that help parents increase children's FV taste preferences as early in life as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]