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The article offers information on the application of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and the risk management for pat-down searches at National Football League (NFL) in the U.S. It reports on the appointment of task force in the security and crowd management for the NFL in response to the 9/11 terrorist attack. NFL's policy on pat-down search of all league attendees is mentioned where objections included violation of constitutional rights due to the warrantless searches.

The paper describes a general approach to the modelling of nonlinear and nonstationary economic systems from time-series data. This method exploits recursive state space filtering and fixed interval smoothing algorithms to decompose the time-series into long term trend and short term 'small perturbational' components, each of which are then modelled by linear stochastic models which may be characterised by time variable parameters. The approach is illustrated by an example which explores the relationship between the variations in quarterly GNP and Unemployment in the USA over the period 1948 to 1988 and questions previous claims about the changes in the slope of the long term trend in loge(GNP) over this same period. The paper also points out that the recursive approach to estimation facilitates the use of these methods in the development of adaptive forecasting and control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports the findings from the first follow-up study following the 1988 nationwide survey on pooling practices in government risk-financing. Findings on general administrative issues; Membership characteristics; Pool administration; Coverage; Financial management practices.

One of the most significant public risk management developments of the past 15 years has been the creation of local government risk control and risk financing pools. Today it is estimated that over 200 pools provide services for up to 20,000 local governments. This article is an introductory discussion of pooling and includes information drawn from the first nationwide survey of pools, and gives suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]