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Data from CDC's National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS)* are used to monitor progress toward achieving national goals set forth in the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention's Strategic Plan (1) and other federal directives† for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, care, and treatment outcomes and HIV-related disparities in the United States. Recent data indicate that Hispanics or Latinos§ are disproportionately affected by HIV infection. Hispanics or Latinos living with diagnosed HIV infection have lower levels of care and viral suppression than do non-Hispanic whites but higher levels than those reported among blacks or African Americans (2). The annual rate of diagnosis of HIV infection among Hispanics or Latinos is three times that of non-Hispanic whites (3), and a recent study found increases in incidence of HIV infection among Hispanic or Latino men who have sex with men (4). Among persons with HIV infection diagnosed through 2013 who were alive at year-end 2014, 70.2% of Hispanics or Latinos received any HIV medical care compared with 76.1% of non-Hispanic whites (2). CDC used NHSS data to describe HIV care outcomes among Hispanics or Latinos. Among male Hispanics or Latinos with HIV infection diagnosed in 2015, fewer males with infection attributed to heterosexual contact (34.6%) had their infection diagnosed at an early stage (stage 1 = 12.0%, stage 2 = 22.6%) than males with infection attributed to male-to-male sexual contact (60.9%: stage 1 = 25.2%, stage 2 = 35.7%). The percentage of Hispanics or Latinos linked to care after diagnosis of HIV infection increased with increasing age; females aged 45-54 years with infection attributed to injection drug use (IDU) accounted for the lowest percentage (61.4%) of persons linked to care. Among Hispanics or Latinos living with HIV infection, care and viral suppression were lower among selected age groups of Hispanic or Latino males with HIV infection attributed to IDU than among males with infection attributed to male-to-male sexual contact and male-to-male sexual contact and IDU. Intensified efforts to develop and implement effective interventions and public health strategies that increase engagement in care and viral suppression among Hispanics or Latinos (3,5), particularly those who inject drugs, are needed to achieve national HIV prevention goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of a study on the comparative mortality among people diagnoses with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the U.S. from 2001 to 2010. Results mentioned include how in 33 U.S. states with name-based HIV reporting since 2001, the 2010 CMF for people diagnosed with HIV was 2.8 compared with 4.5 for those diagnosed with AIDS.

The article reports on the initiative to reduce African Americans with HIV infection through the National HIV/AIDS Strategy from 2008 through 2012. Topics discussed include the mortality rate among African Americans based on the National HIV Surveillance System for 2008-2012 data, racial and ethnic disparities in U.S. states and the effect of the disease on persons living with HIV. The prevention approach adopted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is mentioned.

The article presents highlights of a U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report on the progress in the management of Hispanic and Latino patients with HIV as of 2010. Topics include the goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, focus of the HIV Care Continuum Initiative launched in July 2013, and percentage of patients who were provided with medical care and antiretroviral therapy and retained in care and achieved viral suppression.

The article looks into the HIV continuum care of men who have sex with men (MSM) and are living with HIV in the U.S. Topics include the National HIV/AIDS Strategy of the country, the Centers for Disease Control's assessment results of data from the National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) and Medical Monitoring Project (MMP), and the need for antiretroviral therapy (ART). It also discusses the need of early awareness of HIV-positive status.

Objectives. We sought to describe HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), who have the potential to bridge HIV transmission risk from men who have sex with men (MSM) to women. Methods. Applying National HIV Surveillance System data for persons aged 13 years and older, we examined estimated numbers and percentages of HIV diagnoses among MSMW and MSM only (MSMO) from 2008 to 2011, and estimated the annual percentage change and 95% confidence intervals, by age and race/ethnicity. Results. In 2011, 26.4% of 30 896 MSM diagnosed with HIV infection also had had sex with women. A larger percentage of MSMW were Black/African American (44.5%) compared with MSMO (36.0%), and fewer MSMW were White (26.4%) compared with MSMO (36.2%); similar percentages were classified as either MWMW or MSMO among other racial/ethnic groups. Among MSMW, HIV diagnoses were relatively stable and MSMO increased more than 6% annually among those aged 13 to 29 years. Conclusions. Many MSM diagnosed with HIV infection had also had sex with women. Intensified interventions are needed to decrease HIV infections overall for MSMW and reverse the increasing trends among young MSMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. We estimated race/ethnicity-specific incident AIDS diagnosis rates (IARs) among people who inject drugs (PWID) in U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) over time to assess the change in disparities after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) dissemination. Methods. We compared IARs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for black/ African American and Hispanic/Latino PWID with those of white PWID in 93 of the most populous MSAs. We selected two three-year periods from the years immediately preceding HAART (1993-1995) and the years with the most recent available data (2005-2007). To maximize stability, we aggregated data across three-year periods, and we aggregated data for black/African American and Hispanic/Latino PWID for most comparisons with data for white PWID. We assessed disparities by comparing IAR 95% CIs for overlap. Results. IARs were significantly higher for black/African American and Hispanic/ Latino PWID than for white PWID in 81% of MSAs in 1993-1995 and 77% of MSAs in 2005-2007. MSAs where disparities became non-significant over time were concentrated in the West. Significant differences were more frequent in comparisons between black/African American and white PWID (85% of MSAs in 1993-1995, 79% of MSAs in 2005-2007) than in comparisons between Hispanic/Latino and white PWID (53% of MSAs in 1993-1995, 56% of MSAs in 2005-2007). IARs declined modestly across racial/ethnic groups in most MSAs. Conclusions. AIDS diagnosis rates continue to be substantially higher for black/African American and Hispanic/Latino PWID than for white PWID in most large MSAs. This finding suggests a need for increased targeting of prevention and treatment programs, as well as research on MSA-level conditions that may serve to maintain the disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the prevalence of HIV infection in the U.S. from 2008-2010. It states that the report aims to raise awareness of the differences in the characteristics of HIV-positive persons and to start actions to minimize these differences. Moreover, it found that all racial/ethnic minorities, excluding Asians, experience higher rates of HIV diagnoses than whites.

The article estimates the number of HIV-infected persons who received selected services along the continuum of HIV care in the U.S. and the overall percentage of individuals with HIV who experienced a suppressed viral load. Results reveal that 89% of Medical Monitoring Project participants had been prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART), of whom 77% had a suppressed viral load. However, just 28% of all persons living with HIV infection in the U.S. are estimated to be virally suppressed. Smaller percentages of African Americans and Hispanics were prescribed ART compared with whites.

Background: An estimated 1.2 million persons in the United States were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 2008. Improving survival of persons with HIV and reducing transmission involve a continuum of services that includes diagnosis (HIV testing), linkage to and retention in HIV medical care, and ongoing HIV prevention interventions, including appropriately timed antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: CDC used three surveillance datasets to estimate recent HIV testing and HIV prevalence among U.S. adults by state, and the percentages of HIV-infected adults receiving HIV care for whom ART was prescribed, who achieved viral suppression, and who received prevention counseling from health-care providers. Published data were used to estimate the numbers of persons in the United States living with and diagnosed with HIV and, based on viral load and CD4 laboratory reports, linked to and retained in HIV care. Results: In 2010, 9.6% of adults had been tested for HIV during the preceding 12 months (range by state: 4.9%-29.8%). Of the estimated 942,000 persons with HIV who were aware of their infection, approximately 77% were linked to care, and 51% remained in care. Among HIV-infected adults in care, 45% received prevention counseling, and 89% were prescribed ART, of whom 77% had viral suppression. Thus, an estimated 28% of all HIV-infected persons in the United States have a suppressed viral load. Conclusions: Prevalence of HIV testing and linkage to care are high but warrant continued effort. Increasing the percentages of HIV-infected persons who remain in HIV care, achieve viral suppression, and receive prevention counseling requires additional effort. Implications for Public Health Practice: Public health officials and HIV care providers should improve engagement at each step in the continuum of HIV care and monitor progress in every community using laboratory reports of viral load and CD4 test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Few studies have examined the extent to which foreign-born people contribute to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among non-Hispanic black people in the U.S. We sought to determine differences in the epidemiology of HIV infection among native- and foreign-born black people, using data from the national HIV surveillance system of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methods. We estimated the number of HIV infections among black adults and adolescents diagnosed from 2001 to 2007 in 33 U.S. states. We compared annual HIV diagnosis rates, distributions of demographic characteristics and HIV-transmission risk factors, late diagnoses of HIV infection, and survival after an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosis for native- and foreign-born black people. Results. From 2001 to 2007, an estimated 100,013 black adults and adolescents were diagnosed with HIV infection in 33 U.S. states, for which country-of-birth information was available. Of these, 11 .7% were foreign-born, with most from the Caribbean (54.1%) and Africa (41.5%). Annual HIV diagnoses decreased by 5.5% per year (95% confidence interval [Cl] -5.9, -5.0) among native-born black people. Decreases were small among foreign-born black people (-1.3%; 95% Cl -2.6, -0.1), who were more likely to be female, have HIV infection attributable to high-risk heterosexual contact, be diagnosed with AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis, and survive one year and three years after an AIDS diagnosis. Conclusions. The epidemiology of HIV infection differs for foreign-born black individuals compared with their native-born counterparts in the U.S. These data can be used to develop culturally appropriate and relevant HIV-prevention interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the number of HIV infection diagnoses at the border of the U.S. and Mexico from 2003-2006. The study analyzed cases of HIV infections, utilized the 2000 revised HIV surveillance case definition from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and examined HIV-infected persons' sex, age group and year of diagnoses. Among the persons diagnosed with HIV infection at the border region, 47% of them are Hispanic, 39% are nonHispanic white and 10% are nonHispanic black. It indicates that HIV diagnoses increased 7.8% per year during 2003-2006 and were observant among men. The authors recommend to make prevention and education program particular to the Hispanic/Latino community to decrease HIV disease incidence.