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The article discusses the major provisions of the U.S. Treasury's regulations under section 874(a) and section 882(c)(2). It presents an update for foreign taxpayers regarding preparing and filing of their income tax returns. It discusses several cases which involves the concerns related to the U.S. audit lottery and presents information on service administrative guidance that have addressed the application of the 1989 Proposed Regulations and the 1990 Final Regulations.

A paper originally presented at the 65th annual meeting of theMusic Library AssociationMidwest Chapter, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, October 6, 2006, discussing some of the less frequently mentioned characteristics (other than degrees, experience, and skills) that a library administrator might look for in candidates for entry-level library positions, both in and out of music librarianship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents two studies by the Department of Radiology at Wharfedale General Hospital in the U.S. on the implication of diagnostic radiology to the referrals of its general practitioners.(GP's) Its sources of data were from referral request forms, patient interviews and questionnaires. Referrals from GP's got fewer repeat and follow up requests and had significant effects in terms of clinical care and in preserving hospital resources.

Examines the revised house rule for foreign taxpayers playing audit lottery in the United States. Availability of deductions and credits for foreign taxpayers; Compliance to federal income tax laws; Assessment on the transfer pricing arrangements between US companies and foreign affiliates.

The article analyzes changes occurring in behavior and psychological living conditions of children in Midwest region of the United States. The author only reviews some of the methods of child psychology research and bring together some of their results that answer only problem of change with age in behavior in the region. The article presents occupancy indexes of the ten community behavior settings in which preschool children and adults in the region spent most of their time. The rank order correlations between age and psychological variables revealed a number of changes with increase in age of children.

Among extracorporeal liver support devices, liver dialysis is cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be used for the management of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The outcomes of patients following liver dialysis need to be clearly evaluated.Among the 25 patients with FHF admitted to the Liver ICU between May 2000 and November 2002, 12 underwent liver dialysis, including 6 men and 6 women, of mean age 32 years. The causes of FHF were identified as acetaminophen (n = 10), herbal medications (n = 1) and autoimmune disease (n = 1). At presentation, the mean total bilirubin was 9.35 mg/dL (range, 0 to 1.3), mean ALT 3015 U/L (range, 0 to 48), mean AST 3457 (range, 0 to 42), mean ammonia 98 μmol/L (range, 10 to 60) and mean INR 1.88. A control group including 13 patients (2 men and 11 women), of mean age 27.8 years mean total bilirubin 5.66, mean ALT 3494, mean AST 3528, mean ammonia 113 and mean INR 3, were not treated with liver dialysis, due to the lack of machine availability or physician’s choice. The causes of FHF were acute hepatitis B (n = 1), acetaminophen (n = 10) or unknown (n = 2). There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the two groups (P > .05). Among the liver dialysis group, 1 patient died, 2 underwent OLTx, and 9 were discharged home. Among the control group; 4 patients died, 2 underwent OLTx, and 7 were discharged home. Preliminary results seem to support survival benefit among patients who underwent liver dialysis compared to non–liver dialysis; however, further randomized control trials are warranted to verify this observation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pexidartinib is a colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibitor approved in the United States for treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) associated with severe morbidity or functional limitations and not amenable to improvement with surgery. Because of the risk of severe and potentially fatal hepatotoxicity, pexidartinib is only available through a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program. Pexidartinib pharmacokinetics are influenced by the fat content of meals: compared with the fasted state, consuming a high-fat meal with pexidartinib increases pexidartinib absorption by 100%; a low-fat meal increases absorption by approximately 60%. Pexidartinib was initially authorized to be taken at 800 mg/day on an empty stomach; therefore, if this same dose of pexidartinib is taken with food, there is a risk of overexposure and potential toxicity. To reduce the risk of hepatotoxicity and improve patient compliance, pexidartinib has undergone a revised dosing regimen, from 800 mg/day (400 mg twice daily) fasted to 500 mg/day (250 mg twice daily) with a low-fat meal (approximately 11-14 g of total fat). The objective of this report is to educate clinical and allied health professionals on the revised dosing regimen and the importance of patient compliance with a low-fat meal. Healthcare professionals need to understand the rationale for the switch from pexidartinib dosing on an empty stomach to dosing with a low-fat meal and how meal composition and timing influence pharmacokinetics. Finally, we provide guidance for the healthcare team of prescribing providers, nurses, pharmacists, and dietitians who are caring for patients with TGCT on pexidartinib. It is important for healthcare providers to deliver consistent messaging on the low-fat meal requirement and help patients fit pexidartinib into their regular meal schedules. Consulting a dietitian may be helpful for patients, especially those with complex dietary needs. We provide an overview of the roles and responsibilities of each healthcare professional and outline steps to best support patients, including key questions and answers related to the revised dosing regimen. This report provides the information necessary to guide the multidisciplinary team caring for patients with TGCT and to support them through the pexidartinib dosing regimen change., (© 2023. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM).)

Under United States law, criminal prosecution may not proceed against a defendant who is incompetent to participate in this process. The vast majority of defendants who are adjudicated incompetent to stand trial (IST) will subsequently regain sufficient capacities to be adjudicated competent to stand trial (CST). However, a small subgroup of defendants do not show sufficient improvement in clinical functioning and functional-legal capacities to regain CST. Under Jackson v. Indiana (1972), such individuals should be adjudicated unrestorably IST, with associated actions (e.g., dropping of criminal charges, civil commitment, transfer to a less restrictive environment or released) specified under the particular jurisdictional statutes. But the present practices associated with the evaluation of unrestorability do not appear well supported by research. In particular, statutorily specified evaluative procedures are overly dependent on prediction in some instances and allow an unnecessarily long restoration period in others. In the present article, we propose and describe an alternative approach-the Demonstration Model-that would address both challenges, providing a more consistent and standard approach to assessing CST and the possibility that a defendant may not recover needed capacities within the foreseeable future. Implementation of this approach can potentially guide restoration planning and intervention, decrease unsupported reliance upon prediction in favor of observing and documenting the results of selected interventions, and provide legal decision-makers with clearer and more transparent evidence, while acknowledging the liberty interests of IST defendants set forth in Jackson . (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The current studies explored associations between exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and mental health outcomes among frontline workers affected by the coronavirus pandemic., Method: We administered online self-report surveys to emergency responders ( N = 473) and hospital personnel ( N = 854) in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States between April and June of 2020. Surveys assessed frequency and intensity of exposure to PMIEs alongside psychological and functional outcomes., Results: Between 20% and 30% of frontline workers reported exposure to PMIEs of at least moderate frequency and intensity. Exposure to more intense PMIEs was associated with greater psychological symptoms (i.e., stress, depression, and anxiety) and functional impairment (i.e., professional burnout), especially among emergency responders who reported frequent exposure but also hospital workers who reported few exposures., Conclusion: Efforts to facilitate and maintain the well-being of the public health workforce should specifically address critical incidents encountered by frontline workers that have embedded moral and ethical challenges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Patient use of integrative oncology (the inclusion of nonconventional treatments alongside the conventional standard of care) continues to grow, with some studies showing its use in cancer patients to be as high as 91%. Naturopathic physicians are primary care providers who use integrative therapies to deliver patient-centred care. The Oncology Association of Naturopathic Physicians (oncanp) was formed in 2004 as a specialty association for naturopathic physicians providing integrative cancer care (nd oncs). Currently, the membership encompasses more than 400 naturopathic physicians and students, 115 of whom are board-certified Fellows of the American Board of Naturopathic Oncology. In 2016, oncanp established a committee comprising recognized experts in the field of naturopathic oncology to develop a Principles of Care (poc) guideline. The committee first undertook a review of existing standard-of-care and best-practice guidelines in the field of oncology and then adapted those concepts into a draft document. The draft document was then reviewed by naturopathic physicians, medical and radiation oncologists, naturopathic policy experts, and finally the oncanp membership at large. The poc document presented here provides clear guidelines for nd oncs on how best to deliver patient-centred care in the areas of assessment, treatment planning, care management, interprofessional collaboration, and survivorship care. This naturopathic oncology poc document can be a valuable resource for nd oncs and other oncology care providers to further an understanding of the naturopathic and integrative oncology care model and its potential for collaboration., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURES We have read and understood Current Oncology’s policy on disclosing conflicts of interest, and we declare that we have none.

Floods are the most common natural disaster occurring worldwide, with their impact expected to grow in the future due to the effects of climate change and population shift. Floodwaters pose immediate dangers to human health, but also long-term effects resulting from displacement and worsened living conditions. This review examines the health impact of flood disasters, including skin and soft-tissue infections, gastroenteritis, and zoonotic infections such as leptospirosis, and the impact on noncommunicable diseases and health infrastructure. Further work in the development of cost-efficient preparedness strategies may mitigate the morbidity and mortality associated with such natural disasters., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has made efforts to encourage adequate assessment of women, racial/ethnic minorities, and geriatric participants in clinical trials through regulations and guidance documents. This study surveyed the demographics of clinical trial participants and the presence of efficacy and safety analyses by sex for new drugs approved between 2013 and 2015 by the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research., Methods: New drug marketing applications submitted to FDA were surveyed for demographic data (sex, race, ethnicity, and age) and the presence of sex-based analyses for efficacy and safety. The Ratio of the Proportion of women in clinical trials for the indicated disease population relative to the estimated Proportion of women in the disease population (PPR) was calculated for new drug indications., Results: Of the 102 new drugs in this cohort (defined as new molecular entity drugs and original therapeutic biologics), sex was reported for >99.9% of trial participants, and women accounted for 40.4% of these participants. An estimated 77.2% of participants were White, 6.4% were Black/African American, and 29.1% were aged ≥65 years. Sex-based analyses for both efficacy and safety were conducted for 93.1% of applications. PPR was calculated for 82 new drugs for a total of 60 indications, of which 50 indications (83.3%) had a PPR ≥0.80., Conclusions: Sex data are now collected for almost all study participants, and this study shows appropriate sex participation for most new drugs when estimated disease prevalence by sex (PPR) is considered. Therapeutic area and disease indication are important considerations when assessing the sex of participants because variation occurs depending on the disease under study. Some racial minorities, especially Blacks/African Americans, are still not well represented in most drug development programs and remain an area where improvement is needed.

In an aging population, potentially modifiable factors impacting mortality such as diet quality, body mass index (BMI), and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are of interest. Surviving members of the Geisinger Rural Aging Study (GRAS) (n = 5,993; aged ?74 years) were contacted in the fall of 2009. Participants in the present study were the 2,995 (1,267 male, 1,728 female; mean age 81.4 ± 4.4 years) who completed dietary and demographic questionnaires and were enrolled in the Geisinger Health Plan over follow-up (mean = 3.1 years). Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression models were used to examine the associations between all-cause mortality and BMI, diet quality, and HRQOL. Compared to GRAS participants with BMIs in the normal range, a BMI < 18.5 was associated with increased mortality (HR 1.85 95%CI 1.09, 3.14, P = 0.02), while a BMI of 25-29.9 was associated with decreased risk of mortality (HR 0.71 95%CI 0.55, 0.91, P =0.007). Poor diet quality increased risk for mortality (HR 1.53 95%CI 1.06, 2.22, P = 0.02). Finally, favorable health-related quality of life was inversely associated with mortality (HR 0.09 95%CI 0.06, 0.13, P < 0.0001). Higher diet quality and HALex scores, and overweight status, were associated with reduced all-cause mortality in a cohort of advanced age. While underweight (BMI < 18.5) increased risk of all-cause mortality, no association was found between obesity and all-cause mortality in this aged cohort.

Objective: To develop and evaluate a method for calculating the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) with the widely used Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) based on the method developed for use with the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food and Nutrient Dietary Data System (FNDDS) and MyPyramid Equivalents Database (MPED)., Design: Cross-sectional., Setting: Non-institutionalized, community-dwelling adults aged 70 years and above., Subjects: Two hundred and seventy-one adults participating in the Geisinger Rural Aging Study (GRAS) and 620 age- and race-matched adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002 (NHANES) were included in the analysis. The HEI-2005 scores were generated using NDSR in GRAS and compared to scores generated using FNDDS and MPED in NHANES., Results: Similar total HEI-2005 scores (mean 62·0 (se 0·75) in GRAS v. 57·4 (se 0·55) in NHANES) were estimated, and the individual components most strongly correlated with total score in both samples were compared. Cronbach's coefficient α values of HEI-2005 were 0·52 in GRAS and 0·43 in NHANES., Conclusions: Since NDSR is commonly used for educational purposes, in clinical settings and in nutrition research, it is important to develop methodology for assessing diet quality through the use of HEI-2005 with this dietary analysis software application and its accompanying food and nutrient database. Results from the present study show that HEI-2005 scores can be generated with NDSR using the method described in the present study and the detailed USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion technical report as guidance.

Since the beginning of the Overseas Contingency Operation, more than 45,000 ill and wounded service members have been evacuated from the battlefield to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (LRMC) in western Europe. LRMC is a stopover for these service members, where they are further assessed, treated, and stabilized before they return to the United States. This process requires coordination between different military services, health care teams, and modes of transportation. These processes can be complicated given the severity of the wounded. Nurses at LRMC have learned how to streamline services, providing efficient, comprehensive care for wounded service members and their families., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Dietary patterns reflect habitual exposure of foods and nutrients and are a preferred means to assess diet and disease relations. Our objective was to design a screening tool to assess diet quality and dietary patterns among older adults and to relate the patterns to markers of general health and nutrition status. We used a population-specific data-based approach to design a diet screening instrument that was tested among subjects sampled from the Geisinger Rural Aging Study cohort (n=205). All participants attended a local clinic and had biochemical, anthropometric, and other health data collected. Dietary information was obtained via 24-h recall. We used principle components analysis to derive dietary patterns, which were then compared with nutritional outcomes using Pearson partial correlations, controlling for energy, age, BMI, and supplement use. Two dietary patterns were derived; 1 represented by more healthful foods and 1 by less optimal food choices. The healthy pattern was associated with more favorable biomarkers, more nutrient-dense diets, and lower waist circumference, whereas the converse was true for the second pattern. A screening tool can be used by older adults to identify dietary patterns that may relate to nutritional risk.

Purpose: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between meeting the intake recommendations for added sugar (AS) and dietary fiber and overall diet quality in American preschoolers from different ethnic backgrounds., Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of preschoolers participating in the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, and 1998 (n=5,437) were categorized into 3 groups: (1) meeting the recommendation for AS intake (< or = 10% of energy) and dietary fiber (14 g and 20 g in 2- to 3-year-olds and 4- to 5-year-olds, respectively; n=236); (2) meeting only 1 recommendation (n=1,502); and (3) meeting neither (n=3,699). Dietary AS and dietary fiber sources were ascertained. Mean energy intake, nutrient intake, and food group density were established within each category, and student's t test was employed to determine significant differences. Nutrient and food group density was also examined stratified by 4 distinct ethnic groups., Results: Children meeting both recommendations had better diet quality but also higher energy intakes than children meeting only 1 or neither recommendation., Conclusion: Most American preschoolers do not meet the dietary intake recommendations for AS and dietary fiber. Health professionals should work together to increase dietary fiber density and reduction of added sugar in the diets of preschoolers to improve diet quality and oral health.

Aim: To evaluate the impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) on US health care system, we reviewed the Organ Procurement and Transplantation (OPTN, formerly UNOS) HBV database., Method: We reviewed records of liver transplantations (LTx) performed in the United States listed for the diagnoses of HBV between 1993 and mid-October 2004. Both acute as well as chronic cases were included. Coinfection with hepatitis C virus was excluded from study. The specific states selected for review were chosen from those areas that are receiving large numbers of new immigrants from high HBV endemic areas (ie, Texas, Pennsylvania, California, New York, and Florida). One-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival rates for both cadaveric and living related donors were analyzed. Survival rates were obtained from OPTN database as Kaplan-Meyer survival test., Results: Between 1993 and mid-October 2004, 53,312 LTx had been performed nationwide. Of these, 2314 (4.34%) were performed for the diagnosis of HBV; 1816 cases (78%) were due to chronic HBV infection (45 of them were living donor LTx) and 498 cases (22%) were due to HBV-induced acute liver failure (seven of them were living donor LTx). Three- and 5-year survival rates of chronic HBV-related LTx patients were better than acute HBV-related and overall LTx patients., Conclusion: HBV is generally considered to have a minor health significance by many community gastroenterologists. With growing immigration from overseas, it may eventually have a higher impact on LTx. Therefore, it is crucial to further educate gastroenterologists and primary care physicians caring for this specific group of patients.

Autism is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a significant genetic component. Existing research suggests that multiple genes contribute to autism and that epigenetic effects or gene-gene interactions are likely contributors to autism risk. However, these effects have not yet been identified. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, has been implicated in autism etiology. Fourteen known autosomal GABA receptor subunit genes were studied to look for the genes associated with autism and their possible interactions. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened in the following genes: GABRG1, GABRA2, GABRA4, and GABRB1 on chromosome 4p12; GABRB2, GABRA6, GABRA1, GABRG2, and GABRP on 5q34-q35.1; GABRR1 and GABRR2 on 6q15; and GABRA5, GABRB3, and GABRG3 on 15q12. Intronic and/or silent mutation SNPs within each gene were analyzed in 470 white families with autism. Initially, SNPs were used in a family-based study for allelic association analysis--with the pedigree disequilibrium test and the family-based association test--and for genotypic and haplotypic association analysis--with the genotype-pedigree disequilibrium test (geno-PDT), the association in the presence of linkage (APL) test, and the haplotype family-based association test. Next, with the use of five refined independent marker sets, extended multifactor-dimensionality reduction (EMDR) analysis was employed to identify the models with locus joint effects, and interaction was further verified by conditional logistic regression. Significant allelic association was found for markers RS1912960 (in GABRA4; P = .01) and HCV9866022 (in GABRR2; P = .04). The geno-PDT found significant genotypic association for HCV8262334 (in GABRA2), RS1912960 and RS2280073 (in GABRA4), and RS2617503 and RS12187676 (in GABRB2). Consistent with the allelic and genotypic association results, EMDR confirmed the main effect at RS1912960 (in GABRA4). EMDR also identified a significant two-locus gene-gene effect model involving RS1912960 in GABRA4 and RS2351299 in GABRB1. Further support for this two-locus model came from both the multilocus geno-PDT and the APL test, which indicated a common genotype and haplotype combination positively associated with disease. Finally, these results were also consistent with the results from the conditional logistic regression, which confirmed the interaction between GABRA4 and GABRB1 (odds ratio = 2.9 for interaction term; P = .002). Through the convergence of all analyses, we conclude that GABRA4 is involved in the etiology of autism and potentially increases autism risk through interaction with GABRB1. These results support the hypothesis that GABA receptor subunit genes are involved in autism, most likely via complex gene-gene interactions.

Objectives: To assess the effect of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)-recommended added sugar intake levels on nutrient and food group consumption by preschoolers., Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study of 2- to 5-year-olds in the United States Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 1994 to 1996, and 1998 (n = 5437). Main food sources of added sugar were established. For five categories (< or =10% energy from added sugar, 11% to 15%, 16% to 20%, 21% to 25%, and >25%), mean nutrient and food group consumption and proportion of children not meeting the DRI were ascertained. The nonparametric test for trend indicated significance of changes. Analysis was stratified by age (2- to 3-year-olds versus 4- to 5-year-olds), and survey design corrected to maintain the nationally representative character of the data., Results: The majority of children consumed less than 25% of energy from added sugar; the main sources were fruit and or soft drinks and desserts. Increasing added sugar consumption was paralleled by decreasing nutrient and food group intakes and increasing proportions of children with intakes below the DRI. Calcium intake was insufficient in large proportions of children consuming 16% or more from added sugar., Conclusions: In preschoolers, the new DRI for added sugar are reason for concern. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of the DRI on diet quality, body weight, and health status in young children.

Background: Many older Americans are overweight or obese, but it is unclear whether obesity is associated with other nutritional risk indicators., Objective: This study investigated sex-associated differences in nutritional risk among community-dwelling, rural older adults and determined whether weight status [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and waist circumference] was related to other measures of nutritional risk., Design: This cross-sectional study explored relations between weight status and nutritional risk, which was determined on the basis of the Level II Screen, overall diet quality, nutrient intakes, and plasma biomarkers., Results: Of the 179 subjects, 44% were overweight (BMI 25-29.9) and 35% were obese (BMI > 30). There were few differences in nutrient intakes between older men and women after we controlled for energy intake. In women, BMI was directly associated with multiple additional nutritional risk indicators, including the number of Level II items (r = 0.30), intakes of fat (r = 0.26) and saturated fat (r = 0.21), and homocysteine concentration (r = 0.25). Weight status in women was inversely associated with intakes of carbohydrates (r = -0.25), fiber (r = -0.35), folate (r = -0.24), magnesium (r = -0.29), iron (r = -0.22), and zinc (r = -0.23); Healthy Eating Index scores (r = -0.22); and plasma pyridoxal 5' phosphate (r = -0.30). Associations with waist circumference were similar. In men, weight status was associated only with plasma cobalamin (r = -0.33 for BMI) and pyridoxal 5' phosphate (r = -0.24 for waist circumference)., Conclusions: Overweight and obese older women, particularly those living alone, may be at greater nutritional risk than are men with a high BMI. Targeted nutritional intervention emphasizing nutrient-dense food choices to improve dietary patterns may be warranted.

Objectives: To compare the diet quality and weight status of girls consuming diets meeting the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics for dietary fat with those of girls consuming >30% of energy from fat and to examine relationships between girls' dietary fat intake, mothers' nutrient intakes, and mothers' child-feeding practices., Design: Participants were 192 white girls and their mothers, who were divided into 2 groups: >30% of energy from fat (high fat [HF]) or

Data from 1,392 children ages 1 to 10, who were participants in the U.S. Department of Agriculture 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, were examined to determine how their diets compared with current dietary recommendations and to identify those sociodemographic factors associated with the greatest risk for not meeting the recommendations. Vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and zinc were the nutrients most often consumed below recommended levels. Percentage of calories from fat and saturated fat and mean sodium intakes were above recommended levels for the majority of the children. Of the total sample, 81 percent met guidelines for cholesterol intakes. Multiple correlation regression analysis was used to determine the effect of the following factors on the children's nutrient intakes: geographic region, degree of urbanization, race, household size and income, age, education, and employment status of the male and female head of household. Age and sex of the child were entered as control variables. Level of urbanization affected the most nutrient intake variables, followed by race. Living in a rural area and being black were significant predictors for higher intakes of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium. Mean annual household income had no significant effect on any of the diet quality measures. Many of the children in the sample, however, participated in Federal food and nutrition programs that provided additional resources for food.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a description of the current dietary intake of a large sample of U.S. adolescents and to identify sociodemographic risk factors for nutrient intakes that did not meet recommended levels., Methods: The 1987-88 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey was used to assess the nutrient intake of 933 adolescents aged 11 to 18 years. Analysis of covariance was used to determine the effect of the following on the nutrient intakes of males and females: household income and size, race, geographic region, degree of urbanization, and head of household status. Subject age was entered as a control variable., Results: Vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, and zinc were the nutrients most often consumed below recommended levels. In addition the females consumed low levels of phosphorus and iron. Percent calories from total fat and saturated fat and mean sodium intakes were above recommended levels for the majority of the sample. Females were more likely to meet cholesterol recommendations than males. Race and region affected the most nutrient intake variables. For the females, living in the south was a significant predictor for low intakes of several essential vitamins and minerals., Conclusions: On average, the adolescents consumed diets that were low in several essential vitamins and minerals and high in some nutrients related to increased incidence of chronic disease. There were groups of teens who had dietary patterns that placed them at especially high risk, in particular the black and Southern females.

Data from 442 children, aged 2 to 5, who were participants in the 1987-1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, were examined to determine the effect of maternal employment on the quality of their diets. Diet quality was assessed by examining nutrient adequacy and nutrient overconsumption using the 3-day average of one 24-hour recall and 2 days of written diet records. To assess dietary adequacy, a mean adequacy ratio of the four nutrients (zinc, vitamin E, iron, and calcium) for which 30% or more of the children fell below 77% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances was constructed. Percent calories from fat and saturated fat, and intake of cholesterol and sodium were examined to assess overconsumption. Multiple correlation regression analysis was used to control for household income, maternal education and age, child's age, race, number of siblings aged 5 or younger, presence of male head of household, and number of meals eaten away from home. Maternal employment did not contribute significantly to the variation in any of the dietary variables. Although a number of dietary problems existed among the sample children, the variation in intakes of these nutrients was not directly related to maternal employment status.

Approximately one quarter of Americans aged 65 and older live in rural areas. Homebound rural elderly are a hard to reach, often poor and frail population. Failure to include homebound rural elderly in nutritional studies may bias representativeness of samples of elderly persons. This paper discusses some challenges in recruiting homebound older persons to participate in nutritional studies and in establishing quality control procedures in a field setting.

Described are the design and preliminary administration of an instrument to measure the impact of the Pennsylvania Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) on food storage and safety, kitchen sanitation, and food money management practices of program participants. No significant differences among these practices were found when each was correlated with duration of program participation. Overall improvement, however, was revealed, particularly in the first six months in the program.

Child psychiatrists and pediatricians recognize the importance of providing psychosocial care for children and their families in medical settings. Consultation-liaison and behavioral pediatric programs provide most of the training in this area. Twenty-nine pediatric consultation-liaison program directors participated in an initial and follow-up telephone survey about their programs. In the 5 years between the surveys, there was a drastic reduction in federal funding for these programs. The findings include a change in the number and composition of both staff and trainees. There were major shifts in the financial support of the programs. The programs were involved in fewer activities and in more restricted settings at the time of the follow-up survey. Financing of pediatric consultation-liaison programs plays a major role in shaping the structure and function of the programs.