17 results on '"Wright, John Paul"'
Search Results
2. Prior problem behavior accounts for the racial gap in school suspensions.
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Wright, John Paul, Morgan, Mark Alden, Coyne, Michelle A., Beaver, Kevin M., and Barnes, J.C.
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EMPIRICAL research , *STUDENT suspension , *SCHOOL discipline , *AFRICAN American students , *RACISM in education , *PSYCHOLOGY of students , *PROBLEM youth - Abstract
Purpose: A large body of empirical research finds a significant racial gap in the use of exclusionary school discipline with black students punished at rates disproportionate to whites. Furthermore, no variable or set of variables have yet to account for this discrepancy, inviting speculation that this association is caused by racial bias or racial antipathy. We investigate this link and the possibility that differential behavior may play a role. Methods: Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class (ECLS-K), the largest sample of school-aged children in the United States, we first replicate the results of prior studies. We then estimate a second model controlling for prior problem behavior. Results: Replicating prior studies, we first show a clear racial gap between black and white students in suspensions. However, in subsequent analyses the racial gap in suspensions was completely accounted for by a measure of the prior problem behavior of the student – a finding never before reported in the literature. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of early problem behaviors and suggest that the use of suspensions by teachers and administrators may not have been as racially biased as some scholars have argued. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2014
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3. Dopaminergic Polymorphisms and Educational Achievement: Results From a Longitudinal Sample of Americans.
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Beaver, Kevin M., Wright, John Paul, DeLisi, Matt, and Vaughn, Michael G.
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ACADEMIC achievement , *DOPAMINE , *GENES , *GENETIC polymorphisms , *INTERVIEWING , *LONGITUDINAL method , *PSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *RESEARCH funding , *STATISTICAL models - Abstract
Although educational attainment has been found to be moderately heritable, research has yet to explore candidate genes for it. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, in the current study, we examined the association between polymorphisms in three dopaminergic genes (DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4), a dopamine index, and educational attainment. Statistically significant effects were found for DAT1, DRD2, DRD4, and the dopamine index for highest level of education. This study is the first to our knowledge that links measured genes to educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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4. ALL IN THE FAMILY: Gene × Environment Interaction Between DRD2 and Criminal Father Is Associated With Five Antisocial Phenotypes.
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Delisi, Matt, Beaver, Kevin M., Vaughn, Michael G., and Wright, John Paul
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GENOTYPE-environment interaction ,DELINQUENT behavior ,DOPAMINE receptors ,CRIMINAL justice system ,ADOLESCENT health ,AFRICAN American women - Abstract
A range of Gene × Environment interactions is associated with antisocial phenotypes, and the evidence is clear that the etiology of antisocial behavior is strongly heritable and that environmental liabilities are important. However, the precise ways that genetic and environmental pathogens interact to predict antisocial behavior are underspecified. The present study shows that the interaction between a polymorphism in a dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and a criminal father predicts five antisocial phenotypes among African American females (n = 232) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Genetic risk (as measured by the A1 allele) and a criminal father interacted to predict serious and violent delinquency at Wave 1, serious and violent delinquency at Wave 2, and number of police contacts. The current investigation represents the first study to show Gene × Environment interactions in the prediction of antisocial phenotypes using criminal justice system status as an environmental pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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5. PARENTAL EFFICACY AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: DO CONTROL AND SUPPORT MATTER?
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Wright, John Paul and Cullen, Francis T.
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JUVENILE delinquency , *CRIMINAL behavior , *PARENT-child relationships , *CRIME prevention , *PARENTS , *TEENAGERS' conduct of life - Abstract
Recently, the concept of "collective efficacy" has been advanced to understand how communities exert control and provide support to reduce crime. In a similar way, we use the concept of "parental efficacy" to highlight the crime reducing effects associated with parents who support and control their youth. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we examine the inter-relationship between parental controls and supports and their joint influence on youthful misbehavior. The results show that (1) support and control are intertwined, and (2) that parental efficacy exerts substantive effects on adolescent delinquency for the sample as a whole and across varying age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2001
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6. Family social capital and delinquent involvement.
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Wright, John Paul and Cullen, Francis T.
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INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) , *YOUTH , *PREVENTION of juvenile delinquency , *SOCIAL networks - Abstract
Relates family 'investment' in youth to the production of personal and social capital in the United States. Inhibition of misbehavior; Results of the National Youth Survey; Social policy implications of the findings in the survey.
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- 2001
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7. Public support for early intervention programs:...
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Cullen, Francis T., Wright, John Paul, Brown, Shayna, Moon, Melissa M., Blankenship, Michael B., and Applegate, Brandon K.
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INTERVENTION (Criminal procedure) , *CRIME prevention - Abstract
Examines the public support given to early intervention programs as a strategy to reduce crime based on a 1997 survey of Tennessee respondents. Overview of related studies; Methodology of the study; Criticisms on the method; Reasons for classifying the method as a progressive policy agenda.
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- 1998
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8. Oral Health Status of Refugee Torture Survivors Seeking Care in the United States.
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Singh, Harpreet K., Scott, Thayer E., Henshaw, Michelle M., Cote, Susan E., Grodin, Michael A., Piwowarczyk, Linda A., Wang, Emily A., White, Mary C., Jamison, Ross, Goldenson, Joe, Estes, Milton, Tulsky, Jacqueline P., Beaver, Kevin M., Vaughn, Michael G., DeLisi, Matt, Wright, John Paul, Gadaila, Tahany M., and Fuller-Thomson, Esme
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DENTAL public health ,MEDICAL care of torture victims ,MEDICAL care of refugees ,SURVEYS ,OROFACIAL pain ,DENTAL care ,DENTAL hygiene ,PUBLIC health ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
We assessed the oral health status of 216 refugee torture survivors seeking care at an urban torture treatment center in the United States. Results showed that patients' dental health ranged from poor to fair; 76% had untreated cavities, and approximately 90% required immediate or near-immediate dental care. Torture treatment centers, in addition to offering safe environments for educating and examining patients, are ideal settings to provide basic oral health services without the risk of retraumatization. (Am J Public Health. 2008;98:2181-2182. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120063) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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9. For Safety's Sake, Get Rid of Campus Cops.
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Wright, John Paul, Beaver, Kevin M., and Beaver
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CAMPUS safety , *UNIVERSITY security , *CAMPUS police , *CRIMINAL investigation , *SEXUAL assault , *UNIVERSITIES & colleges - Abstract
Divested of criminal-justice obligations, colleges could focus, as they should, on safety and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
10. A dopamine gene (DRD2) distinguishes between offenders who have and have not been violently victimized.
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Vaske J, Wright JP, and Beaver KM
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- Adolescent, Follow-Up Studies, Genetics, Behavioral, Humans, Juvenile Delinquency statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Multivariate Analysis, United States, Violence statistics & numerical data, Black or African American genetics, Crime Victims statistics & numerical data, Juvenile Delinquency ethnology, Polymorphism, Genetic, Receptors, Dopamine D2 genetics, Violence ethnology, White People genetics
- Abstract
Research has shown that offenders, on average, are more likely to be violently victimized than nonoffenders. However, a substantial percentage of offenders are not violently victimized. The current study uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to investigate whether variants of a polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) distinguish between offenders who are violently victimized and offenders who are not violently victimized. The results show that offenders who are violently victimized are more likely to carry the DRD2 (A1) risk allele than offenders who have not been violently victimized.
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- 2011
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11. Association between the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene and reduced verbal abilities in adolescence and early adulthood.
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Beaver KM, Delisi M, Vaughn MG, and Wright JP
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- Adolescent, Alleles, Female, Genetic Association Studies, Genotype, Humans, Language Tests, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, United States, White People genetics, Young Adult, Language, Receptors, Dopamine D2 genetics, Verbal Learning
- Abstract
Behavioral genetic research has consistently revealed that genetic factors explain at least one half of the variance in measures of cognitive skills. However, the specific DNA markers involved in the etiology of cognitive abilities have remained elusive. The current study examined the association between the TaqI polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and verbal skills. Analysis of data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed that the A1 allele was associated with group membership in high-, average-, and low-verbal skills groups for Caucasians. The results suggest that DRD2 may be related to domain specific cognitive abilities, such as verbal skills.
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- 2010
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12. Prevalence and correlates of fire-setting in the United States: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
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Vaughn MG, Fu Q, Delisi M, Wright JP, Beaver KM, Perron BE, and Howard MO
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antisocial Personality Disorder epidemiology, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Firesetting Behavior psychology, Health Surveys, Humans, Illicit Drugs, Male, Marijuana Abuse epidemiology, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology, United States, Young Adult, Alcoholism epidemiology, Firesetting Behavior epidemiology
- Abstract
Fire-setting is a serious and costly form of antisocial behavior. Our objective in this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of intentional fire-setting behavior in the United States. Data were derived from a nationally representative sample of US residents 18 years and older. Structured psychiatric interviews (N = 43,093) were completed by trained lay interviewers between 2001 and 2002. Fire-setting as well as mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) version. The prevalence of lifetime fire-setting in the US population was 1.0%. Respondents who were men, white, 18 to 35 years old, born in the United States, and living in the western region of the United States had significantly higher rates of fire-setting than their counterparts. Fire-setting was significantly associated with a wide range of antisocial behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified strong associations between lifetime alcohol and marijuana use disorders, conduct disorder, antisocial and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, and family history of antisocial behavior. Intentional illicit fire-setting behavior is associated with a broad array of antisocial behaviors and psychiatric comorbidities. Given the substantial personal and social costs related to arson, prevention and treatment interventions targeting fire-setters potentially could save lives and property., (2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2010
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13. Interaction of 5HTTLPR and marijuana use on property offending.
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Vaske J, Newsome J, Makarios M, Wright JP, Boutwell BB, and Beaver KM
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- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American genetics, Black or African American statistics & numerical data, Alleles, Antisocial Personality Disorder epidemiology, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Marijuana Smoking epidemiology, Multivariate Analysis, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Antisocial Personality Disorder genetics, Crime statistics & numerical data, Marijuana Smoking genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins genetics
- Abstract
This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine whether a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (SHTTLPR) moderates the effects of marijuana use on property offending. The results reveal that 5HTTLPR interacts with marijuana use to predict significantly higher levels of property offending for African American females. The interaction coefficient is not statistically significant for Caucasian males, African American males, or Caucasian females. These findings suggest that marijuana use is associated only with higher levels of property offending among African American females who carry one or more copies of the 5HTTLPR short allele.
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- 2009
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14. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use and involvement in violent behavior in a nationally representative sample of young adult males in the United States.
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Beaver KM, Vaughn MG, Delisi M, and Wright JP
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- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior drug effects, Age Distribution, Aggression drug effects, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Minority Groups statistics & numerical data, Models, Statistical, Multivariate Analysis, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States epidemiology, White People statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, Anabolic Agents adverse effects, Androgens adverse effects, Substance-Related Disorders complications, Violence statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
We examined the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use on serious violent behavior. Multivariate models based on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 6823) were used to examine the association between lifetime and past-year self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroid use and involvement in violent acts. Compared with individuals who did not use steroids, young adult males who used anabolic-androgenic steroids reported greater involvement in violent behaviors after we controlled for the effects of key demographic variables, previous violent behavior, and polydrug use.
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- 2008
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15. Delinquent peer group formation: evidence of a gene x environment correlation.
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Beaver KM, Wright JP, and DeLisi M
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- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American psychology, Child, Family Health, Female, Genetics, Behavioral, Humans, Least-Squares Analysis, Male, Social Environment, United States, White People psychology, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins genetics, Juvenile Delinquency ethnology, Peer Group, Polymorphism, Genetic
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Emerging evidence suggests that variants of specific genes may influence some youths to seek out or associate with antisocial peers. Using genotypic data (N= 1,816) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (J. R. Udry, 1998, 2003), the authors tested this possibility. They found that the 10R allele of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene was associated with self-reported delinquent peer affiliation for male adolescents from high-risk environments (beta range = .13-.14) despite controlling for delinquent involvement, self-control, and drug and alcohol use. The authors discuss the importance of using a biosocial framework to examine issues related to adolescent development.
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- 2008
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16. A gene-based evolutionary explanation for the association between criminal involvement and number of sex partners.
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Beaver KM, Wright JP, and Walsh A
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Antisocial Personality Disorder epidemiology, Child, Criminal Psychology statistics & numerical data, Female, Genotype, Humans, Impulsive Behavior epidemiology, Impulsive Behavior genetics, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Antisocial Personality Disorder genetics, Biological Evolution, Crime statistics & numerical data, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins genetics, Sexual Behavior statistics & numerical data, Sexual Partners
- Abstract
Empirical research has revealed a positive relationship between number of sex partners and involvement in antisocial behaviors. Most attempts to explain this association have taken an evolutionary perspective and argued that the same traits (e.g., impulsiveness, shortsightedness, and aggressiveness) that are related to a large number of sex partners are also related to criminal involvement. However, there is also reason to believe that the covariation between sex partners and crime behaviors can be partially explained by a common genetic pathway, where genes that are related to sex partners are also related to antisocial conduct. We test this possibility by using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Specifically, we examine whether variants of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) are associated with number of sexual partners and with adult criminal behavior. The results of our analyses reveal two broad findings. First, and in line with prior research, we find that there is a strong positive association between sex partners and antisocial behavior. Second, DAT1 explains variation in both number of sexual partners and in criminal conduct for males. We speak to the implications of our findings.
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- 2008
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17. Evidence of a gene x environment interaction in the creation of victimization: results from a longitudinal sample of adolescents.
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Beaver KM, Wright JP, Delisi M, Daigle LE, Swatt ML, and Gibson CL
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression psychology, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Genotype, Humans, Juvenile Delinquency psychology, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Object Attachment, Peer Group, Prospective Studies, Psychosocial Deprivation, Sex Factors, United States, Violence psychology, Crime Victims psychology, Personality genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic genetics, Receptors, Dopamine D2 genetics, Social Environment
- Abstract
A large body of research has revealed that aggressive personality traits and violent criminal behaviors are influenced by genetic factors. Surprisingly, however, no research has been devoted to investigating the potential genetic origins to adolescent victimization. In the current study, the authors address this gap in the literature by using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine whether different variants of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) are related to victimization, net of the effects of environmental measures. The results of the multivariate models revealed a significant gene X environment interaction in the creation of victimization for White males. Specifically, DRD2 interacted with delinquent peers to predict victimization. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.
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- 2007
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