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The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on children are often misinterpreted in schools as misbehavior and can impact students' academic progress. We explore how the intersection of race and ACEs make students of color hypervisible and more likely to enter the school discipline pathway. Using tenets of critical race theory and the concept of the disciplinary gaze; we found that children of color, experiencing complex trauma, had 1.85 times the odds of receiving a call home (surveilled) for problems at school compared to their White counterparts. Implications for trauma-informed and culturally responsive practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This population-based study compares U.S. effectiveness with 20 Other Western Countries (OWC) in reducing mortality 1989–1991 and 2013–2015 and, responding to criticisms of Britain's National Health Service, directly compares U.S. with U.K. child (0–4), adult (55–74), and 24 global mortality categories. World Health Organization Age-Standardized Death Rates (ASDR) data are used to compare American and OWC mortality over the period, juxtaposed against national average percentages of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Expenditure on Health (%GDPEH) drawn from World Bank data. America's average %GDPEH was highest at 13.53% and Britain's the lowest at 7.68%. Every OWC had significantly greater ASDR reductions than America. Current U.S. child and adult mortality rates are 46% and 19% higher than Britain's. Of 24 global diagnostic mortalities, America had 16 higher rates than Britain, notably for Circulatory Disease (24%), Endocrine Disorders (70%), External Deaths (53%), Genitourinary (44%), Infectious Disease (65%), and Perinatal Deaths (34%). Conversely, U.S. rates were lower than Britain's for Neoplasms (11%), Respiratory (12%), and Digestive Disorder Deaths (11%). However, had America matched the United Kingdom's ASDR, there would have been 488,453 fewer U.S. deaths. In view of American %GDPHE and their mortality rates, which were significantly higher than those of the OWC, these results suggests that the U.S. health care system is the least efficient in the Western world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of water and beverages consumed during pregnancy by mothers of children with autism. Materials included vials for water samples and a survey to describe the water and beverages. Samples were tested for sulfate and surveys evaluated for average daily levels. Results were stratified for selected regions of the United States. Areas with the highest rates of autism showed a trend toward lower levels of sulfate compared to areas with low rates of autism (28% sulfate, n = 45, p = 0.059). Severe autism was associated with low sulfate levels while mild symptoms were associated with higher levels of sulfate (− 0.32 correlation, n = 86, p < 0.01). The results suggest that sulfate may be helpful in reducing both the incidence and severity of autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Based upon the findings of the African-American Heart Failure Trial, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and hydralazine hydrochloride (HYD) (FDC-ISDN/HYD) as a new drug for treatment of heart failure (HF) in self-identified African Americans. According to the FDA, FDC-ISDN/HYD has no therapeutic equivalent. However, off-label combinations of the separate generic drugs ISDN and HYD (OLC-ISDN+HYD) or isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) and HYD (OLC-ISMN+HYD) are routinely substituted without any supporting outcome data. We conducted an exploratory retrospective propensity-matched cohort study using Medicare data to determine whether a survival difference exists between these treatments in medication-adherent patients.Methods: Black Medicare beneficiaries with HF were matched with Medicare Part D data to identify patients with prescriptions to FDC-ISDN/HYD or the off-label combinations. Only patients with 1-year adherence levels ≥80% were included in the analysis. Propensity-matched scoring created two sets of matched cohort pairs on a 1:1 basis, each set comparing FDC-ISDN/HYD with one of the off-label combinations. Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curves with the log-rank test were then calculated for each pair for the year of medication adherence.Results: The analysis population was relatively older (77 years) and mainly female (66.7%), with a high burden of comorbid disease. The KM estimates of 1-year survival were 87.9% (95% CI 85.6-89.9%) and 83.0% (95% CI 80.3-85.3%) (log rank p = 0.0024), respectively, for the matched cohorts FDC-ISDN/HYD and OLC-ISDN+HYD (n = 886 in each group) and 88.2% (95% CI 85.9-90.2%) and 84.8% (95% CI 82.2-87.0%) (log rank p = 0.0320), respectively, for the matched cohorts FDC-ISDN/HYD and OLC-ISMN+HYD (n = 868 in each group).Conclusion: The 1-year survival advantage for FDC-ISDN/HYD compared with off-label combinations in adherent black Medicare beneficiaries with HF suggests a genuine difference between these medications and warrants prospective investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major concern for social work, namely child abuse‐related deaths (CARD), involves parental neglect. Societal neglect, when measured by child mortality rates (CMR), is considered by bodies such as UNICEF to be indicative of how a nation meets the needs of its children. This population‐based study analyses CARD and CMR for children aged from newborn to four years old between 1989–91 and 2013–15 to identify any relative child neglect in the USA and 20 other developed nations (ODN). World Health Organization data were used for CARD, CMR and undetermined deaths (UnD), a possible source of unreported CARD, juxtaposed against World Bank income inequality data. The USA had the highest number of CARD, the highest CMR and the worst income inequality. Five countries reduced their CARD significantly more than the USA, and 14 countries reduced their CMR more than the USA. Income inequality and CMR were correlated. Had the USA matched the CMR of Japan, where income inequality was narrowest, there would have been on average 16 745 fewer child deaths annually. CARD and UnD correlated, suggesting that UnD may contain unreported CARD. US CMR data indicate that services in the USA are less effective than those in ODN, possibly due to income inequality. These results will be unwelcome but child protection services must dare to speak truth to power. 'This population‐based study analyses CARD and CMR for children aged from newborn to four years old between 1989–91 and 2013–15 to identify any relative child neglect in the USA and 20 other developed nations' Key Practitioner Messages: The richest country in the world, the USA, has the highest rates of child abuse and total child mortality in the Western world.The USA has the highest income inequality in the West, highlighting the statistical link between child mortality and poverty.Children's services should lead the call for the necessary changes and 'speak truth to power'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity and inclusion in Kinesiology is needed to ensure the future professionals of tomorrow engage in recognizing the shared fabric of science and inquiry. Initiatives targeting inclusion and diversity have shown promise in bridging the existing gap. Vital to this process is the role of faculty, administrators and students in providing academic support and paracurricular exposure to the field of Kinesiology. Historical perspectives and knowledge of best practices shape the conversation regarding innovative 21st century options deemed necessary for meeting this challenge. Our review describes programs that strengthen the preparedness of undergraduate students. In addition, we outline existing strategies leading to effective partnerships between undergraduate and graduate institutions. Diversity and inclusion are integral to the achievement of excellence and enhance each institution's ability to accomplish its academic mission and to serve its constituents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A study should be concerned with the practical as well as the statistical significance. [•] We explain what adjusted predictions and marginal effects are. [•] We describe how useful adjusted predictions and marginal effects are. [•] We use bibliometric data produced by four universities from 1980 to 2010. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In an effort to assess the combined risk estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), and estriol (E3) pose to aquatic wildlife across United States watersheds, two sets of predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for significant reproductive effects in fish were compared to predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). One set of PNECs was developed for evaluation of effects following long-term exposures. A second set was derived for short-term exposures. Both sets of PNECs are expressed as a 17β-estradiol equivalent (E2-eq), with 2 and 5 ng/L being considered the most likely levels above which fish reproduction may be harmed following long-term and short-term exposures, respectively. A geographic information system-based water quality model, Pharmaceutical Assessment and Transport Evaluation (P hATE™), was used to compare these PNECs to mean and low flow concentrations of the steroid estrogens across 12 U.S. watersheds. These watersheds represent approximately 19% of the surface area of the 48 North American states, contain 40 million people, and include over 44,000 kilometers of rivers. This analysis determined that only 0.8% of the segments (less than 1.1% of kilometers) of these watersheds would have a mean flow E2-eq concentration exceeding the long-term PNEC of 2.0 ng/L; only 0.5% of the segments (less than 0.8% of kilometers) would have a critical low flow E2-eq exceeding the short-term PNEC of 5 ng/L. Those few river segments where the PNECs were exceeded were effluent dominated, being either headwater streams with a publicly owned treatment works (POTW), or flowing through a highly urbanized environment with one or several POTWs. These results suggest that aquatic species in most U.S. surface waters are not at risk from steroid estrogens that may be present as a result of human releases. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1407-1415. © 2012 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on adolescent contraception as a complex issue for healthcare providers in the U.S. Clinicians have the burden of providing anticipatory guidance to sexually active adolescent patients and their families about the contraceptive methods. They discuss contraceptive methods to teenagers who are vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy and sexually-transmitted diseases. Contraceptive methods include hormonal and non-hormonal pills, abstinence and condoms.

This article shows that, after decades of inequality, the 1990s saw sudden and dramatic increases in lending to low income and minority groups. Drawing in part on the work of Williams, Nesiba and McConnell (2005), we argue that government deregulation, industry restructuring and government-insured loans all fueled this growth by increasing the sources of loans to minorities. We further argue that this increased lending had small but perceptible effects on residential segregation. But, the transformation of the home mortgage industry also gave rise to new lenders who were quite unlike the old. We contend that the nature of lending was even more important than the amount: some lenders and types of lending had much more of an impact on residential segregation than did others. Specifically, loans from traditional lenders tended to decrease segregation. Conversely, loans from subprime and manufactured housing lenders that specialized in serving low income and minority markets either had no statistically significant effect on segregation or even increased it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American homeownership has long been characterized by racial, ethnic, and geographic inequality. In-equality in homeownership, in turn, has contributed to racial and class segregation and inequality in other aspects ofAmerican life. Recently, however, there have been signs of dramatic change, as minorities and low-income groups have achieved all-time record high rates of homeownership. To explain these developments, we compare and contrast neoclassical economic theory-which suggests that banking deregulation, increased competition, better information, and improved risk assessment reduce or eliminate mortgage market discrimination-with a socio- logical theory of networks-which argues industry restructuring can disrupt markets and social relationships and create new opportunities for exploitation. We argue that, as the old inequality in home mortgage lending has slowly diminished, a new inequality has emerged that is characterized by less favorable loan terms, sometimes- problematic forms of housing, and a lack of adequate consumer protection from predatory and abusive practices. Specifically, we describe trends in subprime and manufactured housing lending in U.S. MSAs. Our study finds that such loans accounted for as much as half or more, of the gains made by underserved markets between 1993 and 2000. Subprime lenders made particularly strong inroads among minority markets at all income levels. We discuss how the old inequality helped make the new inequality possible, and how the new inequality in home mortgage lending is part of a much larger phenomenon in which apparent gains made by minorities and low income groups have come at a far higher cost than have gains by other segments of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor recreation is an important and meaningful experience that carries numerous benefits for people with and without disabilities. Traditionally, relatively few recreation services and facilities were accessible to people with disabilities. Recent legislation such as the Americans with Disabilities Act has increased the accessibility of many outdoor recreation resources, yet little documentation of the outdoor recreation participation patterns of people with disabilities exists. If outdoor recreation services are going to be inclusive of all people, then a greater understanding of the participation patterns and barriers faced by people with mobility disabilities is needed. The National Survey of Recreation and the Environment (NSRE) is an on-going study of the outdoor recreation participation of people living in the United States. The 1995 version of the survey included questions about participation in a variety of outdoor recreation activities as well as about disability and constraints. Data were collected through a nationwide telephone survey conducted by the National Forest Service. Binary logistic regression and chi-square analyses were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that for many of the activities and constraints, significant differences were found between people with mobility disabilities and people without disabilities. Characteristics of activities that influenced participation rates included: (a) the physical nature of activities, (b) the degree of adaptation needed for participation, (c) social expectations, self perceptions, and social fears associated with certain activities, (d) the financial costs of activities, and (e) the accessibility of sites where activities took place. There were no significant differences between people with mobility disabilities and people without disabilities for six of the constraints included in the survey. Seven constraints were experienced significantly more often by people with mobility disabilities than by people without disabilities, and only one constraint was experienced more often by people without disabilities than by people with mobility disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationships between religious' orientation and components' of religious attitudes'. Religious' orientation was measured using Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis "(1993) Religious' Life Inventory. Affective, cognitive, and conative components' of attitudes toward religious' beliefs and practices were measured using an instrument constructed for the study. Participants' were undergraduate students from four educational institutions in the United States'. Systematic relationships were found among the dimensions of religious orientation and the components' of religious' attitudes'. Means' and Quest orientations' had very similar profiles', characterized by high Cognition scores' and relatively low Affect and Conation scores'. By contrast, modestly low Cognition scores' and significantly high Affect and Conation scores' characterized the profile of the Ends' orientation. Results are discussed in terms of the concept of mature religiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

President Reagan's nomination of Judge Robert Bork to the Supreme Court was expected by most people to lead to confirmation. It did not. This article examines the special importance of the vacancy created by Justice Lewis Powell's retirement, the philosophical debate which the nomination generated, the political and strategic calculations of the actors involved (especially the unprecedented level and nature of interest group involvement) and the performance of Judge Bork himself during the congressional hearings. It posits a multi-causal explanation. The importance of the episode, however, lies less in what it tells us about the Supreme Court appointment process and more in what it tells us about the current unsatisfactory condition of executive-legislative relations in a political system predicated on the separation of powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an interview of a well known scholars of African descent, Orlando Patterson, Patterson is a professor of sociology at the Harvard University. He was born in Jamaica, the West Indies and received his B.A. degree from the University of the West Indies and received his Ph.D. degree from the London School of Economics. He has written extensively upon the subjects of slavery and freedom. While professor Patterson utilizes the real experiences of specific people, he relies upon the historical method in order to grapple with the manner in which the social values that are attached to slavery and freedom are constructed within the context of social systems. His description of the social context of his education as well as his general thoughts about the academic environment provides people with interesting insights about the invisibility of African Americans in the theoretical realm of intellectual life. There is thus a comparative approach to his work that is driven by the significance of structural and conceptual similarities.

African American sociologists are beginning to confront the use of "African American/Black" as a homogeneous sociological category. In doing so they are laying the ground for improvements in social scientific research in general One aspect of that improvement involves the use of people of African descent as subjects for theoretical statements about humanity at large rather than merely about other African descendent populations. Another aspect involves confronting the extensive segregation within the discipline around the research done by African American scholars. This introduction discusses the implications of these issues for African American scholars and for the discipline as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that assessed instructional information systems in two public school districts in the U.S. The instructional information systems in Adams District and Baker District differed from one another in many particulars. For example, the specified users in Adams District were school site council members, and the specified users in Baker District were principals and teachers. In Adams District, the councils were to use the information to allocate funds for their chosen solution to identified instructional problems; in Baker District, the teachers and principals were to use the information to improve their own planning and teaching in the classroom. The two districts also differed in the types of data that were collected, in the ways the data were analyzed, and in the method and schedule by which the information was delivered to users. Nonetheless, the two instructional information systems were similar in other respects. Both had taken between 5 and 8 years to evolve to the relatively advanced state in which they were found.

Presents a study of the home mortgage lenders in the area of St. Joseph County, Indiana. Difference in the practices and policies of the institutions; Suggestion that the practices and policies impact greatly on how the low income neighborhoods are served.

Several species of tube-dwelling, pennate diatoms present in salt marshes adjoining Sapelo Island, Georgia, possessed previously undescribed types of motility. The tubes penetrated into the sediment, permitting the diatoms to retreat from the sediment surface in response to stimuli. Cells of Nitzschia obtusa withdrew down their tubes at 120 to 240 μ / sec. Colonies of Frustulia asymmetrica withdrew at 44 to 500 μ/ sec, with the cells remaining motionless relative to the tube. Tubes containing colonies of Gyrosigma scalproides var. eximia and a Navicula sp. moved slowly into or out of the sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of "Sociological Forum" is not a reflection of how all African-Americans view sociology. It is, at best, a few snap shots of the discipline by a small number of African-descended sociologists. This special issue is another in a series of reviews of the problems and prospects of sociology that have been triggered by the impending end of the 20th century. It is unlikely that there is any assessment that is more crucial than that of the African American sociologist, however. One can only hope that this opportunity that has been afforded us by Sociological Forum, under the editorship of professor Steven Cole, will be the start of a dialogue among African American scholars and within the discipline generally. The author pays thanks to Arinulla Linden, managing editor of Sociological Forum for her great efforts and patience in bringing this edition to completion and Wyvonnia Melton for her administrative assistance.