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SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS) is a genetic syndrome characterised by intellectual disability, severe speech delay, and palatal and dental problems. Behaviours that challenge (BtC) are reported frequently; however, there is limited research on specific forms of BtC and the correlates of these behaviours. The current study explores correlates of well-defined BtC, self-injury, aggression, and property destruction, in SAS. Eighty-one parents/caregivers of individuals with SAS (53.1% male, Mage 10.12 years) completed questionnaire measures of health, behavioural, emotional, and autism characteristics. Individuals with SAS were grouped based on caregiver responses to the presence or absence of self-injury, aggression, and property destruction on the Challenging Behaviour Questionnaire. Rates of self-injury, aggression and property destruction were 42%, 77% and 49%, respectively. Between-group comparisons were conducted to compare characteristics between behaviour groups. Significantly differing characteristics were entered into separate hierarchical logistic regressions for each form of BtC. Behavioural comparisons indicated variation in the characteristics associated with each behaviour. All hierarchical logistic regression models were significant (p <.001): self-injury (χ2(5) = 38.46, R2 = 0.571), aggression (χ2(4) = 25.12, R2 = 0.414), property destruction (χ2(4) = 23.70, R2 = 0.346), explaining between 34.6% and 57.1% of the variance in behaviour presence. This is the first study to identify correlates of self-injury, aggression, and property destruction in SAS. Variability in the characteristics associated with each behaviour highlights the importance of specificity when examining BtC. Understanding correlates of specific forms of BtC has important implications for informing SAS-associated pathways to behavioural outcomes and the implementation of tailored behavioural interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: It is known that there are sex differences in adverse events experienced following cancer treatment. However, little is known about sex differences in adverse events experienced in individuals with metastatic cancer. Here, using SEER-Medicare data, we investigate sex differences in adverse events in lung cancer individuals with brain metastasis who are 66 years old and older. Sex differences in adverse events were observed and were dependent on lung cancer histology, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis and treatment as well as potential interplay between these variables. Sex differences are evident in adverse events (AEs) related to brain tumors, yet sex differences in AEs specific to brain metastases (BrMs) are underexplored. Lung cancer BrMs dominate among BrM, comprising over half of cases. This study examined sex differences in AEs associated with lung cancer BrMs in individuals aged 66 or older using the SEER-Medicare dataset. Multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for demographic factors and comorbidities, stratified by histological subtype, treatment, age, and year of diagnosis were used to analyze AEs among those with BrMs from primary lung tumors. Year of diagnosis was grouped into prior/post-2013, to account for shifts in treatment paradigms. The results showed nuanced sex-specific AEs. Females diagnosed post-2013 with small-cell, squamous-cell, or other non-small-cell carcinoma BrMs had a higher headache likelihood than males. Males with adenocarcinoma post-2013 were more likely to experience brain herniation. Females aged 76 and older with small-cell BrM exhibited increased vision difficulty risk compared to males of the same age, with no significant difference in other age groups. Males treated for adenocarcinoma faced heightened hemorrhagic stroke risk. This study reveals sex-specific disparities in AEs among older individuals with lung cancer BrMs, varying by histological subtype, age, diagnosis year, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Cancer Institute (NCI), is the largest aggregation of histopathology-specific population-based data for primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) in the US. CBTRUS publishes an annual statistical report which provides critical reference data for the broad neuro-oncology community. Here, we summarize the key findings from the 2022 CBTRUS annual statistical report for healthcare providers. Methods Incidence data were obtained from the CDC's National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and NCI's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for 52 central cancer registries (CCRs). Survival data were obtained from 42 NPCR CCRs. All rates are per 100 000 and age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard population. Overall median survival was estimated using Kaplan–Meier models. Survival data for selected molecularly defined histopathologies are from the National Cancer Database. Mortality data are from the National Vital Statistics System. Results The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate of all primary brain and other CNS tumors was 24.25/100 000. Incidence was higher in females and non-Hispanics. The most commonly occurring malignant and predominately non-malignant tumors was glioblastoma (14% of all primary brain tumors) and meningioma (39% of all primary brain tumors), respectively. Mortality rates and overall median survival varied by age, sex, and histopathology. Conclusions This summary describes the most up-to-date population-based incidence, mortality, and survival, of primary brain and other CNS tumors in the US and aims to serve as a concise resource for neuro-oncology providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary brain tumors (BTs) are rare, but cause morbidity and mortality disproportionately to their incidence. Prevalence estimates population‐level cancer burdens at a specified time. This study estimates the prevalence of malignant and non‐malignant BTs in comparison to other cancers. Methods: Incidence data were obtained from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (2000–2019, varying), a combined data set including the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries and National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Incidence of non‐BT cancers were obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics (2001–2019). Incidence and survival estimates for all cancers were obtained from SEER (1975–2018). Complete prevalence as of December 31, 2019, was estimated using prevEst. Estimates were generated overall for non‐BT cancers, by BT histopathology, age groups at prevalence (0–14, 15–39, 40–64, 65+ years), and sex. Results: We estimated 1,323,121 individuals with a diagnosis of BTs at the date of prevalence. The majority of BT cases had non‐malignant tumors (85.3%). Among all cancers, BTs were the most prevalent cancer type among those ages 15 to 39 years, second among those ages 0 to 14 years, and in the top five among those ages 40 to 64 years. The plurality of prevalent cases (43.5%) occurred among those ages 65+ years. Overall, females had a higher prevalence of BTs than males, with an overall female:male prevalence ratio of 1.68. Conclusions: BTs contribute significantly to the cancer burden in the United States, particularly among those younger than age 65 years. Understanding complete prevalence is crucial for monitoring cancer burden to inform clinical research and public policy. We include a comparison of prevalence estimates for all primary brain tumors to other common cancers by age group in the United States. We also provide a description of the complete prevalence of primary malignant and nonmalignant brain and other central nervous system tumors in the United States for 2019, an update to a previous study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A newly developed brain molecular marker (BMM) data item was implemented by US cancer registries for individuals diagnosed with brain tumors in 2018—including IDH and 1p/19q-co-deletion statuses for adult-type diffuse gliomas. We thus investigated the testing/reporting completeness of BMM in the United States. Methods Cases of histopathologically confirmed glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and oligodendroglioma diagnosed in 2018 were identified in the National Cancer Database. Adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of BMM testing/reporting were evaluated for association with the selected patient, treatment, and facility-level characteristics using multivariable logistic regression. As a secondary analysis, predictors of MGMT promoter methylation testing/reporting among IDH-wildtype glioblastoma individuals were assessed. Key limitations of the BMM data item were that it did not include any details regarding testing technique or assay type and could not distinguish between a lack of testing and a lack of cancer registry reporting of testing results. Results Among 8306 histopathologically diagnosed adult-type diffuse gliomas nationally, overall BMM testing/reporting completeness was 81.1%. Compared to biopsy-only cases, odds of testing/reporting increased for subtotal (ORadj= 1.38 [95% CI: 1.20–1.59], P <.001) and gross total resection (ORadj=1.50 [95% CI: 1.31–1.72], P <.001). Furthermore, the odds were lowest at community centers (hospitals (67.3%; ORadj=0.35 [95% CI: 0.26–0.46], P <.001) and highest at academic/NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers (85.4%; referent). By geographical location, BMM testing/reporting completeness ranged from a high of 86.8% at New England (referent) to a low of 76.0 % in the West South Central region (ORadj=0.57 [95% CI: 0.42–0.78]; P <.001). Extent of resection, Commission-on-Cancer facility type, and facility location were additionally significant predictors of MGMT testing/reporting among IDH-wildtype glioblastoma cases. Conclusions Initial BMM testing/reporting completeness for individuals with adult-type diffuse gliomas in the United States was promising, although patterns varied by hospital attributes and extent of resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There are limited data available on incidence and survival of patients with choroid plexus tumors (CPT). This study provides the most current epidemiological analysis of choroid plexus tumors from 2004 to 2017 in the United States. Methods Data on 2013 patients with CPT were acquired from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Cancer Institute, from 2004 to 2017. CPT cases were classified by the following pathological subtypes: choroid plexus papilloma (CPP), atypical choroid plexus papilloma (aCPP), and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). Frequencies and age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) per 100 000 and rate ratios per 100 000 (IRR) were reported for age, sex, race, and ethnicity for each pathological subtype with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Using CDC's National Program of Cancer Registries survival database, survival curves and hazard ratios (HRs) evaluated overall survival from 2001 to 2016. Results CPP had the highest overall incidence (AAIR: 0.034, 95% CI: 0.033–0.036), followed by CPC (AAIR: 0.008, 95% CI: 0.008–0.009) and aCPP (AAIR: 0.005, 95% CI: 0.005–0.006). Incidence was highest among children less than one year old among all subtypes (CPP AAIR: 0.278; aCPP AAIR: 0.140; CPC AAIR: 0.195), reducing as patients aged. Overall survival was worse among patients with CPC, being five times more likely to die compared to patients with CPP (HR: 5.23, 95% CI: 4.05–7.54, P  < .001). Conclusions This analysis is the most current and comprehensive study in the US on the incidence and survival for CPT. Population based statistics provide critical information in understanding disease characteristics, which impact patient care and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advance care planning (ACP) is underutilized among those with advanced cancer, leading to the potential of not receiving goal-concordant care. Objectives: To understand the experience of patients in creating a video declaration (ViDec) of their ACP preferences and their family member/caregivers' perceptions after viewing their ViDec. Design: Qualitative study among patients and family members/caregivers. Setting/Subjects: Patients were recruited from a large safety net hospital in the United States. Patients with any type of advanced cancer were enrolled to create a ViDec and participate in an individual interview. Patients also identified a family member/caregiver to participate. Measurements: Content and perceptions of usefulness of ViDecs among patients and family members/caregivers. Results: In total, 32 patients participated. Patients had a mean age of 61 (10) years, 15 (47%) were women, 14 (44%) were Black or African American, and 12 (37%) had a high school education or less; 25 family members/caregivers participated. Across all ViDecs, the most common theme pertained to ACP for preferred medical treatments (97%). We describe three case studies of patient and caregiver pairs to represent salient dimensions of our data: (1) high perceived usefulness of ViDec, (2) populations at risk for not receiving goal-concordant care, and (3) varied responses to ViDec among family members/caregivers. Recommendations to improve the ViDec process included providing structured prompts to patients. Conclusions: These case studies highlight the potential high-perceived usefulness of ViDecs across patients and caregivers. ViDecs have the potential to improve care among patients with advanced cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) timing in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) influences the future need for additional maxillary advancement procedures, particularly Le Fort I osteotomy with rigid external distraction (RED). Design: Retrospective cohort study. Groups were separated by SABG timing: early mixed dentition (ages 68 years) or late mixed dentition (ages 9-11 years). The criterion for RED was negative overjet ≥8 mm, and sufficient dental development for RED. Setting: Single tertiary care institution. Patients: Patients with CLP that underwent SABG from 2010 to 2015. Exclusion criteria included syndromic conditions, SABG surgery at age >12 years, current age <12 years, and <2 years follow-up. 104 patients were included. Main outcome measures: The number of RED candidates and treated patients. Results: There was no statistical difference in the number of RED candidates (P =.0718) nor treated patients (P =.2716) based on SABG timing; stratification by laterality was also insignificant. Early SABG is associated with higher odds of being a RED candidate (pooled, unilateral, bilateral) and treated patient (pooled and unilateral); however, there were no statistically significant associations between SABG timing and the number of RED candidates and treated patients as determined by logistic regression models. Conclusion: There is no statistically significant association between SABG timing and the odds of being a RED candidate or treated patient. Future prospective studies are recommended to assess the relationship between SABG timing and maxillary growth in patients with CLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoliberal and biopolitical ideologies have had an insidious impact on the field of teacher education, with disturbing implications for the future. Instead of "going along to get along," the field needs (1) critical analysis of the impact of neoliberalism and biopolitics on policies and practices of teacher education; (2) scholarship that assists the field in developing alternative conceptions, vocabulary, and possibilities; and (3) thoughtful examination of the functions and aims of teacher education. In this article, the author proposes some possible avenues of investigation.

Students with ADHD symptoms in post-secondary settings often go undiagnosed which can contribute to challenges for their overall academic success. The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) examine results of the ADHD Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1, Part A) comparing ADHD symptoms to self-report diagnosis and (2) analyse the association of self-efficacy and anxiety for subjects who scored 4 or more on the ASRS-v1.1. A sample of 553 students from a university in southern United States was analysed. The ASRS-v1.1, Part A, six items from the Global Self-efficacy Scale, and two subscales of 6 items each from the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Index were used. Participants with a score of 4 or higher on the ASRSv1.1, Part A represented symptomology associated with Adult ADHD. ANOVA results showed participants in the group with 4 or more reported lower self-efficacy and higher scores on the anxiety measures. The OLS regression results also indicated ASRS scores were positively associated with the outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) uses a histology grouping model based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications to group records for clinically relevant statistical reporting. Newly identified genetic markers more accurately stratify patients than histology alone and were incorporated into the 2016 update to the WHO Classification. Methods CBTRUS and consulting neuropathologists reviewed and aligned histology groupings with the 2016 WHO update. "Obsolete" (terms not currently in use) histology nomenclature along with their International Classification of Disease, Oncology 3rd edition (ICD-O-3) codes were identified, some histologies were reclassified to 2016 WHO, and new codes found in 2016 WHO were incorporated. An evaluation of the frequency of histology codes affected in the realignment process, and incidence and survival pre- and post-realignment was conducted. Results After review, 67 codes were noted as obsolete, 51 codes were reclassified, and 12 new codes were incorporated. Histology groups most affected were mesenchymal tumors and neuronal/mixed neuronal-glial tumors. Reorganization resulted in 2588 (0.65%) cases with grouping reassignment or reporting change, indicating that the 2016 WHO Classification revision has impacted the collection and reporting of primary brain and other CNS tumors. Conclusion This work demonstrates the need to be responsive to changes in classification and coding in order to ensure the most up-to-date and accurate statistics for brain and CNS tumors. This will require collaboration from all stakeholders within the brain tumor community, so to have the ability to reconcile clinical practices and surveillance requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) contains information on all primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors diagnosed in the United States (US). Here we summarize the 2021 CBTRUS annual statistical report for clinicians. Methods Incidence survival data are obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Survival data are obtained from NPCR. Mortality data are obtained from the National Vital Statistics System. Incidence and mortality rates are age-adjusted using the 2000 US population and presented per 100,000 population. Results An annual average of 86,355 cases of primary malignant and nonmalignant CNS tumors were diagnosed over the period 2014–2018, corresponding to an average annual age-adjusted incidence rate of 24.25. The most commonly occurring malignant tumor was glioblastoma (14.3%), and the most common predominately nonmalignant tumor was meningioma (39%). Over the 2014–2018 period, there were 16,606 annual average deaths due to malignant primary CNS tumors, corresponding to an average annual age-adjusted mortality rate of 4.43. In this report we detail key incidence, survival, and mortality statistics for major primary CNS tumor histologies, highlighting relevant differences by age, sex, and race. Conclusions This summary describes the most up to date population-based incidence of primary malignant and nonmalignant brain and other CNS tumors in the US, and mortality and survival for primary malignant tumors and aims to serve as a useful resource for clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pineoblastoma (PB) is a rare malignant brain tumor originating in the pineal gland. Here, we provide a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of PB in the United States from 2000 to 2017. Methods Data on 1133 patients with PB were acquired from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute, from 2000 to 2017. Age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) per 100 000 and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were reported for age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Using the National Program of Cancer Registries survival database, median survival and hazard ratios (HRs) were evaluated for overall survival from 2001 to 2016. Results Incidence was highest in ages 0–4 years (AAIR: 0.049, 95% CI: 0.042–0.056), decreasing as age increased. Incidence was higher among patients who are Black compared to patients who are White (IRR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.48–1.98, P <.001), and was impacted by age at diagnosis, with Black-to-White incidence highest in children ages 5–9 years (IRR: 3.43, 95% CI: 2.36–4.94, P <.001). Overall survival was lower for males (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.07–1.79, P =.013). All age groups, excluding those over 40, had improved survival compared to ages 0–4 years. Those who received surgical intervention had better survival compared to those who did not receive surgical treatment. Conclusion PB incidence is highest among children and patients who are Black, and there may be a potential interaction between these factors. Survival is worse among males, young children, and elderly adults, and those who received no surgery. Comprehensive, population-based statistics provide critical information on PB characteristics that could be useful in impacting patient care and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors are among the most fatal cancers and account for substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. Population‐based data from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (a combined data set of the National Program of Cancer Registries [NPCR] and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] registries), NPCR, National Vital Statistics System and SEER program were analyzed to assess the contemporary burden of malignant and nonmalignant brain and other CNS tumors (hereafter brain) by histology, anatomic site, age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Malignant brain tumor incidence rates declined by 0.8% annually from 2008 to 2017 for all ages combined but increased 0.5% to 0.7% per year among children and adolescents. Malignant brain tumor incidence is highest in males and non‐Hispanic White individuals, whereas the rates for nonmalignant tumors are highest in females and non‐Hispanic Black individuals. Five‐year relative survival for all malignant brain tumors combined increased between 1975 to 1977 and 2009 to 2015 from 23% to 36%, with larger gains among younger age groups. Less improvement among older age groups largely reflects a higher burden of glioblastoma, for which there have been few major advances in prevention, early detection, and treatment the past 4 decades. Specifically, 5‐year glioblastoma survival only increased from 4% to 7% during the same time period. In addition, important survival disparities by race/ethnicity remain for childhood tumors, with the largest Black‐White disparities for diffuse astrocytomas (75% vs 86% for patients diagnosed during 2009‐2015) and embryonal tumors (59% vs 67%). Increased resources for the collection and reporting of timely consistent data are critical for advancing research to elucidate the causes of sex, age, and racial/ethnic differences in brain tumor occurrence, especially for rarer subtypes and among understudied populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being racialized as Black in the United States has contributed to this population having to operate with a level of race‐induced trauma, especially those who are darkly melanated. Historically, Black persons have been terrorized into colonization, and the cultural psychology of anti‐Blackness has been entrenched in our society. Through the practice of racialization, the historical, social, and political processes of constructing racial identities and meanings have impacted the formation of understanding of the body and the rationalization of hierarchy. In addition, the internalization of these ideas of hierarchy and difference within power/knowledge relations that they (re)produce is pervasive among people in the United States. This article aims to explicitly highlight racism as trauma, address the relevance of radical self‐care when disrupting anti‐Black racism, and consider steps to promote trauma responsiveness when incorporating these practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gliomas are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor in adults, representing one third of all primary and central nervous system (CNS) tumors and 80% of malignant tumors diagnosed in the Western world. Epidemiological data indicate that the overall incidence and mortality of cancer is higher in males, while females have a better prognosis. The goal of this study is to determine whether there are sex differences in the time to treat and clinical outcomes in patients with glioma Methods: Glioblastoma (GB) and Lower Grade Glioma (LGG) patients were defined per the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for diagnosis years 2004 to 2016. Associations between sex and time to treatment variables as well as associations between sex and multiple clinical outcomes were assessed using univariable and multivariable models. Results: A total of 176,100 patients were used for analysis (124,502 GBM and 51,598 LGG). Males had a statistically significant association with >7 days to surgery (OR = 1.09, CI 1.05–1.13, p < 0.001) but this association was not observed in the multivariable model (OR = 1.05, CI 0.96–1.16, p = 0.25). After adjustment for key variables including time to treat variables, males with GB and LGG had a higher risk of death (HR = 1.11, CI 1.09–1.13, p < 0.001, HR = 1.09, CI 1.03–1.15, p < 0.001; respectfully). Sex differences in 90-day mortality for GBM were not found after adjustment (OR for males = 0.99, CI 0.91–1.08, p = 0.93). For LGG, both the univariable and multivariable logistic regression models showed no sex differences in 90-day mortality (OR for males = 1.03, CI 0.94–1.12, p = 0.45; multivariable OR for males = 0.81, CI 0.62–1.06, p = 0.13). Conclusions: Based on NCDB data, there were no statistically significant differences in time to treatment between males and females, however males had a higher proportion of GB and LGG as well as a higher risk of death compared to females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological assemblages are commonly used for assessing stream health, but there is increased interest among the freshwater research community in incorporating measures of stream function, such as metabolism, to strengthen stream-health assessments. Presently, there is limited information about the relationships between stream metabolism and biological assemblages, along with the measurement period required to relate metabolism with stream biota. Our study assessed which environmental factors explained stream metabolism and to what degree stream metabolism and minimum dissolved oxygen (DOmin) were related to invertebrate and fish metrics in streams distributed across several regions of the United States. Furthermore, we evaluated the number of metabolism monitoring days required for maximizing the ability to detect relationships between stream metabolism and biological assemblage metrics. We sampled 17 sites distributed among reference, agricultural, and urban areas for stream metabolism, nutrients, habitat, and biological assemblages (invertebrates and fishes). Overall, sites were heterotrophic with gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) related primarily to days since last high flow, canopy cover, maximum water temperature, and total phosphorus. DOmin was related to days since last high flow, canopy cover, and maximum water temperature. We were unable to determine a clear statistical relationship between invertebrate metrics (invertebrate richness; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera richness; and scraper-taxa richness) and GPP, ER, or DOmin. In contrast, we found that 2 fish-assemblage metrics were associated with stream metabolism and DOmin. A fish multimetric index (FMMI) was negatively correlated with GPP (r = −0.5, p = 0.048) and positively correlated with DOmin (r = 0.47, p = 0.06). Percentage of omnivorous fish taxa was positively correlated with GPP (r = 0.72, p = 0.001) and ER (r = 0.55, p = 0.02) and negatively correlated with DOmin (r = −0.67, p = 0.003). The lack of detected relationships for most of the biological-assemblage metrics with stream metabolism may be partially due to 1 or more factors, including high variability, low sample size, limited range in metabolism values, assemblage metrics used, and geographic distribution of sites. Comparing stream-metabolism measurement periods (in days) to biological-assemblage metrics indicated that optimum correlations occurred at 2 d for DOmin, 3 d for GPP, and 14 d for ER. Although our study found limited relationships of stream metabolism and DOmin with biological assemblages, future studies should consider a larger sample size (≥30), 14-d or longer metabolism measurement period, and assessment of other taxa-specific or assemblage metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To advocate for strategic actions by U.S. nursing leadership that denote the presence, customs, and implications of racism that has been institutionalized within the structures of U.S. nursing leadership and the profession. Organizing Constructs: A racial equity framework is used to examine the barriers to quality health care and equitable health outcomes and to present evidence‐based actions to dismantle structural inequities embedded in the nursing profession. Methods: This article was developed through a comprehensive literature review and synthesis of relevant research, data, peer‐reviewed literature, government reports, and organizational guidelines. Findings: A commitment by U.S. nursing leadership to eradicate structural racism in nursing must be made in order to effect sustainable transformative change toward more equitable systems of health care. Conclusions: This article presents recommendations for nursing leadership in the United States to renew its commitment to quality health care through dismantling structural racism at all levels of direct and systems nursing practice and education, at the bedside, and in the boardrooms. Clinical Relevance: Structural racism in nursing and health care also persists globally as a key social determinant of health. Its elimination aligns with international health care and nursing's policy priorities, yet change can only occur when senior leaders clearly understand it as a key barrier to health, and commit to transformative change in how their "systems" work. These recommendations can also be culturally adapted by global nursing for use in antiracism work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most malignant glioma. Nonglioblastoma (non-GBM) gliomas (WHO Grades II and III) are invasive and also often fatal. The goal of this study is to determine whether sex differences exist in glioma survival. Methods Data were obtained from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for years 2010 to 2014. GBM (WHO Grade IV; N = 2073) and non-GBM (WHO Grades II and III; N = 2963) were defined using the histology grouping of the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States. Non-GBM was divided into oligodendrogliomas/mixed gliomas and astrocytomas. Sex differences in survival were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for known prognostic variables. Results There was a female survival advantage in patients with GBM both in the unadjusted (P =.048) and adjusted (P =.003) models. Unadjusted, median survival was 20.1 months (95% CI: 18.7-21.3 months) for women and 17.8 months (95% CI: 16.9-18.7 months) for men. Adjusted, median survival was 20.4 months (95% CI: 18.9-21.6 months) for women and 17.5 months (95% CI: 16.7-18.3 months) for men. When stratifying by age group (18-55 vs 56+ years at diagnosis), this female survival advantage appeared only in the older group, adjusting for covariates (P =.017). Women (44.1%) had a higher proportion of methylated MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) than men (38.4%). No sex differences were found for non-GBM. Conclusions Using the NCDB data, there was a statistically significant female survival advantage in GBM, but not in non-GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future land-use development has the potential to profoundly affect the health of aquatic ecosystems in the coming decades. We developed regression models predicting the loss of sensitive fish (R2 = 0.39) and macroinvertebrate (R2 = 0.64) taxa as a function of urban and agricultural land uses and applied them to projected urbanization of the rapidly urbanizing Piedmont ecoregion of the southeastern USA for 2030 and 2060. The regression models are based on a 2014 investigation of water quality and ecology of 75 wadeable streams across the region. Based on these projections, stream kilometers experiencing >50% loss of sensitive fish and invertebrate taxa will nearly quadruple to 19,500 and 38,950 km by 2060 (16 and 32% of small stream kilometers in the region), respectively. Uncertainty was assessed using the 20 and 80% probability of urbanization for the land-use projection model and using the 95% confidence intervals for the regression models. Adverse effects on stream health were linked to elevated concentrations of contaminants and nutrients, low dissolved oxygen, and streamflow alteration, all associated with urbanization. The results of this analysis provide a warning of potential risks from future urbanization and perhaps some guidance on how those risks might be mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents literary criticism of book "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" by Harriet Jacobs. Topics discussed include American Christians as physically embracing, emotionally laboring, monetarily supporting, and actively protecting unknown peoples in foreign countries, and tendency of American Christians to offer help to everyone except to slaves at home.

Provides information on `Idaho's Klondike' or the gold rush in the Thunder Mountain district of Idaho. Discovery of the gold rush in Thunder Mountain; Promoters of the Thunder Mountain gold rush; Mining companies that made the arduous trip to Thunder Mountain in 1902; Bust of Thunder Mountain in 1905.

Background: A videotaped declaration by patients of their advance care planning preferences could be an opportunity to supplement advance directive forms and be a source of information for family, caregivers, and clinicians, yet research is needed to examine the content and acceptability of making declarations among patients. Objective: To evaluate the content and acceptability of ‘video declarations’: the process of patients videotaping themselves describing their advance care planning preferences. Design: We showed a brief video describing three approaches to end-of-life care and then invited participants to use an iPad to videotape themselves making a declaration about their wishes. Setting/Subjects: Hospitalized patients from a large urban U.S. safety net hospital. Measurements: We interviewed participants about the acceptability of the declaration process. Declarations were transcribed and coded by a team, with multiple stakeholder input. Results: There were 16 participants; mean age was 60 (SD = 14) years. One participant declined. Out of 15 declarations, most were able to express their wishes for CPR (n = 12) and intubation (n = 13). Participants frequently discussed their family structure (n = 11), religious/spiritual well-being (n = 8), legacy/dignity issues (n = 6), and physical symptoms (n = 6). Nine declarations had directives judged to be unclear. The majority (66%) thought that this process was quite a bit or extremely helpful. Conclusions: Findings show that asking hospitalized patients to make videos describing their advance care planning preferences was feasible and acceptable. While the majority described their wishes around CPR and intubation, a fair amount of uncertainty remained. Further research is needed to support patients in describing their wishes clearly and test the effectiveness of video declarations to promote care concordant with preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Accelerometry measures older adult (in)activity with high resolution. Most studies summarize activity over the entire wear time. We extend prior work by analyzing hourly activity data to determine how frailty and other characteristics relate to activity among older adults.Methods: Using wrist accelerometry data collected from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (n = 651), a nationally-representative probability sample of older adults, we used mixed effects linear regression to model the logarithm of hourly counts per minute as a function of an adapted phenotypic frailty score, adjusting for demographic and health characteristics, season, day of week and time of day.Results: Higher frailty scores were associated with modestly lower activity; each frailty point (0-4) corresponded to a 7% lower mean hourly counts per minute. Older age, more comorbidities, male gender, and higher BMI were also associated with lower activity, though the latter was not evident among frail respondents. After adjusting for differences associated with frailty and other covariates, a substantial amount of between-individual variability in activity remained, as well as within-individual variability across days.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that frail elders, men, those who are older, overweight or have multiple comorbidities are most likely to have low activity. However, residual differences between individuals remain larger than the differences associated with frailty and other covariates. We suggest defining individual-specific activity goals and further research to identify the sources of between-individual variability to better understand how activity reflects health status and to permit the development of more effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP) is a cohort study of the health of a representative sample of Australian men aged 70 years and older. The aim of this report is to describe the oral health of these men.Methods: Oral health was assessed when the men were all aged 78 years or older. Two calibrated examiners conducted a standardized intraoral assessment. Descriptive data were analysed by statistical association tests. Participants were excluded from the collection of some periodontal assessments if they had a medical contraindication.Results: Dental assessments of 614 participants revealed 90 (14.6%) were edentate. Men had a mean of 13.8 missing teeth and 10.3 filled teeth. Dentate participants had a mean of 1.1 teeth with active coronal decay. Those in the low-income group had a higher rate of decayed teeth and lower rate of filled teeth. Thirty-four participants (5.5%) had one or more dental implants, and 66.3% relied on substitute natural teeth for functional occlusion. Of those with full periodontal assessments; 90.9% had sites with pocket depths of 3 mm or more, 96.6% had sites with CAL of 5 mm or more, and 79.7% had three or more sites with GI scores of 2 or more.Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of periodontal diseases and restorative burden of dentitions, which suggests that greater attention needs to be given to prevention and health maintenance in older Australian men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding trends in the diverse resources provided by large rivers will help balance tradeoffs among stakeholders and inform strategies to mitigate the effects of landscape scale stressors such as climate change and invasive species. Absent a cohesive coordinated effort to assess trends in important large river resources, a logical starting point is to assess our ability to draw inferences from existing efforts. In this paper, we use a common analytical framework to analyze data from five disparate fish monitoring programs to better understand the nature of spatial and temporal trends in large river fish assemblages. We evaluated data from programs that monitor fishes in the Colorado, Columbia, Illinois, Mississippi, and Tallapoosa rivers using non-metric dimensional scaling ordinations and associated tests to evaluate trends in fish assemblage structure and native fish biodiversity. Our results indicate that fish assemblages exhibited significant spatial and temporal trends in all five of the rivers. We also document native species diversity trends that were variable within and between rivers and generally more evident in rivers with higher species richness and programs of longer duration. We discuss shared and basin-specific landscape level stressors. Having a basic understanding of the nature and extent of trends in fish assemblages is a necessary first step towards understanding factors affecting biodiversity and fisheries in large rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Accelerometers are increasingly used in research. Four to 7 days of monitoring is preferred to estimate average activity but may be burdensome for older adults. We aimed to investigate: 1) 7-day accelerometry protocol adherence, 2) demographic predictors of adherence, 3) day of the week effect, and 4) average activity calculated from 7 versus fewer days among older adults. Methods: We used the 2003–2006 older adult hip accelerometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample. We determined proportions with 1–7 valid (10–20 hours) wear days and identified wear day correlates using ordinal logistic regression. We determined the day of week effect on 5 accelerometry measures (counts per minute, CPM; % sedentary behavior; % light-lifestyle activity; % moderate-vigorous activity, MVPA; total activity counts) using multivariate linear regression and compared averages estimated over 2 or 3 versus 7 days using correlations, linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Among 2,208 participants aged 65+, 85% of participants had ≥2 and 44% had 7 valid wear days. Increasing age (p = 0.01) and non-white race (p < 0.001) were associated with fewer days. Daily CPM, % MVPA, and total daily activity counts were similar Monday through Saturday, but significantly lower on Sundays (p < 0.001). Daily % sedentary behavior and % light-lifestyle activity were significantly different on Saturdays (p = 0.04–0.045) and Sundays (p < 0.001) compared to weekdays. Among participants with 7 valid days, 2 or 3 day averages were highly correlated with 7 day averages for all 5 accelerometry measures (2 versus 7 days: r = 0.90–0.93, 3 versus 7 days: r = 0.94–0.96). Conclusions: Protocols of 2–3 days, adjusting for Sundays (average CPM, % moderate-vigorous activity, and average total daily activity counts) or weekends (% sedentary behavior and % light-lifestyle activity), give reliable estimates of older adult activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses aspects of red point rationing in the U.S. Experts say the pressure of rationing is greatest in metropolitan areas, less in villages, and felt least by rural populations. The principal items requiring red points include butter, beef, and pork. These items comprise approximately 75% of the red points in the U.S.' North and West village families. The remainder is made up of items such as cheese, evaporated milk, and lard. Charts representing the excesses and deficits of red ration points for 1935-1936 U.S. consumption, broken down by income class, are presented.

As budgets decrease, it becomes increasingly important to determine the most effective ways to invest in modeling and simulation (M&S). This article discusses an approach to comparing different M&S investment opportunities using a return on investment (ROI)-like measure. The authors describe methods to evaluate "benefit" (i.e., increased readiness, more effective training, etc.) received from an investment and then use those metrics in a decision analysis framework to evaluate each M&S expenditure. Finally, they conclude by discussing the importance of viewing M&S investments from a Department of Defense (DoD) Enterprise view, evaluating investment over multiple years, measuring well-structured metrics, and using those metrics in a systematic way to produce an ROI-like result that DoD can use to evaluate and prioritize M&S investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many US states have targets for vastly expanding electricity generation from renewable resources. As installed wind capacity increases, several factors can lead to the curtailment of potential wind-generated electricity. Reliably estimating wind power outputs remains a challenge given the dearth of available hub height-altitude wind speed data and measured outputs from newer turbines. A methodology to make such estimates with large increases in wind capacity is described. A regional wind power model, including subroutines for evaluating Statewide grid constraints, and a linear program to solve the model were developed to assess capacity factors and curtailments with deep penetration of wind power into an existing grid under several constrained scenarios implied by demand, baseload generation and transmission. Actual zonal demand and interzonal transmission limits were used for the New York State electricity grid, which has significant potential for wind power mostly distant from the concentrated electricity demand in and around New York City. The analysis indicates that current wind power outputs in the State underperform when compared to what the potential output should be at the same locations and could be if better wind regime sites were selected. Even with improved selection of sites and turbines, no constraints considered caused curtailment until systemwide capacity exceeds 6 GW; beyond this capacity, curtailment occurs only due to the presence of inflexible baseload generators until systemwide capacity exceeds 15 GW. At deeper penetrations of wind, mismatches in potential wind power supply and electricity demand coupled with continuously operating baseload generators have the most significant impact on the curtailment of wind-generated electricity, with much of the curtailment occurring during October-March. Interzonal transmission constraints further increase wind curtailment and would require very large transmission capacity increases to capture fully; however, more modest increases in transmission capacity can significantly reduce curtailment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An early sign of cognitive decline in older adults is often a disruption in social function, but our understanding of this association is limited.Objective: We aimed to determine whether those screening positive for early stages of cognitive impairment have differences across multiple dimensions of social function and whether associations differ by gender.Design: United States nationally representative cohort (2010), the National Social life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP).Participants: Community-dwelling adults aged 62-90 years (N = 3,310) with a response rate of 76.9 %.Main Measures: Cognition was measured using a survey adaptation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment categorized into three groups: normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. We measured three domains of social relationships, each comprised of two scales: network structure (size and density), social resources (social support and social strain), and social engagement (community involvement and socializing). We used multiple linear regression to characterize the relationship of each social relationship measure to cognition.Key Results: Individuals screened as at risk for MCI and early dementia had smaller network sizes by 0.3 and 0.6 individuals (p < 0.001), and a 10 % and 25 % increase in network density (p < 0.001), respectively. For social resources, individuals at risk for MCI and dementia had 4 % and 14 % less social strain (p = 0.01), but only women had 3 % and 6 % less perceived social support (p = 0.013), respectively. For social engagement, individuals screened positive for MCI and dementia had 8 % and 19 % less community involvement (p = 0.01), but only men had 8 % and 13 % increased social involvement with neighbors and family members (p < 0.001), respectively.Conclusion: Changes in social functioning provide an early indication to screen for cognitive loss. Recognition that early cognitive loss is associated with differences in social function can guide counseling efforts and help identify social vulnerabilities to ease the transition to overt dementia for both patients and caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare and contrast the 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines and the 2014/2015 National Lipid Association (NLA) Recommendations for Management of Dyslipidemia in the context of evolving evidence.Data Sources: Guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), ACC/AHA, and NLA; recent clinical trials involving non-statin therapies.Study Selection: Not applicable.Data Extraction: At the authors' discretion, preference was given to references focusing on guidelines and recent clinical trials involving dyslipidemia management.Results: In late 2013, the ACC/AHA released guidelines on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in adults. Reflecting contemporary evidence-based literature, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) numeric treatment goals were eliminated, and a new method of risk assessment (the Pooled Cohort Equations) was recommended. The guidelines emphasized lipid lowering in 4 patient populations proven to benefit from statin therapy, recommending moderate to high-intensity statin dosing, with no additional drug therapies and limited ongoing monitoring. Clinical controversies ignited by these guidelines led to the publication of recommendations by the NLA in 2014 and 2015. Part 1 of the NLA recommendations incorporated parts of both the ATP III guidelines and the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines along with updated original recommendations. These recommendations provided numeric LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apolipoprotein B treatment goals and potential additional ASCVD risk factors, with stepwise risk assessment based on traditional cardiac risk factors and multiple assessment tools. In addition to statins, the 2014 NLA recommendations highlighted the benefit of additional or alternative lipid-lowering therapies. Part 2 of the NLA recommendations expanded the guidance for treatment of special populations and prioritized ezetimibe as a non-statin agent based on recent evidence. Finally, the US Food and Drug Administration recently approved 2 medications from a new class, the PCSK9 inhibitors, although their role in therapy remains unclear pending outcomes data.Conclusion: We aim to highlight the core recommendations of recent guideline publications and to discuss similarities and differences in the context of the future management of dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pharmacy students can help protect the public from vaccine-preventable diseases by participating in immunization initiatives, which currently exist in some Canadian and American jurisdictions. The objective of this article is to critically review evidence of student impact on public health through their participation in vaccination efforts. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Database, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature on pharmacy student involvement in vaccination programs and their impact on public health. Papers were included up to November 17, 2015. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts and extracted data from eligible full-text articles. Results: Eighteen titles met all inclusion criteria. All studies were published between 2000 and 2015, with the majority conducted in the United States (n = 12). The number of vaccine doses administered by students in community-based clinics ranged from 109 to 15,000. Increases in vaccination rates in inpatient facilities ranged from 18.5% to 68%. Across studies, student-led educational interventions improved patient knowledge of vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases. Patient satisfaction with student immunization services was consistently very high. Discussion: Methodology varied considerably across studies. The literature suggests that pharmacy students can improve public health by 1) increasing the number of vaccine doses administered, 2) increasing vaccination rates, 3) increasing capacity of existing vaccination efforts, 4) providing education about vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases and 5) providing positive immunization experiences. Conclusion: Opportunities exist across Canada to increase pharmacy student involvement in immunization efforts and to assess the impact of their participation. Greater student involvement in immunization initiatives could boost immunization rates and help protect Canadians from vaccine-preventable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is a restorative behavior essential for health. Poor sleep has been linked to adverse health outcomes among older adults; however, we know little about the social processes that affect sleep. Using innovative actigraphy data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N = 727), we considered the role of marriage, positive marital relationship support, and negative marital relationship strain on older adults’ (ages 62–90) self-reported and actigraph-measured sleep characteristics. We found that married older adults had better actigraph-estimated but not self-reported sleep characteristics than the unmarried. However, among the married, those who reported more negative aspects of their marital relationship reported more insomnia symptoms, with the association reduced when psychosocial characteristics were added to the model. The married who reported more positive aspects of their marital relationship showed better actigraph-estimated sleep characteristics; taking characteristics of the physical and mental health and home environment into account reduced this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research on married women's labor force participation relates characteristics of individual women to their probability of labor force participation. Some studies relate characteristics of geographic areas to average labor force participation rates in those areas, although these aggregate level analyses are usually gross tests of ideas about individual-level processes. Here we take a quintessentially sociological perspective and seek to understand how characteristics of geographic areas structure the relationship between properties of individual women and their probabilities of labor force participation. Our analysis has two steps. In step one, we fit individual-level probit models of married women's probability of labor force participation. A separate model is fitted in each of 409 areas using 1970 Census data, and the relationship between individual characteristics and labor force participation is found to vary substantially across areas. In step two, we attempt to explain areal variation in the effects of women's children on their labor force participation. We hypothesize that the effect of children on their mothers' labor force participation is a function of the cost and availability of childcare , and of the "convenience" of jobs for working mothers in the places where the mothers live. Measures of childcare cost, childcare availability and job convenience are developed. Weighted least squares analyses of probit coefficients from the first stage are, in general, very consistent with our findings, and suggest that the approach taken in this paper is likely to be a fruitful one for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines determinants of timing of marriage for young women by modeling the transition from the single to the married state by age. This approach, combined with a large longitudinal data set, allows us to disaggregate the analysis into fine age groupings and to include situational and attitudinal factors in our model. We find that those characteristics of a young woman's parental family that reflect the availability of parental resources tend to decrease the chances of a marriage during the early teens. Chances of marrying appear to decrease with increases in the availability and attractiveness of alternatives to the wife role and in the costs of assuming it. We discuss these results from the perspective of the societal and parental normative pressures which affect timing of marriage for young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the history of Spiritualism in Chautauqua County, New York. The author reflects on the establishment of the religious movement by sisters Margaret and Katie Fox of Hydesville, New York in 1848. Other topics include communication with the spirits of the dead, techniques such as mesmerism and hypnosis, and revivalist camp meetings. The gatherings of free thinkers and the community of Lily Dale are also discussed.

As part of the USGS study of nutrient enrichment of streams in agricultural regions throughout the United States, about 30 sites within each of eight study areas were selected to capture a gradient of nutrient conditions. The objective was to develop watershed disturbance predictive models for macroinvertebrate and algal metrics at national and three regional landscape scales to obtain a better understanding of important explanatory variables. Explanatory variables in models were generated from landscape data, habitat, and chemistry. Instream nutrient concentration and variables assessing the amount of disturbance to the riparian zone (e.g., percent row crops or percent agriculture) were selected as most important explanatory variable in almost all boosted regression tree models regardless of landscape scale or assemblage. Frequently, TN and TP concentration and riparian agricultural land use variables showed a threshold type response at relatively low values to biotic metrics modeled. Some measure of habitat condition was also commonly selected in the final invertebrate models, though the variable(s) varied across regions. Results suggest national models tended to account for more general landscape/climate differences, while regional models incorporated both broad landscape scale and more specific local-scale variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common law negligence claims persist in check fraud cases despite the Uniform Commercial Code's loss allocation provisions in Articles 3 and 4. Absent an explicit preemption provision, courts disagree as to whether, when, and to what extent the Code preempts these common law claims. As a result, the courts' varying analytical approaches to common law negligence claims often create seemingly conflicting results. This Note reviews the current loss allocation rules in check fraud scenarios and examines recent preemption case law. It argues in favor of the comprehensive rights and remedies analysis used by the majority of courts to determine the circumstances under which common law negligence claims should be allowed under the Code. It also makes recommendations for future Code revisions based on the recent case law. Finally, this Note suggests that the loss allocation scheme as presently constituted provides a latent benefit to the payment system by encouraging customers to move toward electronic payment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of newly insured people from diverse backgrounds and vulnerable communities will seek additional healthcare with the passage of the Affordable Care Act. APNs working in federally qualified community-based health care centers will need to respond to the challenge of providing integrated health care services. APNs approach to practice will need to include principles that address social justice, cultural competence, quality assessments, and evaluative strategies to ensure effective delivery of care. Shifting patient population demographics and the need to strengthen APNs understanding of social-structural conditions that limit health and wellbeing will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]