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This paper addresses the role of complex work organizations and professions in the nonprofit sector. Supported by the empirical case of professional communications and fundraising work in U.S. higher education, the paper identifies problems in the contemporary postmodern sociology of citizenship and public-sphere theory. The main effort of the paper is to understand how professional organization of institutional audiences for formal organizations can be adequately theorized in the light of the problem of social integration and suggests the methodological adjustment by organizational theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates over unpaid internship in the U.S. are older but only recently in Germany and the United Kingdom the volunteering of unpaid work experience in exchange for skills or experience has hit the radar of the politicians. In this paper we discuss the legal frameworks in Britain and Germany that reference the conditions of labor in forms such as volunteering and internships. We compare these frameworks to each other as well as to the degree of their implentation. To empirically substantiate our discussion of the involved sets of laws and their interpretation and interpretability in economic reality of labor markets, we analyze data from arts nonprofits organizations that have a disproportionally high content of labor to run essential business operations. We argue that the low level of regulation benefits the organizational operations thus making civil society shine while it renders some crucial queries for the conditions of the workforce in a highly flexbilized work context as to compensation and career tracks. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]