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To evaluate the association between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We conducted a retrospective cohort study among singleton, non-anomalous, live birth pregnancies of 5,705,812 pregnant individuals in the United States from 2016 to 2018. We examined IPI of 4–<6 months, 6–11 months, 12–17 months, 24–35 months, 36–47 months, 48–59 months, 60–71 months, and ≥72 months in comparison to the reference interval of 18–23 months in relation to risk for GDM. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between IPI and risk for GDM. There is a significantly increased risk for GDM associated with IPIs of 6–11 months and 12–17 months compared to the reference of 18–23 months (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03–1.07; aOR 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03). The risk for GDM is greater for longer IPIs (36–47 months aOR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05–1.08; 48–59 months aOR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.09–1.13; 60–71 months aOR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.12–1.16; ≥72 months aOR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.30–1.33). Our findings support the growing evidence that shorter and longer IPI increase the risk of GDM in pregnant individuals. Screening guidelines for detection of GDM may need to be re-evaluated and updated to include longer IPIs (≥36 months) as a risk factor for earlier screening prior to current recommendation of 24 weeks gestational age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To (1) investigate the association between sprint power and aerobic power output (POpeakGXT) during a graded peak exercise test (GXT); and (2) validate the prediction models of POpeakGXT based on sprint power and personal and lesion characteristics. Wheelchair users with tetraplegia (N = 35) and paraplegia (N = 58) performed a 30 s-Wingate test and GXT on an asynchronous arm-crank ergometer. Data were split into samples to develop and validate the model. Sprint power (POmeanWingate and POpeakWingate, respectively) and POpeakGXT were determined. Regression analyses were performed to develop POpeakGXT prediction models. Candidate independent variables included POmeanWingate or POpeakWingate, age (years), sex, body mass (kg) or BMI (kg/m2), time since injury (TSI, years) and lesion level (tetraplegia/paraplegia). The best model was validated by comparing the predicted POpeakGXT with measured POpeakGXT. The best model (R2 = 0.76) to predict POpeakGXT included POmeanWingate, BMI and all other independent variables. No significant difference was found between measured (68 ± 35 W) and predicted POpeakGXT (68 ± 30 W, p = 0.97). The ICC was excellent (0.89 with 95% confidence intervals: 0.75–0.95). The 95% limits of agreement for the Bland–Altman plots were wide (−30 to 31 W). Strong associations were found between POmeanWingate and POpeakGXT. Although relative agreement was excellent, absolute agreement was low. There is a strong relationship between peak aerobic power output and sprint power output, both tested on an arm-crank ergometer, in people with spinal cord injury. A prediction model for peak aerobic power output, based on sprint power output and personal and lesion characteristics, showed a high explained variance. The predictive model can give a guideline for choosing the right graded exercise test protocol but should be used with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States today, there is no single law to address the privacy concerns associated with the collection of consumer data. Lawmakers have introduced policies that seek to address data privacy at the federal level, but Congress has not yet acted to create a comprehensive law to protect consumers. On the contrary, in 2016, the European Union passed its General Data Protection Regulation to address the dangers associated with "Big Data" and to give consumers control over their data. Unfortunately, in the United States consumers are often unaware of how their data is being handled and what is done with their data once a security breach has occurred. In Kaufman v. Google LLC, for instance, Ronnie Kaufman filed a class action lawsuit against Google for its alleged deceptive practices of tracking and storing location data after users apparently deactivated Google's ability to track and store this data. According to the complaint, Google represented to the public and its users that it would not access user location history if users took certain steps in managing their privacy settings. Unfortunately, however, Kaufman alleged that Google continued to track and store her personal data. This note analyzes the implications of the Big Data Era on individual privacy rights in the United States. It argues that companies should write "opt-out" privacy policies in a clear and comprehensible manner, so that consumers are completely aware of the ways in which personal data is being collected. If used correctly, big data is extremely beneficial to a functional society and to the business world. Yet, to preserve big data's benefits, the United States must stop falling behind in its regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2020, the United States experienced an unprecedented event that suddenly demanded that researchers cease all nonessential activities to mitigate the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV2. Within the research community, the impact of this cessation on early career investigators was significant, in part because the support systems (i.e., mentors and institutions) that early career investigators typically rely on were also significantly impacted. This article presents the stories of the impact of COVID-19 on early career investigators within the NIH Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health and Women's Reproductive Health Research K12 career development programs. We discuss the common challenges that we faced across our respective fields ranging from basic to clinical to epidemiological women's health research, including the impact it had on our career trajectories. In addition, we share lessons learned in an effort to strengthen our research workforce and increase our resiliency during this and future challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The goal of this study was CGH array profiling of breast cancer from Malian women in order to define differences with those from USA. CGH array was performed in 28 samples, 17 with a triple negative phenotype. The profiles were compared to those of 106 tumors from USA. 6 chromosomal regions (6p21, 9q34, 11q13, 12q24, 17q25 and 22q12.1-22q13.1) were identified with a significant higher rate of copy number alterations. These regions contain several genes of interest including BCR. FISH and IHC confirmed that BCR was amplified and overexpressed particularly in triple negative tumors. Finally, 5 regions presented a high level of amplification in two or more samples, including 2 regions located between 9p22.3-9p23 and 9p23-9p24.1. This study confirms that breast cancers from African women present biological differences with those from USA. Larger studies are needed to go further in the identification of therapeutic targets that would be specific to African women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a review conducted by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule in the U.S. It notes that the ACIP has approved the immunization schedule for 2010 with various recommendations and changes. Among the changes include the licensing of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2) for women.

Introduction: The highest proportions of fatal occupational electrocutions have occurred among those employed in the electrical trades and in the construction and manufacturing industries. Methods: Data from 1992 through 1999 were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Results: Occupational electrocution deaths occurred almost entirely among males, with the highest rates among those aged 20-34 and among whites and American Indians. They were highest during the summer months, in the South, and in establishments employing 10 or fewer workers. The highest rates occurred in the construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries and among trades associated with these industries. Conclusions: Electrocution continues to be a significant cause of occupational death. Workers need to be provided with safety training and employers, particularly smaller employers, persuaded of the need for safety training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In Alabama, little is known about the overall characteristics of job-related injuries. Methods. We examined fatal occupational injuries that occurred in Jefferson County, Alabama, from 1990 through 1999 using files maintained by the Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner Office. Mortality rates were calculated by sex, age, race, occupation, and industry. Results. There were 186 fatal occupational injuries; 136 were unintentional. The overall fatality rate was 4.45 deaths per 100,000 worker-years. Mortality rates were higher among men than among women, and they increased with advancing age. The homicide rate was higher among black workers than among whites. Mining, manufacturing, and transportation were the industries with the highest fatal injury rates. Transportation-related jobs and manual labor were high-risk occupations. Conclusion. High-risk industries should consider worker-targeted injury prevention programs, and particular attention should be paid to elderly workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study objectives: Inhalation of harmful substances is common in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of fatal occupational inhalations in the United States. Design: Data from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries from 1992 to 1998 were analyzed. Information on demographic characteristics, occupation, and industry was used to calculate specific mortality rates, and the inhaled substances were identified. Results: Nationwide, there were 523 eases of fatal occupational inhalation, with a mortality rate of 0.56 deaths per 1,000,000 worker-years. The rate of death was greater for men (1.01/1,000,000) than for women (0.03/1,000,000), and workers ≥ 65 years of age had the highest mortality. Mining was the industry with the highest mortality rate (6.64/1,000,000). The occupations with the highest rate were firefighters (3.54/1,000,000) and farming, forestry, and fishing occupations (2.84/1,000,000). Nearly haft of the inhalation victims were constructing, repairing, cleaning, inspecting, or painting when the injury occurred. Overall, carbon monoxide was the most frequently inhaled substance (33.5%). The incidence of fatal carbon monoxide inhalations was twice as high in the winter as in the summer. The proportion of workers killed by carbon monoxide poisoning increased with increasing age. Conclusions: Work-related inhalations cause more deaths than any other mode of exposure to harmful substances. Recognizing those circumstances that pose a higher risk for maintenance and repair workers, as well as upgrading carbon monoxide poisoning prevention programs, could have a major impact in reducing fatal work-related inhalation injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat blast, caused by the Triticum pathotype of Magnaporthe oryzae, is an emerging disease considered to be a limiting factor to wheat production in various countries. Given the importance of wheat blast as a high-consequence plant disease, weather-based infection models were used to estimate the probabilities of M. oryzae Triticum establishment and wheat blast outbreaks in the United States. The models identified significant disease risk in some areas. With the threshold levels used, the models predicted that the climate was adequate for maintaining M. oryzae Triticum populations in 40% of winter wheat production areas of the United States. Disease outbreak threshold levels were only reached in 25% of the country. In Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida, the probability of years suitable for outbreaks was greater than 70%. The models generated in this study should provide the foundation for more advanced models in the future, and the results reported could be used to prioritize research efforts regarding the biology of M. oryzae Triticum and the epidemiology of the wheat blast disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: To determine if NICU admission rates are increasing among neonates born to women with gestational diabetes and if there are disparities by race and ethnicity. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of deliveries between 2014 and 2018 in the United States. Inclusion criteria were non-anomalous, singleton deliveries with gestational age ≥20 weeks and gestational diabetes. Analyses were stratified by maternal race/ethnicity, including the following categories: non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH Black, NH American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN), NH Asian or Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHOPI), NH multiracial and Hispanic. The confounders assessed included age, parity, cigarette use, educational attainment, gestational age at delivery, birth weight, and insurance type. We used multivariable logistic regression and calculated predicted probabilities (PP) to estimate the adjusted proportion of deliveries resulting in NICU admission. All analyses were conducted using STATA 17. RESULTS: There were 1,104,082 deliveries included in this analysis. The predicted probability of NICU admission was higher in 2018 than in 2014 for NH White, NH Black, and Hispanic women, but the results were not statistically significant. The predicted probability was lower in 2018 than in 2014 for NH AI/AN, NH Asian/NHOPI, and NH multiracial women, but the results were not statistically significant. The predicted probability of NICU admission was highest among women who were NH Black at 12.42%, and lowest among women who were NH AI/AN at 9.7%. CONCLUSION: NICU admissions may be increasing among some neonates of pregnant women with gestational diabetes, and there are disparities in admission rates when accounting for race and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: There has been an overall decrease of cesarean deliveries in the United States over recent years. We sought to determine if this trend was consistent in the advanced maternal age (AMA) population, and if there were disparities based on maternal race and ethnicity. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study including singleton, non-anomalous deliveries with a gestational age ≥20 weeks and maternal age ≥35 in the United States from 2014 to 2018. Our study included repeat cesarean delivery. Analyses were stratified by maternal race/ethnicity, including non- Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN), non-Hispanic Asian or Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (NHPI), non-Hispanic multiracial, and Hispanic. We performed multivariable logistic regression followed by calculation of adjusted predicted probabilities to estimate the fraction of births cesarean delivery. Confounders assessed included diabetes status, prior cesarean delivery, age, parity, BMI, cigarette use, educational attainment, and insurance type. RESULTS: There were 3,094,296 births included in this study. Black women had the highest probability of cesarean delivery from 2014 to 2018. Non-Hispanic AI/AN women had the lowest probability. The predicted probability of cesarean delivery was lower in 2018 than 2014 for all maternal race and ethnicity groups. The largest decline was seen in Black women, decreasing from 45.5% to 43.8% from 2014 to 2018. CONCLUSION: Cesarean deliveries are decreasing among all pregnant women with AMA. However, there are disparities in this outcome when accounting for maternal race and ethnicity, with Black women most at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to define the association between age and the occurrence of acute pyelonephritis and renal scars. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2002, all children 0 to 14 years of age consecutively seen with a first febrile urinary tract infection were enrolled in the study. 99mTc-Dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy was performed within 5 days after admission for the detection of renal parenchymal involvement. The presence of vesicoureteral reflux was assessed by using cystography performed 1 month after the infection. If the acute scan results were abnormal, then follow-up 99mTc-dimer-captosuccinic acid scanning was performed after 6 months, to assess the frequency of scars. RESULTS: A total of 316 children were enrolled in the study (190 children <1 year, 99 children 1-4 years, and 27 children 5-14 years of age). 99m-Tc-Dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy revealed that 59% of the children had renal involvement in the acute phase of infection. The frequency of kidney involvement in infants <1 year of age (49%) was significantly lower than that in children ito 4 years of age (73%) and >5 years of age (81%). Of the 187 children with positive acute 99mTc -dimercaptosuccinic acid scan results, 123 underwent repeat scintigraphy after 6 months. Renal scars were found for 28% of children <1 year, 37% of children ito 4 years, and 53% of children 5 to 14 years of age. No significant differences in the frequency of scars and the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that acute pyelonephritis and subsequent renal scarring occur only in some children with first febrile urinary tract infections. Children <1 year of age with febrile urinary tract infections have a lower risk of parenchymal localization of infection and renal scarring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Access to necessary prenatal care is not guaranteed through Medicaid for some people with low income based on their immigration status. Although states have the option to extend emergency Medicaid coverage for prenatal care, many states have not expanded coverage., Objective: To evaluate whether the receipt of prenatal care services through the extension of emergency Medicaid coverage is associated with an increase in antidiabetic medication use among Latina patients with gestational diabetes., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used linked Medicaid claims and birth certificate data on live births to 4869 Latina patients from October 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, with a difference-in-differences design to compare the rollout of prenatal care and services in Oregon in 2013 with a comparison state, South Carolina, that did not cover prenatal or postpartum care., Exposure: Medicaid coverage of prenatal care., Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was the receipt of antidiabetic agents. Secondary outcomes included hypertensive disorders, cesarean delivery, postpartum contraception, and a newborn morbidity composite outcome (large size for gestational age, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and preterm birth)., Results: The study sample included live births to 4869 Latina patients (mean [SD] age, 32.7 [5.5] years [range, 12-44 years]) enrolled in emergency Medicaid who were mainly aged 25 to 34 years (1499 of 2907 [51.6%]), multiparous (2626 of 2907 [90.3%]), and living in urban areas (2299 of 2907 [79.1%]). After Oregon's policy change to offer prenatal coverage to individuals receiving emergency Medicaid, there was a large and significant increase in the receipt of antidiabetic agents among all people with diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes). Prior to the policy, only 0.3% of all Latina emergency Medicaid recipients with gestational diabetes (2 of 617) received any medication (oral agents or insulin) to manage their blood glucose level. After the policy change, 28.8% of all patients with gestational diabetes (295 of 1023) received medication to manage their blood glucose level, translating to a 27.9-percentage-point increase (95% CI, 24.5-31.2 percentage points) in the receipt of antidiabetic agents in the adjusted model. The policy was also associated with a 10.4-percentage-point (95% CI, 5.3-15.5 percentage points) increase in insulin use during pregnancy among all patients with gestational diabetes. We observed an increase in postpartum contraceptive use (21.2 percentage points; 95% CI, 14.9-27.5 percentage points), the majority of which was due to postpartum sterilization (increase of 16.1 percentage points; 95% CI, 10.4-21.8 percentage points). We did not observe a significant association with gestational hypertension, cesarean births, or newborn health., Conclusions and Relevance: This retrospective cohort study suggests that expanded emergency Medicaid benefits that included prenatal care were associated with an increased use of antidiabetic medications and postpartum contraception during pregnancy.