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An essay is presented that discusses nationalism in the thought of abolitionist David Walker and former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. Topics include the relation of racism to the idea of human rights, Walker's tract "Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, But in Particular Those of the United States of America," and Jefferson's book "Notes on the State of Virginia" and his role in authoring the U.S. Declaration of Independence. The relation of slavery and race to national identity is addressed.

The article reports the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals of Fourth Circuit in the case Tobey v. Jones. It mentions that in the case the court held that held that a man was arrested by the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (TSA) agents after he protested airport screening procedures by stripping off his shirt and for displaying the text of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution on his chest. could proceed past the pleading stage on a potential First Amendment violation.

The article explores the absence of shared capitalism, employee ownership and cooperatives in business education in the U.S. Topics covered include the study of employee ownership by business students, the role of employee ownership and cooperatives in industrial democracy, and the impact of the prevalence of employee-owned companies on employment and labor mobility. Also discussed are the allocation of capital, conditions that foster shared capitalism, and the management of property rights.

Nonlinearities in aeroservoelastic systems are a source of limit-cycle oscillations. Aerodynamic control surfaces and actuators may have excessive free play in connecting joints and hinges, which has the potential to cause limit-cycle oscillations associated with aeroservoelastic vibrations, impacting handling and ride quality and leading to structural fatigue. Because of these negative impacts, free-play limits have been established by the Joint Services Guidance Military Specification. These military specifications have also been adopted by the Federal Aviation Administration for commercial aircraft. This stringent requirement can be excessively conservative and is very difficult and costly to meet. Analytical tools using describing functions have been developed to establish free-play limits on aeroservoelastic aircraft systems without adverse consequences. These tools are robust and easy to implement, justifying relaxation or validation of the conservative requirements. It is shown that oscillation frequency and amplitude can be accurately estimated using describing functions with an analytical model of an aeroservoelastic system with free play. A novel analysis technique is also demonstrated, whereby free-play occurrence and limit-cycle behavior can be visualized using time-varying frequency content. Validation of the method is illustrated with an aeroservoelastic stabilator control surface model using nonlinear simulation, with free-play limits found in experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herman and Chomsky's Propaganda Model (PM) has emphasized how the various 'filters' can lead to news reports misrepresenting the vested political and economic interests that underpin US foreign policy. However, there has been relatively little attention paid to the implications of the PM for media operations in another key dimension of capitalism: financial markets. Traders require timely and accurate information about changing market conditions. However, financial news announcements influence investor perceptions and sometimes trigger trading activity that reflexively changes the market conditions being reported. The interdependency of financial reporters, traders and analysts means that financial news production cannot be adequately understood in terms of how the PM filters distort media representations of markets. This article aims to critically analyse how financial news/information does not merely represent financial reality but reflexively constitutes it. The analysis will also highlight which aspects of financial news production are consistent with the PM as well as those that contradict it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balance of power theories have come roaring back into prominence in recent years as international relations theory grapples with new developments, including offshore balancing and soft balancing. Recent works demonstrate the importance of more than just the distribution of power, and have addressed the role that domestic politics plays in balancing. One overlooked aspect of this debate, with implications for offensive realism and the current discussion on the United States and soft balancing, is the role that nonintervention conventions play in decision making. British nonintervention during the American Civil War presents a case at odds with offensive realist theory, as Britain should have intervened to protect its national interests - cotton, trade, and shipping - while also restraining a regional hegemonic power. Domestic cleavages, democratic peace norms, and public opinion pressures do not sufficiently explain this behavior. Instead, this paper posits that nonintervention was a result of British adherence to precedents and conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I report new evidence for localized knowledge spillovers identified by within-patent variations in the geographic matching rates of citations added by inventors and citations added by examiners. Evaluated at the mean citation lag, inventor citations are 20% more likely than examiner citations to match the country of origin of their citing patent, whereas U.S. inventor citations are 25% more likely to match the state or metropolitan area of their citing patent. The localization of intranational knowledge spillovers declines with the passage of time, but international borders present a persistent barrier to spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores age differences in the acculturative stress-health relationship of Caribbean immigrants in the U.S. Reasons behind the increase in worldwide emigration; Impact of immigrants' heterogeneity on their adjustments or acculturation and health outcomes; Demography of Caribbean immigrants in the U.S.

This paper argues that the evidence for localized knowledge spillovers generated by Adam B. Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg and Rebecca Henderson's (JTH) matched case-control methodology includes a significant spurious component. The three-digit level in the U.S. classification system for patents groups highly disparate technologies and industries. If a citing patent falls into the same three-digit technological class as the originating patent, it is also likely to fall into the same subclass. In contrast, the control patent is likely to be drawn from a different subclass, and consequently fails to control for pre-existing geographic patterns of production. In a sample of 7,627 citations to patents granted in January 1976, a somewhat lower 63 percent of the originating-citing pairs share at least one three-digit class, but an identical 81 percent of these also share at least one subclass. The extent to which inferences about localization of knowledge spillovers are biased depends on the fraction of output of each subclass that is produced in geographically distinct areas. While the country and state matching rates of our three-digit control patents are also lower, the consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSA) matching rate for the three-digit controls, at 3.47 percent, is noticeably higher than the rate reported by JTH. At the state and CMSA levels, the introduction of the more disaggregated controls moves the matching rates in the direction expected.

Several theories of firm performance can explain the wellknown observation that survival is positively related to age. However, a more mundane explanation—selection bias driven by variations in firm quality—may also underlie the phenomenon. This paper employs a 90-year plant-level panel data set on the U. S. iron and steel shipbuilding industry of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to discriminate between the explanations. The shipbuilding industry exhibits the usual joint dependence of survival on age and size, but this dependence is eliminated after controlling for heterogeneity by using preentry experience as a proxy for firm quality. The evidence points to a dominant role for selection bias in creating the age dependence of survival. At the same time, preentry experience is found to have a large and extremely persistent effect on survival, and this finding is inconsistent with standard explanations for the role of preentry experience on firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a commentary on the plan of William Bullock to transform Virginia during the 17th century as depicted in his book "Virginia Impartially Examined." Analysis of the colony; Overview of his plans to transform the colony; Threat posed by the native population.

This paper offers some new estimates of the contribution of learning to the rapid increases in labor productivity observed in the construction of Liberty ships during World War II. The study exploits new data on physical capital investment and vessel quality constructed from contemporary records held at the National Archives. Estimates of the rate of learning are shown to be sensitive to the inclusion of the new capital data, and data on vessel quality provide evidence that part of the measured productivity increases were secured at the expense of quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial incentives of various kinds have been suggested to alleviate the chronic shortage of transplantable organs in the United States. This paper analyzes the possible consequences of financial incentives on organ supply. We show that under current practice and current law (which are not the same), inducements to donate organs or to register as an organ donor may lead to a decline in the supply of organs. Furthermore, some financial incentives that have been proposed lead to time inconsistent choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the possibility of extracting the rate of unmeasured quality growth from consumption data information in the United States. Prominence of the models of quality growth of consumer goods in growth theory; Impact of the hedonic regressions on the computer price index; Construction of a model of growth; Features of productivity slowdown.

The article argues that the real reason behind the United States' operation against the Republican Guard of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was to militarily dominate the Gulf. According to the author, the U.S. used the alleged threat posed by Iraq on Kuwait as an excuse to launch a military operation in the region. The author asserts that American policy planners are convinced that military might is the key to maintaining supremacy in the Gulf, hence the need to stop the growing political influence of Iran and end the military power of Iraq.

The article reports on the Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement (DECA) signed by U.S. and Turkey which defines the military relationship between them. In response to the traumatic fall of the U.S.-backed regime in Iran to an Islamic-led popular movement in 1979, DECA was signed on March 29, 1980 wherein under the arrangement, the armed forces of Turkey will be modernized by Washington in exchange for the right of Washington to locate military bases and country's listening post. It mentions that there has been a focus in military circle's new role for Turkey vis-a-vis the west since the end of the Cold War.

The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Kenilworth Member of the Blackhawk Formation (Mesaverde Group) is part of a series of strand plain sandstones that intertongue with and overstep the shelfal shales of the western interior basin of North America. Analysis of this section at a combination of small (sedimentological) and large (stratigraphical) scales reveals the dynamics of progradation of a shelf-slope sequence into a subsiding foreland basin. Four major lithofacies are present in the upper Mancos and Kenilworth beds of the Book Cliffs. A lag sandstone and channel-fill shale lithofacies constitutes the thin, basal, transgressive sequence, which rests on a marine erosion surface. It was deposited in an outer shelf environment. Shale, interbedded sandstone and shale, and amalgamated sandstone lithofacies were deposited over the transgressive lag sandstone lithofacies as a wave-dominated delta and its flanking strand plains prograded seaward. Analysis of grain size and primary structures in Kenilworth beds indicates that there are four basic strata types which combine to build the observed lithofacies. The fine- to very fine-grained graded strata of the interbedded facies are tempestites, deposited out of suspension by alongshelf storm flows (geostrophic flows). There is no need to call on cross-shelf turbidity currents (density underflows) to explain their presence. Very fine- to fine-grained hummocky strata are likewise suspension deposits created by waning storm flows, but were deposited under conditions of more intense wave agitation on the middle shoreface. Cross-strata sets in this region are bed-load deposits that accumulated on the upper shore-face, in the surf zone. Lag strata are multi-event, bed-load deposits that are the product of prolonged storm winnowing. They occur on transgressive surfaces. While the graded beds are tempestites in the strict sense, all four classes of strata are storm deposits. The distribution of strata types and their palaeocurrent orientations suggests a model of the Kenilworth transport system driven by downwelling coastal storm flows, and probably by a northeasterly alongshore pressure gradient. The stratification patterns shift systematically from upper shoreface to lower shoreface and inner shelf lithofacies partly because of a reduction in fluid power expenditure with increasing water depth, but also because of progressive sorting, which resulted in a decrease in grain size in the sediment load delivered to successive downstream environments. The Kenilworth Member and an isolated outlier, the Hatch Mesa lentil, constitute a delta­prodelta shelf depositional system. Their rhythmically bedded, lenticular, sandstone and shale successions are a prodelta shelf facies, and may be prodelta plume deposits. Major Upper Cretaceous sandstone tongues in the Book Cliffs are underlain by erosional surfaces like that beneath the Blackhawk Formation, which extend for many tens of kilometres into the Mancos shale. These surfaces are the boundaries of Upper Cretaceous depositional sequences. The sequences are large-scale genetic stratigraphic units. They result from the arranging of facies into depositional systems; the depositional systems are in turn stacked in repeating arrays, which constitute the depositional sequences. The anatomy of these foreland basin sequences differs markedly from those found on passive margins. The foreland basin sequences were formed in a domain of rapidly varying subsidence and steady sealevel rise. Relative sea-level falls did not occur until the end of the period. Sequence boundaries were cut by episodes of faster relative sea-level rise, and they lack the subaerial erosional topography, and the estuarine and lagoonal deposits characteristic of sequence boundaries cut by sea-level falls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the result of a study of 200 Negro migrants and attempts to describe the nature of their adjustment within an urban community as well as to determine the factors that contribute to or influence adjustment. The data upon which this study is based were collected in the summer of 1954 by means of interviews with 200 male Negro migrants within the age group of 18 years and over, and who had, at least, one year's residence in the community. Beloit, Wisconsin, was selected for the site of this study because of its relatively large and rapidly growing Negro migrant population and also because of other conditions considered ideal for such a study. A schedule of questions was used by the author while living in this community for the duration of the interviewing. A migrant is defined as an individual who moves from one area or section of the country to another for the purpose of taking up residence. Here author assume a difference between migration, purposeful movement and wandering. The essence of the distinction between migration and wandering is the difference in the value that the individual on the road attaches to mobility.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate early-to-late postdoctoral clinical academic progression and the experiences of NIHR Clinical Lectureship (CL) fellows, considering enablers and barriers to success, and identifying the factors associated with immediate progression to a clinical academic role following completion of the award., Setting: Datasets of CL awardees across the UK., Participants: For semistructured interviews, n=40 CL awardees that had finished their award within the previous 5 years. For quantitative analysis, n=1226 completed or currently active CL awardees., Outcome Measures: The responses from the semistructured interviews to the defined questions on experiences during the award, postaward progression, and enablers and barriers to academic progression. Other primary outcome measures were quantitative data on first destinations postaward, demographic data, and whether an awardee had previously held an NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship (ACF) or was a recipient of the Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS) Starter Grant., Results: CL awardees identified numerous benefits to the award, with the majority achieving their aims. Most awardees progressed to a clinical academic role; however, some returned to a clinical only position, citing concerns around the time pressure associated with balancing clinical and academic responsibilities, and the competition to attain further postdoctoral awards. The region of the award partnership, year of award end and success in applying for an AMS Starter Grant were associated with progression to a clinical academic role. Gender, holding an ACF and having a craft or non-craft specialty had no independent statistical association with clinical academic progression., Conclusions: The CL is a valued element of the Integrated Academic Pathway. By addressing issues around later postdoctoral progression opportunities, responding to challenges experienced by CLs, and by understanding the factors identified in this study associated with clinical academic progression, it should be possible to increase the proportion of CLs that become fully independent clinical academic research leaders., Participants: 1226 NIHR CLs active or completed on the award between 2006 and 2020., Competing Interests: Competing interests: JH, MRM and HH were employed by the University of Leeds while working on the manuscript, JH was a member then Chair of a selection panel for NIHR Academy Fellowships between 2006 and 2014. MMR and CM are employed by the Academy of Medical Sciences. The remaining authors are all employed by NIHR CC., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Abstract: The present study is aimed to identify the effect of gratitude as an adaptive regulating mechanism from suicidal ideation (SI) for veterans with mental illness (study 1) and student veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (study 2) in the United States. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to examine sociodemographic characteristics and relationships between gratitude and SI. Our study 1 consisted of 156 veterans with mental illness. The mean age for study 1 was 37.85. Our study 2 consisted of 232 student veterans with PTSD symptoms. The mean age for study 2 was 28.43. Higher gratitude scores in study 1 and study 2 were significantly associated with lower SI scores after adjusting for demographics and depression. This study partially supports the association between gratitude and SI in veterans with mental illness. Based on the results from this study, gratitude interventions may be effective in reducing SI when working with veterans with mental illness., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chronoscopes and chronographs were commonly used instruments that measured reaction times (RTs) in the first psychology laboratories. The Hipp chronoscope is commonly associated with the emergence of psychological laboratories in the late 19th century. This instrument is considered the key apparatus for the study of scientific psychology. Although German and American psychologists preferred the Hipp chronoscope, French psychologists of late 19th century favored another chronometer built by Jacques Arsène d'Arsonval (1851-1940). Unlike German and American psychologists, French psychologists demanded less precision in most experimental situations because they claimed that individual differences are very pronounced in a variety of situations. The advantage of the d'Arsonval chronometer was its portability and its simplicity. This article presents this chronometer and its advantages and drawbacks. The Hipp chronoscope and the d'Arsonval chronometer were the most commonly used apparatuses in Europe for the measurement of RTs until World War II, as is demonstrated by the catalogues of the time (Zimmermann and Boulitte)., ((c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).)

Background: The current economic environment necessitates efforts to prevent avoidable losses in clinical revenue in academic cardiothoracic surgery programs. Inadequate documentation frequently results in delayed, denied, or reduced reimbursement. With the recent increase in integrated residency programs, documentation and compliance are becoming increasingly dependent on junior residents; however, their understanding of reimbursement and documentation guidelines is currently unknown., Methods: An electronically distributed, multi-institutional survey of 6 general and subspecialty surgery programs was conducted consisting of open-ended numeric estimation of Medicare reimbursement for various levels of patient encounters. Closed-ended questions were used to assess resident knowledge of documentation requirements, accompanied by self-estimated compliance with those requirements., Results: Thirty-seven percent (n = 106) of residents completed the survey. Most residents (77%) believe they play the primary role in documentation; however, knowledge of and compliance with higher level documentation practices range from 19% to 78% and 41% to 76%, respectively. On average, residents overestimate Medicare reimbursement of lower level encounters by as much as 77% and underestimate higher level encounters by as much as 38%. In many cases, the standard deviation of residents' estimates approaches the actual reimbursement value., Conclusions: Residents have a limited knowledge of documentation requirements. Self-reported compliance, even when guidelines are known, is low. Estimation of financial reimbursement is extremely variable. Residents overestimate reimbursement of lower level encounters and underappreciate reimbursement at higher levels. Ensuring appropriate reimbursement for services rendered will require formal cardiothoracic resident education and ongoing quality control., (Copyright © 2014 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fluorometers are widely used in ecosystem observing to monitor fluorescence signals from organic compounds, as well as to infer geophysical parameters such as chlorophyll or CDOM concentration, but measurements are susceptible to variation caused by biofouling, instrument design, sensor drift, operating environment, and calibration rigor. To collect high quality data, such sensors need frequent checking and regular calibration. In this study, a wide variety of both liquid and solid fluorescent materials were trialed to assess their suitability as reference standards for performance assessment of in situ fluorometers. Criteria used to evaluate the standards included the spectral excitation/emission responses of the materials relative to fluorescence sensors and to targeted ocean properties, the linearity of the fluorometer's optical response with increasing concentration, stability and consistency, availability and ease of use, as well as cost. Findings are summarized as a series of recommended reference standards for sensors deployed on stationary and mobile platforms, to suit a variety of in situ coastal to ocean sensor configurations. Repeated determinations of chlorophyll scale factor using the recommended liquid standard, Fluorescein, achieved an accuracy of 2.5%. Repeated measurements with the recommended solid standard, Plexiglas Satinice® plum 4H01 DC (polymethylmethacrylate), over an 18 day period varied from the mean value by 1.0% for chlorophyll sensors and 3.3% for CDOM sensors.

Background: Minority populations have been under-represented in mental health research studies. The systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder developed the Community Partners Program (CPP) to address this issue in a large, prospective treatment study of persons with bipolar disorder., Purpose: The primary goal of CPP was to develop a community-based infrastructure for studying bipolar disorder that would enhance the ethnic/racial and socioeconomic diversity of participants., Methods: Selected academic sites partnered with local clinics (n = 6 partnerships in five cities). This report describes the conceptualization, implementation, and qualitative evaluation of CPP, as well as quantitative analysis of clinical and sociodemographic differences between the samples recruited at academic versus community sites., Results: Quantitative analysis of the 155 participants from the six partnerships revealed enrollment of 45% from minority populations (vs. 15% in academic sites). Significant sociodemographic differences were evident not only between academic and community sites, but within minority and non-minority groups across site types. Notably, clinical differences were not evident between participants from academic and community sites. Review of qualitative data suggests that certain factors around implementation of research protocols may enhance community participation., Conclusions: Moving research recruitment and participation into community sites was more successful in increasing minority enrollment than efforts to attract such individuals to academic sites. Recommendations for creating and maintaining academic/community partnerships are given., Limitations: Several important variables were not considered including mood severity, hospitalization, or treatment differences. Minority participants were grouped by combining African American and Hispanics, which may have obscured subgroup differences. A derivation of standard qualitative methods was used in this study.