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This study attempts to explain differences in strike frequency among U.S. metropolitan areas for the period 1968–70. First, the author identifies a distinguishable group of cities having a very low rate of strike activity; such cities are characterized by relatively low levels of industrialization and unionization and by greater income inequality. Workers in such cities apparently lack both the resources and the organization to sustain strike activity. Second, the author tests a model of strike frequency on the remaining metropolitan areas. While some factors hypothesized to influence strike activity are found to have little effect (unemployment), others are found to be highly significant (population size, unionization, and plant size). Finally, the author proposes that community-based research adds to an understanding of strike activity, previously based largely on interindustry and total economy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Identify biomarkers in peripheral blood that relate to chronic post-concussive and behavioural symptoms following traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) to ultimately improve clinical management. Research design: We compared military personnel with mild TBIs (mTBIs) (n = 42) to those without TBIs (n = 22) in concentrations of tau, amyloid-beta (Aβ42) and cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, interleukin (IL)-6 and -10) in neuronal-derived exosomes from the peripheral blood. We utilized nanosight technology coupled with ultra-sensitivity immunoassay methods. We also examined the impact of post-concussive and behavioural symptoms including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on these neuronal-derived markers. Results: We report that concentrations of exosomal tau (F1,62 = 10.50), Aβ42 (F1,61 = 5.32) and IL-10 (F1,59 = 4.32) were elevated in the mTBI group compared to the controls. Within the mTBI group, regression models show that post-concussive symptoms were most related to exosomal tau elevations, whereas exosomal IL-10 levels were related to PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that chronic post-concussive symptoms following an mTBI relate to altered exosomal activity, and that greater tau pathology may underlie chronic post-concussive symptoms that develop following mTBIs. It also suggests that central inflammatory activity contributes to PTSD symptoms following an mTBI, providing necessary insights into the role of inflammation in chronic PTSD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used data from a 2003 survey of US physicians to examine differences between Jewish and other religiously affiliated physicians on 4-D of physicians' beliefs and practices regarding religion and spirituality (R/S) in the clinical encounter. On each dimension, Jewish physicians ascribed less importance to the effect of R/S on health and a lesser role for physicians in addressing R/S issues. These effects were partially mediated by lower levels of religiosity among Jewish physicians and by differences in demographic and practice-level characteristics. The study provides a salient example of how religious affiliation can be an important independent predictor of physicians' clinically-relevant beliefs and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential field data along the Texas portion of the Gulf of Mexico indicate a large-amplitude coast-parallel magnetic maximum and a smaller Bouguer gravity high. Models constrained by seismic-refraction data indicate that these maxima manifest a deeply buried volcanic rifted passive margin or other magnetic high in the outer transitional crust. Buried 12-15 km, the source is 220 km wide, similar to the Vøring Plateau in Norway and the U.S. East Coast. This margin, which formed during the opening of the Gulf of Mexico, differs in origin from the transform boundary of the northeast Mexico margin (Tehuantepec transform), and we infer a Jurassic triple junction related to the Borderland rift system, which is traceable as far as southeast California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This symposium includes papers that analyse a number of issues that are likely to play a key role in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) negotiations. These issues are analysed from the perspective of US-Japanese economic relations. In these papers, the economic effects of the WTO negotiating options available to both countries are explored. A final paper examines the important issues raised by the free trade agreements (FTAs) that have or will soon be negotiated by the United States and Japan. Brief summaries of the papers are provided. With all the advantages that have accrued to Japan from the multilateral trading system, it is not surprising that for many years Japan, alone among the world's major economies, stayed aloof from regional trading arrangements. The very past success of the multilateral trading system has made further progress at this level far more complex and has pushed many countries, Japan included, to look to new and deeper regional trading agreements as a more productive path. But it should not be forgotten that while FTAs may be easier to conclude, their benefits are modest compared with what can be gained from a successful Doha Round, and the costs from new distortions imposed on regional trade can be very significant for some of the world's poorer economies. Every good reason remains for Japan to continue to wish to be a pillar of the WTO and of the new Doha Round. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With NSF funding, we have developed, taught, and evaluated a new lower-division science course for non-science majors, entitled ‘Geology, Resources, and Environment of Latin America’ (GRELA). GRELA is intended to attract Hispanic undergraduates to science and to increase awareness among non-Hispanic students about challenges facing our neighbors to the south. GRELA is an interdisciplinary exploration of how the physical and biological environments of Mexico, Central America, and South America have influenced the people who live there. The course consists of 22 lectures in four modules (Background; Minerals; Energy and Natural Hazards, and Water and the Environment). Presentation of ESS topics dominates the last part of the class and includes lectures on El Niño, glaciers, the Amazon, rain forests, and coral reefs; a final set of lectures focuses on challenges facing the US and Mexico over shared water resources. Grades are based on two mid-term exams, a final exam and a report developed in partnership with correspondents in Latin American universities. Evaluations indicate this course positively impacts student interest in science, although some of the favorable comments may result from small class size. We encourage adaptation of our course materials at other community colleges and universities and will share these with other instructors on request. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Michigan Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of World Production and Trade is used to calculate the aggregate welfare and sectoral employment effects of the menu of U.S. trade policies. The menu of policies encompasses the various preferential U.S. bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) negotiated and in process, unilateral removal of existing trade barriers, and global (multilateral) free trade. The welfare impacts of the FTAs on the United States are shown to be rather small in absolute and relative terms. The sectoral employment effects are also generally small but vary across the individual sectors depending on the patterns of the bilateral liberalization. The welfare effects on the FTA partner countries are mostly positive though generally small, but there are some indications of potentially disruptive employment shifts in some partner countries. There are indications of trade diversion and detrimental welfare effects on nonmember countries for some of the FTAs analyzed. In comparison to the welfare gains from the U.S. FTAs, the gains from both unilateral trade liberalization by the United States and the FTA partners and from global (multilateral) free trade are shown to be rather substantial and more uniformly positive for all countries in the global trading system. The U.S. FTAs are based on "hub" and "spoke" arrangements. It is shown that the spokes emanate out in different and often overlapping directions, suggesting that the complex of bilateral FTAs may create distortions of the global trading system, which could be avoided if multilateral liberalization in the context of the Doha Round were to be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have used the Michigan Model of World Production and Trade to simulate the economic effects on the United States, Japan, and other major trading countries/regions of the Doha Round of WTO multilateral trade negotiations and a variety of regional/bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) involving the United States and Japan. We estimate that an assumed reduction of post-Uruguay Round tariffs and other barriers on agricultural and industrial products and services by 33 per cent in the Doha Round would increase world welfare by $686.4 billion, with gains of $164.0 billion for the United States, $132.6 billion for Japan, and significant gains for all other industrialised and developing countries/regions. If there were global free trade with all post-Uruguay Round trade barriers completely removed, world welfare would increase by $2.1 trillion, with gains of $497.0 billion (5.5 per cent of GNP) for the United States and $401.9 billion (6.2 per cent of GNP) for Japan. Regional agreements such as an APEC FTA, an ASEAN Plus 3 FTA, and a Western Hemisphere FTA would increase global and member country welfare but much less so than the Doha multilateral trade round would. Separate bilateral FTAs involving Japan with Singapore, Mexico, Chile and Korea, and the United States with Chile, Singapore and Korea would have positive, though generally small, welfare effects on the partner countries, but potentially disruptive sectoral employment shifts in some countries. There would be trade diversion and detrimental welfare effects on some non-member countries for both the regional and bilateral FTAs analysed. The welfare gains from multilateral trade liberalisation are therefore considerably greater than the gains from preferential trading arrangements and more uniformly positive for all countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indirect worker participation in corporate policy decisions is occurring through worker and union representation on boards of directors and supervisory boards in Europe, Australia, and the United States. Evidence suggests that this form of representation is problematic because of the structure of corporate boards, selection and training of worker directors, dual loyalty-role conflict problems, confidentiality constraints, and communication with constituents. In the United States, worker directorships arise at the corporate level because of concession bargaining and employee ownership. However, U.S. corporate and labor laws raise questions over the legal status of union board memberships. Several U.S. cases are compared with foreign experiences. The assessment of the effectiveness of worker directorships as a form of participation varies dramatically based on the orientations of researchers as unitarist, pluralist, or conflict theorists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a study, which determined the diagnostic accuracy and appropriateness of care for histopathologically confirmed seborrheic keratoses. Reasons for the increased cases of cutaneous lesions that are treated surgically in the U.S.; Analysis of two aspects of physician performance in the U.S.; Recommendations for the treatment of seborreheic keratoses.

Focuses on the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the use of the control group theory as a limitation on the attorney-client privileges in corporate cases. Preliminary draft of the proposed Federal Rules of Evidence; Protection against compelled information disclosure; Functions of corporate attorneys; Consistency of the control group test with the principles of the common law.

This article focuses on the impact of legal education on socialization in the U.S. Kay (1978) reported on a cross-sectional study of legal socialization done at University of Cincinnati that replicated work by Rathjen (1977) at the University of Tennessee. In Contrast to the original study, she found few differences in legal values among members of the first-through third-year law classes and concluded that the law school experience seemed to do little to shape those values and attitudes with some small exceptions. This pair of contrasting findings adds to a series of studies on the impact of law school that have consistently presented conflicting results. In addition to evaluating legal values, these studies have considered the effects of law school on political values, with some suggesting increasing conservatism, and others, increasing liberalism in students' self-reported political views. Others report data on career preferences of students at different points in their legal education and suggest that the desire to do nontraditional and welfare-type legal practice declines with time in school. Erlanger and Klegon report panel data from a University of Wisconsin study and remark that some change in values and preferences occurs, but that it is much less than anticipated by commentators on the law school experience.

This paper suggests why the economic specialization of a metropolitan area should be related to the level of industrial conflict. Data gathered for U.S. metropolitan areas is used to examine the specific nature of the relationship. The analysis shows that a significant proportion of the variation in measures of strike behavior may be accounted for by characteristics of a metropolitan area's functional specialization; and that levels of conflict within metropolitan areas are riot simply an additive function of the industrial labor force composition of the area, but rather are intimately tied to the functional linkages between metropolitan areas within the system of cities in the national economy. Classification of cities based on differences in economic structure has a traditional place in the analysis of urban systems. The concept of functional specialization refers to the type of production that is emphasized within a city's economy. Cities exchange products or services in which they specialize, and the exchanges become the integrating mechanisms within the interurban economic system. The specialization of production in a city's profile sector should alter local industrial relations and resulting levels of industrial conflict through two mechanisms.

Recent Supreme Court decisions appear to depart from the longstanding principle that an appellee or respondent need not cross-appeal or cross-petition in order to support the judgment below by either challenging the reasoning of the lower court or raising arguments which the lower court did not consider. Mr. Stern examines the nature and possible rationales for these recent departures, and argues that the traditional doctrine should be retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on issues related to equality for blacks and women in the U.S. The relative size of a minority group directly influences the course of its progress toward equality with the majority and the consequences of this progress. Looking at the differences in comparative occupational distributions for males and females, and blacks and whites, we suggest that the degree of structural change required to incorporate blacks and females into the occupational system is quite different, based on the relative numbers in each group. Since an analogy is only a resemblance in some aspects between items which are otherwise unlike one another, the notion of similarity must not be carried too far. Specific differences which have also been neglected are discussed. The intent of this paper is simply the reintroduction of information which has been neglected in recent lines of research. Viewing women as a minority provides the framework for understanding much of the current research on women's roles and the "women's movement."

Over the past decade the United States has increasingly turned its attention toward regional trade liberalisation, beginning first with the US-Israel reciprocal tariff agreement of 1984, followed by the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), and now negotiations with Mexico to form a trilateral North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA). The reasons for the US policy shift are not entirely clear, though some possibilities include US frustration with the slow progress in the GATT, a desire to improve access for US trade and investment in the markets of two of its largest trade partners and, in the case of Mexico, to enhance the competitive position of the United States through association with a low-cost supplier. Its interest in Mexico in particular also stems from a desire to strengthen democratic institutions along its borders, control illegal immigration, and facilitate drug interdiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a number of variables important to the successful employee acquisition of firms. In the last few years unemployment figures have risen throughout the United States. The threat of unemployment as industries curtail their production or close down plants is a recurrent phenomenon in the U.S. labor history. The concept "producer cooperative" or "employee ownership" does not allow for the divorce of the issue of "who owns" from "who governs." The definitions of the concept supplied, include both ownership and management, yet the acquisition of a working firm rather than the creation of an entirely new business may produce a temporary separation. The acquisition necessitates wresting ownership of productive resources from the environment, whereas control becomes a problem of the internal distribution of power. Intuitively, the purchase of an industrial plant seems contingent only upon the willingness of a seller and the capital available to a prospective purchaser. Even for two corporations, however, the bargaining process is seldom a simple one, and when one party consists of former employees, the process becomes infinitely more complex.

We consider the relationship between the factor content of Japanese and American foreign trade and examine empirically whether discrepancies between the Heckscher-Ohlin theoretical predictions and the observed patterns of trade can be attributed to protection. The Michigan Model of World Production and Trade is used for computational purposes. We find some evidence of discrepancies between predicted and observed trade patterns, but removal of protection either worsens these discrepancies or reduces them by only a small amount. Some possible reasons for the empirical shortcomings of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory are offered in conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines major developments in trade policies in the United States since the introduction of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in January 1995. Features of the modelling approaches to the political economy of trade policies; Impact of the US trade-policy process on the role of constituent groups; Information on US multilateral trade-policy activities; Details on US bilateral trade relations.

The article presents an opinion regarding the impact of 25 percent multilateral reductions in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military expenditures on employment in the U.S. by region, occupation, and industry. The computational general equilibrium (CGE) Michigan Model of World Production and Trade is used in this research because it incorporates the effects of international trade.

The article analyzes the implication of the proposed inclusion of Mexico on the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA). The authors analyze the economic impact of NAFTA on the North American region, particularly on Mexico, the United States and Canada. The impact of the elimination of trilateral tariffs, nontariff barriers and investment restrictions on the three countries concerned is also discussed. The authors also present an overview of the computable general equilibrium model that they developed to assess the possible economic effects of NAFTA.

Abstract--Data on pre-Tokyo Round tariffs and ad valorem approximations of nontariff barriers are used in the Michigan Computational Model of World Production and Trade to calculate changes in commodity trade attributable to protection in Japan and the United States. Data on factor requirements in production are then used to calculate the factor contents of these computed changes in trade. Results indicate that Japanese protection is more distortionary of factor markets in Japan and the United States than is American protection, and that U.S. manufacturing labor would be the least likely to gain from trade liberalization in Japan and/or the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract--The Michigan Computational Model of World Production and Trade is used to analyze the structure of protection due to a country's own pre-Tokyo Round tariffs as it is affected by tariffs of foreign countries and by existing NTBs Using both a graphic portrayal and simple correlations of sectoral rankings of protection, it is concluded that foreign tariffs have a pronounced impact on the structure of protection for the larger industrialized countries especially. The effects of existing NTBs are much less pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier work on U.S. import demand suggests' that structural change may have occurred sometime in the mid-1960s. Since this evidence was based upon a somewhat arbitrary splitting of the sample period, the dating of change is uncertain. In this paper we investigate the question of structural change for both U.S. imports and exports, using a procedure that lets the data determine if and when structural change may have occurred. We find weak evidence of structural change for imports in the mid- to late 1960s and much stronger evidence in 1972:1 and thereafter. There is no evidence of structural change for exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an economic analysis of the effects of the Tokyo Round. It is organized as follows. In summary, we find that the Tokyo Round will have small but beneficial overall effects on trade, prices, and economic welfare in the U. S. and in practically all other major industrialized countries. Employment will change by small amounts in various sectors, industries and countries, but the total labor market dislocation will be negligible for all countries. There will be small gains for some but not all developing countries. These results must of course be interpreted in the light of our particular model, its behavioral parameters, and the available data. There are also many aspects of the Tokyo Round, particularly in the NTB codes, that could not be quantified but may be important. By the same token, from the standpoint of developing countries, important NTBs were left intact in the Tokyo Round. The Tokyo Round may thus be of limited significance to many developing countries and for many it may be detrimental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on Commerce Clause and its impact on the U.S. national economy from 1933-1946. It states that the Commerce Clause itself, with its removal of trade barriers, had created the national market in which manufacturers were compelled to compete. Because of the Commerce Clause no state could protect its home industries by forbidding the entry of goods produced under substandard labor conditions. The author points out that in the absence of such power, establishment of higher labor standards for any single state would deprive its producers of their home markets as well as of those in other states.

Presents a comparative analysis on review findings of administrators, judges and juries in the federal, judicial and administrative systems in the U.S. Efforts of many judges and commentators to devise a rule that can be uniformly applied in the Supreme Court decisions; Factors that contribute to the variation on the standard of review applied by the Court with the agency under consideration and even with the individual case; Benefits of using the unitary approach to the administrative field on the feasibility of comparing the rules which govern the judicial review of administrative determinations.

This article discusses the power of the federal government to regulate commerce in the U.S. The Constitutional Convention was called because the Articles of Confederation had not given the Federal Government any power to regulate commerce. This defect proved to be so serious that the Virginia General Assembly appointed commissioners to meet with commissioners of other states to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to examine the relative situation and trade of the said states; to consider how far the uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to the several states such an act relative to this great object.

Looks into certiorari in U.S. law. Preservation of uniformity of decision in the federal courts upon points solvable by federal law; Identification of the prime purposes of the certiorari jurisdiction; Discovery of the fact that the Renegotiation Board has no power to fix at six per cent the interest payable to the government on excessive profits.

Presents a panel discussion on ways in handling the antitrust cases in the Supreme Court in the United States. Participants of the discussion; Analysis of practical problems confronting counsel; Question of developing a special counsel in handling the antitrust cases in the Supreme Court.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate for the U.S. the economic significance of its tariffs and import quotas. The procedure followed is to estimate for selected postwar years the increases in U.S. imports from all countries and particularly from Canada on the assumption of suspension of existing tariffs and quotas. The estimated increases in imports are then used as a basis for calculating the gains in economic welfare that such suspension might provide. Some insights into the effects of free trade might possibly be sought in the experience of the Canadian agricultural implements industry, which was able to expand significantly its production and exports to the U.S. after exposure to American competition with the lifting of the Canadian tariff in 1944. However, the unusual circumstances surrounding the industry perhaps limit the generalizations that can be drawn. Nevertheless, if the assertions are correct concerning the inhibiting effect of the American tariff, a number of other Canadian industries might well be able to expand and prosper under conditions of free Canadian-American trade in industrial products.

The article focuses on the status of television in the United States during the mid-Nineteen Thirties. The status was in marked contrast to its condition at the beginning of that decade. Earlier the impulse to exploit it commercially had overmatched its technical capabilities; now the pressure to commercialize was temporarily lessened. By this time the development of electronic methods for the scanning and reproduction of the televised image had reached a level of performance capability superior to that of any of the mechanical-scanning systems upon which much of the earlier developmental and promotional effort had been spent. The work of these men on the design of basic instruments and techniques had provided the essential elements of electronic television; now steady progress was being made in the improvement of such instruments and techniques looking to their practical application. The shift of emphasis in technical development from mechanical to electronic methods was accompanied by a marked change in the status of individuals and companies relative to it. In the sphere of government, also, certain changes of consequence had taken place during the years of televisions retreat from overpublicity.

The article describes the architectural designs of the Observatory Hill Dining Hall at the University of Virginia and a house at Marblehead, Massachusetts. It discusses how the additions to the Observatory Hill Dining Hall gave the building a defined base, middle and top. The article details the site plan for the two projects.

The article presents the author's comments on the economies of clinical research and medical care related to bullous pemphigoid therapy in the U.S. and in France, with reference to a study by researcher P. Joly and colleagues, published in the current issue. Joly's study was conducted in France. The author says that it is difficult to obtain funding for such studies as they are unlikely to provide an economic benefit to the health care industry.

The article focuses on the use of topical tretinoin for the treatment of acne in the U.S. Topical tretinoin became the therapy most often requested by patients after the highly publicized study on its use for photoaging in the year 1988. After 1988, the prescription rates for topical tretinoin more than doubled as compared with the average for earlier years. The rate of prescribing increased most for visits by women over the age of 30 years, visits to nondermatologists and visits that were not for acne. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey first collected data on prescriptions in 1980.

Approximately two-thirds of Earth's outermost shell is composed of oceanic plates that form at spreading ridges and recycle back to Earth's interior in subduction zones. A series of physical and chemical changes occur in the subducting lithospheric slab as the temperature and pressure increase with depth. In particular, olivine, the most abundant mineral in the upper mantle, progressively transforms to its high-pressure polymorphs near the mantle transition zone, which is bounded by the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities. However, whether olivine still exists in the core of slabs once they penetrate the 660 km discontinuity remains debated. Based on SKS and SKKS shear-wave differential splitting times, we report new evidence that reveals the presence of metastable olivine in the uppermost lower mantle within the ancient Farallon plate beneath the eastern United States. We estimate that the low-density olivine layer in the subducted Farallon slab may compensate the high density of the rest of the slab associated with the low temperature, leading to neutral buoyancy and preventing further sinking of the slab into the deeper part of the lower mantle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New shear-wave splitting measurements at permanent broadband seismic stations in the south-central United States reveal the orientation and degree of polarization of mantle fabrics, and provide constraints on models for the formation of these fabrics. For stations on the stable North American craton, correspondence between observed polarization direction of the fast wave and the trend of Proterozoic and Paleozoic structures associated with rifts and orogenic belts implies a lithospheric origin for the observed anisotropy. The largest splitting times (up to 1.6 s) are observed at stations located in the ocean-continent transition zone, in which the fast directions are parallel to the Gulf of Mexico continental margin. The parallelism and the geometry of the keel of the craton beneath the study area suggest that asthenospheric flow around the keel of the North American craton, lithospheric fabrics developed during Mesozoic rifting, or a combination of these factors are responsible for the observed anisotropy on stations above the transitional crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]