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Summary: Background: Impulsivity and reward sensitivity are personality traits associated with obesity and binge‐eating disorder (BED), but little research has examined prospective associations between these traits and body mass index z‐score (BMI‐z) differentially for children with and without BED. Objective: Using data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study, the present analysis examined predictive associations between impulsivity and reward sensitivity facets with BMI‐z 1 year later in children with versus without BED. Methods: Nine‐to‐ten‐year‐old children were recruited across the United States and completed self‐report questionnaires and clinical interviews at baseline, and height and weight were taken at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. Multivariable models were run with baseline impulsivity and reward sensitivity facets predicting 1‐year BMI‐z in children with versus without BED. Results: Reward sensitivity and impulsivity were unrelated to BMI‐z at follow‐up in children without BED. Greater negative urgency (i.e., proclivity to act rashly without forethought in response to negative emotions) and lower positive urgency (i.e., proclivity to act rashly without forethought due to positive emotions) predicted increased BMI‐z at 1‐year follow‐up in children with BED subsample. Conclusions: Findings indicate the importance of developing theoretical models and interventions for obesity prevention in children with BED that address emotional impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Paediatric overweight and obesity (OW/OB) constitute a serious public health concern. Given that psychological problems may be key contributors to the onset and maintenance of paediatric obesity, the present study examined past and current psychiatric comorbidities across the weight spectrum during middle childhood among a nationally representative sample. Methods: Participants were 11 708 9‐ to 10‐year‐old children (31.6% with OW/OB) and their caregivers who participated in the first wave of data collection in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Logistic regressions were used to examine the association between weight status (i.e., underweight, healthy weight, OW, OB) and likelihood of current/past psychiatric diagnoses. Results: Compared to healthy weight children, those with OW/OB were more likely to have current/past major depressive disorder and binge eating disorder. Relative to healthy weight children, those with OB were more likely to have prior separation anxiety disorder, current specific phobia and oppositional defiant disorder; those with OW were more likely to have PTSD; and those with underweight were more likely to have ADHD. Conclusions: Results suggest cross‐sectional associations among negative emotionality, binge eating, and OW/OB, and highlight the need for ongoing prospective research to investigate directionality of associations and mechanisms of effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Controlling images’ are central to the reproduction of racial, class, and gender inequality, yet there is a dearth of knowledge pertaining to Latinos. Drawing from sixty-two in-depth, life history interviews with Latino men, we ask: How do controlling images of Latinos as gang members and sports athletes impose constraints and channel emotions? How do Latinos respond to these images? We document how institutions and people deploying controlling images blockade access to education and upward mobility. We find that life course stage shapes Latinos’ responses to this imagery. In their youth, Latino respondents used emotional strategies to resist racial subjugation. As adults, respondents resisted racist controlling images through leadership activities in the professional realm. Since adults possess more social power than youth, adults were better equipped to engage in leadership endeavours as resistance as compared to youth who, constrained by age, predominately utilized emotional resistance strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: Few studies have examined the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and non-medical opioid use (NMOU), particularly in general U.S.Methods: We analyzed data from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized adults, to examine (1) the relationship between PTSD diagnosis with NMOU, Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, and average monthly frequency of NMOU; and (2) the relationship between PTSD symptom clusters with NMOU, Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, and average monthly frequency of NMOU. We also explored sex differences among these associations.Results: In the adjusted model, a past year PTSD diagnosis was associated with higher odds of past year NMOU for women and men, but the association was stronger for women. In addition, PTSD was associated with higher odds of an Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis for women, but not for men. With regard to the relationship between specific symptom clusters among those with a past year PTSD diagnosis, important sex differences emerged. For women, the avoidance symptom cluster was associated with higher odds of NMOU, an Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, and higher rate of average monthly frequency of NMOU, while for men the arousal/reactivity cluster was associated with higher odds of NMOU, an Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, and a higher rate of average monthly frequency of NMOU. In addition, for men, the avoidance symptom cluster was associated with higher odds of an Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, but a lower rate of average monthly frequency of NMOU.Conclusions: Results add to the literature showing an association between PTSD and NMOU and suggest that PTSD is more strongly associated with substance use for women than men. Further, results based on individual symptom clusters suggest that men and women with PTSD may be motivated to use substances for different reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) have not been extensively studied in nonveteran samples. Secondary analysis was conducted using a nationally representative U.S. sample and limited to those who reported being in a relationship in the past year (N = 25,652). This sample was mostly White (72.0%), the majority had completed high school/ general educational development (GED; 87.8%), about half were female (49.2%), and the mean age was 46.44 years (SD = 15.92). We hypothesized that a diagnosis of PTSD in the past year would be associated with greater perpetration of IPV and that the arousal/reactivity and intrusion symptom clusters would evidence the strongest associations with IPV. Consistent with expectations, a PTSD diagnosis in the past year was associated with greater perpetration of IPV, OR = 2.07, 95% CI [1.89, 2.26]. Among those with a PTSD diagnosis in the past year (n = 1,742), arousal/reactivity symptom cluster scores were associated with greater perpetration of IPV for both men and women, AOR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.11, 1.44]; intrusion symptom cluster scores were associated with perpetration of IPV for men only, AOR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.20, 2.04]; whereas negative cognitions/mood symptom cluster scores were only significant among women, AOR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.01, 1.24]. Results suggested that theoretical and empirical work linking PTSD and perpetration of IPV in military samples extends to the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses California's chemical castration legislation, which requires that repeat child molesters be injected with a testosterone-reducing drug, Depo-Provera, as a condition of parole. Nature and theoretical causes of pedophilia; Efficacy of testosterone reducing drugs as a treatment for pedophilia; Constitutional issues raised when medical treatment is imposed as a criminal sentence.

Families of children with special health care needs face challenges in securing comprehensive health, educational, and social services. As a result, care may be fragmented, duplicative, confusing, and unnecessarily costly. Case management or care coordination is a method of overcoming some of the obstacles experienced by these children and their families. This article describes the Automated Case Management System/Community Based Care Coordination Project for California Children Services Children and Their Families in Los Angeles County (grant number MCJ 065020), a grant project funded by the Maternal Child Health Bureau from October 1987 to December 1990 in which family-centered, community-based care coordination services were provided to a select group of clients and the effectiveness of the interventions was evaluated. Care coordination was readily accepted by families and resulted in increased services, but the evaluation proved to be challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been known that social and physical environments can shape individual and population health, for better or worse. Master-planned communities (MPCs) in the US are custom-designed residential neighborhoods with defined boundaries planned and developed under a single, private owner or entity from their inception. Across the US, these vary greatly in scale ranging from 100 to over 50,000 homes, but broadly all provide residents with housing, infrastructure, landscaping, and purpose-built facilities to support socialization. Current research in the urban planning literature suggests that MPCs can influence the health of their residents. However, few studies have examined the use of MPCs as settings to conduct individual or population health research. In this paper, we examine the potential of MPCs as context for observational or intervention studies aimed at understanding individual and population-level health and well-being. We first summarize links between built and social environment and individual and population health research. Next, we describe the history of planned communities in the US. Then, we review specific features of MPCs related to governance, development, design, and social structure. We end by exploring how those specific features may lead to potential opportunities and challenges when using MPCs in health research. Through this discussion, we highlight MPCs as overlooked settings that may offer potential for collaborative, innovative, and socially engaged health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of the current study is to examine expressed emotion (EE) and long‐term treatment outcome among adolescents participating in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) for treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). It was hypothesized that patients with high EE parents at baseline would show more severe symptoms at end‐of‐treatment, 12‐month follow‐up, and 4‐year follow‐up than patients from low EE families. Method: Secondary data analysis was conducted of original RCT data from a two‐site eating disorder treatment trial conducted in the United States. Participants were 121 adolescents with AN who completed measures of EE, eating disorder psychopathology, depression, and self‐esteem. Results: Generalized estimating equations showed that participants who were in the Low EE group achieved a more accelerated drop in depression scores in the context of treatment (first 12 months) than participants in the High EE group. No other significant Group × Time interactions were found. Discussion: Findings suggest that high parental EE at baseline does not indicate that adolescent patients with AN will fare poorly 4 years later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We modeled word reading growth in typically developing (n = 118) and children with dyslexia (n = 20), Grades 2–5, across multiple exposures to 30 words. We explored the facilitative versus inhibitory effects of exposures to differential mixes of words that support high- versus low-frequency vowel pronunciations. One training corpus contained a ratio of 80%–20% high- to low-frequency pronunciations (e.g., for ea ; 80% ea pronounced as /i/ as in bead and 20% ea pronounced /ε/ as in dead), whereas the other consisted of a ratio of 20%–80%. We also modeled accuracy at the final exposure for a subset of 12 shared words across conditions using item-level crossed-random effects models with reading skill (i.e., typically developing vs. dyslexic), condition, word frequency, and vowel pronunciation (i.e., high- vs. low-frequency vowel pronunciation) as predictors in the model. We were particularly interested in the interaction between condition and vowel pronunciation across reading groups. Results suggest typically developing children were influenced by the interaction between condition and vowel pronunciation, suggesting both facilitation and inhibition, whereas children with dyslexia were influenced by condition and vowel pronunciation without an interaction. Results are interpreted within the overfitting model of dyslexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To compare barriers to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis and current ASD-related service use among non-Latino white (NLW) families and Latino families with English proficiency (L-EP) or limited English proficiency (L-LEP). METHODS: We conducted a mixed-mode survey of families of children with confirmed ASD seen at specialty clinics in 3 United States cities. Bivariate and multivariate analyses compared barriers to ASD diagnosis, current service use, and unmet therapy need among NLW, L-EP, and L-LEP families. RESULTS: Overall, barriers to ASD diagnosis were prevalent: families (n = 352) experienced a mean of 8 of 15 barriers to ASD diagnosis. The most prevalent barriers overall were "stress of diagnostic process," "parent knowledge about ASD," and "understanding medical system." Compared with NLW families, L-LEP families were more likely to experience barriers related to knowledge about ASD and trust in providers. Children in L-LEP families also had fewer current therapy hours and more unmet therapy needs than children in NLW families. L-EP families' barriers and treatment services use profile was more similar to NLW than to L-LEP families. CONCLUSIONS: English proficiency was an important marker for barriers to ASD diagnosis and treatment in Latinos. Increasing ASD-related knowledge and provider trust may decrease disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of ASD among US Latinos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide descriptive data on ambulatory ability and muscle strength in a large cohort of individuals with spina bifida enrolled in a National Spina Bifida Patient Registry and to investigate factors associated with ambulatory status. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of data from a multisite patient registry. Results: Descriptive analysis of mobility variables for 2604 individuals with spina bifida aged 5 and older are presented from 1 9 sites in the United States. Analysis of a subset of National Spina Bifida Patient Registry data from 380 individuals from 3 sites accompanied by data from a specialized spina bifida electronic medical record revealed that those with no history of a shunt, lower motor level, and no history of hip or knee contracture release surgery were more likely to be ambulatory at the community level than at the household or wheelchair level. Conclusion: This study is the first to examine factors associated with ambulatory status in a large sample of individuals with myelomeningocele and nonmyelomeningocele subtypes of spina bifida. Results of this study delineate the breadth of strength and functional abilities within the different age groups and subtypes of spina bifida. The results may inform physicians of the characteristics of those with varying ambulatory abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female lacrosse has grown 219% in the last decade. This descriptive study explored the epidemiology of elite female high school lacrosse injuries and compared them with those in the collegiate player. Five hundred surveys were completed at tournaments in the northeast United States. Over 60% played other sports; 50% experienced a new injury while playing lacrosse, and 16% had a recurrent injury from another sport. The ankle, knee, and head were most commonly injured. Eleven percent of respondents sustained a concussion; 35% of these experienced some loss of consciousness. Eighty-four percent of injuries occurred via contact. Forty-two percent (42%) of athletes lost 10 or more days of playing time. Frequency data showed that reported injuries are high for elite lacrosse, which is classified as a noncontact sport, and are comparable with those seen in the collegiate player. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]