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Just about everyone is convinced that some form of relief from double taxation is desirable. All agree that it is not equitable or sensible economic policy that corporations pay taxes on corporate income above $50,000, and that individuals pay taxes on the dividends that come from the already taxed corporate income. What people are not agreed on, however, is the best form of relief. The author of this article describes the currently proposed methods of relief, namely, at the corporate level, by allowing deductions for dividends paid; at the stockholder level, by allowing full or partial exemption for dividends received, and by imputing the full income of corporations to stockholders as presumptive partners. The author also describes Robert N. Anthony's plan for accounting for the cost of equity capital as it might be adapted for tax purposes. Although none of the methods completely ends the discriminatory treatment of equity capital as compared with debt capital, the author concludes that in the long run, a combination of relief at the corporate level by deduction of part of the dividends paid, and at the stockholder level with some part of a corporation's tax being applied as a credit to individuals' taxes, might be most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following tax program was prepared in November 1950 by six experts on fiscal policy from three Harvard faculties (Department of Economics, Law School, and Graduate School of Business Administration), under the title "A Tax Program to Support the Policy of Containment," to indicate the nature and scale of taxation which will be needed, along with appropriate credit policies and limited direct controls, to avoid serious price inflation when the current mobilization program gets fully under way. The statement was presented in part at the Hearings of the House Ways and Means Committee on November 16, but the Committee refused to allow the full text to be included in the record because of its policy of limiting the testimony to the subject of excess profits taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the impact of military expenditures and sustained military readiness on the United States economy, in light of a North Korean attack on South Korea on June 25, 1950 and the potential for Russian aggression in Europe. America needs industrial mobilization, sustained productive capacity, and a supply of superior weapons to protect itself and contribute to European rearmament. At the same time, the U.S. needs to protect its civilian economy from inflationary pressures. Topics include data from the military budget, estimate of the potential labor force and the rate of productivity that affect output, the tax burden of mobilization, price and wage controls, and rationing.

The article mentions the benefit and the disadvantage in adopting an excess profits tax in the United States. From the view that partial mobilization will continue, taxing corporation's excess profits would raise revenues and lower inflationary pressure; however, an argument is made that individual income and excise taxes would be more effective. Profiteering in government contracts can be discouraged by renegotiating price. In nongovernment work, a selective tax is suggested. The indirect effects of an excess profits tax with no termination date are corporate inefficiency--which is attributed to management's reaction to repressive taxation--and a reduced level of business expansion due to limited earnings on new capital.

The article explains why business profits might appear to be excessive and how they should be interpreted during a time of inflation in the United States. Two types of business profit are: operating profits, which are the reward for risking investment and a financial source for growth; and gains from manipulation, which do not strengthen the economy and are considered antisocial. There are problems in measuring profits such as inventory valuation, market fluctuations, replacement costs, and accounting for depreciation, as well as statistical standards for comparison. Topics include seven differentials in economic effectiveness, three sources of working capital, and data from "The Economic Report of the President, January 1948."

The article refers to action learning in American business education. Administrative work requires training that provides knowledge for decision making, develops specialized skills, and increases understanding of social psychology, organizational theory, and leadership. Executive responsibilities include: determining business policy that is suggested by the organizational hierarchy; managing people who will carry out the policy; coordinating activities and follow-through action; checking for conditions that require a change in policy; anticipating problems and revising policy to conform to new conditions; and communicating information to others in the administration process. Topics include standardization in making public or corporate policy and negative qualities of an administrator.

The article examines the arguments advanced in favor of the deficit spending theory, both as a recovery measure and as a quasi-permanent part of a government's fiscal policy. The author highlights the errors in the arguments and the dangers of deficit spending. The author considers spending and investment outlets, government spending to remedy deficient private spending, and the burden of a growing government debt. The author asserts that continued use of deficit spending increases the burden to taxpayers who are responsible for financing the debt and leaves less money for legitimate government expenditures. The author argues that deficit spending can be utilized as a tool when necessary, but careful analysis of the circumstances and conditions of its use are essential.

If Congress cannot keep government spending under control--and it appears highly probable that it cannot-- it may have to raise taxes in the near future. The Nixon Administration seems to be thinking in terms of some form of value-added tax (VAT) as the least onerous alternative. But we should not rush into the enactment of such legislation without a careful study of its impact on the U.S. economic system. In this article, the author analyzes some of the issues that should be discussed, and if possible resolved, first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the days of a $1-trillion economy and a $200-billion budget, all indications point to the need for more federal revenues. But from what sources? The only options open would seem to be increases in the corporation or individual income tax, or the adoption of a value-added tax, which is a type of national sales tax. In arguing the case for a VA tax, this expert on taxation takes the position that it is the "least bad" alternative and would produce minimum distortions in business decisions, and in the organization and efficient use of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of U.S. state forestry agencies in wildland fire management. It mentions several responsibilities of state foresters such as addressing forest threats and promoting the role of forests in the U.S. environmental and economic health. It talks about a variety of programs for rural fire departments which are sponsored by the State including the administration of Federal excess property programs and wildland fire training. The role of the National Association of State Foresters (NASF) is also mentioned.

The article discusses the impact of infrastructure development to the environment in the U.S. It notes that the main influence to environmental damage is infrastructure that the society imposed. The National Research Council (NRC) report reveals that the needs of the society are not fulfilled in the construction and investment for infrastructure. Moreover, the NRC report and Stockholm Environment Institute suggests integrate approach to revise infrastructure system. It states that the Co-Evolution team of "American Forest" and Michael Gallis & Associates proposed action for human and natural network includes optimization of the system, establish financial incentives and avoid agency or program duplication.

Features the bluegum eucalyptus tree of actor Clint Eastwood at his Mission Ranch in Carmel, California. Its designation as a national champion for its species; Background of the ranch; How Eastwood helped to protect other trees.

Discusses the effects of sprawl on American forests. Major metropolitan areas which have lost a third of more of their heavy tree cover; Campaign launched by the American Forests to help people and policymakers understand the full value of trees and forests; Integration of trees and natural resources into the planning process.

Presents a cable television guide for the physically disabled. Channels; Tips on using cable TV to combat the illness.

Discusses accusations of intelligence failure against the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation in relation to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Congressional probe on pinpointing organizational shortfalls; Impediments that contributed to the inability of intelligence agencies to uncover more of the terrorist plot; Definition of intelligence; Need for closer collaboration among intelligence agencies.

Discusses targeting as part of the United States' military doctrines. Historical background; Factors that affected targeting as a military doctrine; Targeting-related issues that surfaced during Desert Storm operations; Joint integrated prioritized target list (JIPTL) developed by the Joint Task Force (JTF) staff.

Discusses imagery intelligence in the United States military. Definitions; Use of imagery intelligence to support intelligence, operational planning and tactical operations; Available platforms.

The article highlights the activities from 2004-2005 and plans for 2006 of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists' (AAPG) Membership Committee. The role of the committee is to retain and increase membership in AAPG through effective communication with both existing and potential members. This article enumerates several issues for review and action identified by the Membership and Membership Enhancement and Development committees at the Calgary convention.

Reports the military security strategies in U.S. Complexity of civil war intervention; Conduction of peacekeeping operations; Presupposition on unilateral use of force.

Reports on tree-planting activities launched in the United States as part of `American Forest' periodical's campaign for the greening of forests along the Bay Area of Chesapeake Bay. Number of trees planted; Planting projects for 1999.

Presents the scientist's study on the cause of landslide in American River Canyon in Eldorado National Forest. Why the Canyon was considered unstable area; How the landslide originated; Organizations that investigates the relationship between forest fires and landslides.

Discusses different ways how the American Forests resolve natural resource issues. Forest ecosystem health issues in the Inland West and Northern Rockies; Salvage logging in 1995's policy debate; How does the American Forests address the issue in places where forest health is a widely perceived concern.

Reports on American Forests' evaluation of the factors for the increase in American forest fires in 1994. Availability of the reprints of an extensive wildfire coverage in California.

Reports on the efforts of the American Forests organization to highlight the crisis faced by the trees in the Inland West. Series of briefings for federal agency officials, Congress and members of the conservation community; Aggressive media-relations effort; Publication of the book `Assessing Forest Ecosystem Health in the Inland West.'

Features a photograph showing Amidon Elementary School students assisting in planting a grove of Famous & Historic trees. Donors of the trees; Number of Famous & Historic groves as a result of the program.

Discusses the Heritage Forests program of the American Forests for its reforestation campaign in the United States. Importance of people's cooperation; Projects in San Pedro River in Arizona, Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge in Hawaii and Everglade National Park in Dade County, Florida; Call for people's support in the project.

Reports on an energy conservation project initiated by the American Forests on Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona. Use of energy-monitoring devices to determine environmental improvements; Program as part of the Cool Communities program of the Climate Change Action Plan of the Clinton administration.

Reports that the coming of summer to Aspen, Colorado, coincided with the return of Jazz Aspen, a musical extravaganza that celebrates Global ReLeaf. A tree-planting at Aspen Art Park; Jazz acts that were featured at the festival; Earth stewardship was a theme of the Sunday morning planting; More.

Reports on the rash of criminal violations or military offenses committed by United States servicemen in different territories around the globe. Common features of the criminal offenses; Need for the building and maintenance of cohesion and esprit within the ranks of the military.

Presents letters to the editor referencing articles and topics featured in previous issues. Demand for pilots to make adjustments to maintain their incomes; Efforts of contracted employees to attack airlines; Need for the reinstatement of U.S. government regulation on airlines.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including an one on the significance of arboreta in the U.S., another on the effort to plant more trees, and the distress of a tree enthusiast that the 2010 Register was not published.