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Objectives: Although many people who are incarcerated have risk factors for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, the proportion of hepatitis A cases among people with a recent incarceration is unknown. We examined the relationship between recent incarceration and HAV infection during community-based, person-to-person outbreaks to inform public health recommendations. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveyed health departments in 33 jurisdictions reporting person-to-person HAV outbreaks during 2016-2020 on the number of outbreak-associated cases, HAV-infected people recently incarcerated, and HAV-associated hospitalizations and deaths. Results: Twenty-five health departments reported 18 327 outbreak-associated hepatitis A cases during January 11, 2016–January 24, 2020. In total, 2093 (11.4%) HAV-infected people had been recently incarcerated. Of those with complete data, 1402 of 1462 (95.9%) had been held in a local jail, and 1513 of 1896 (79.8.%) disclosed hepatitis A risk factors. Eighteen jurisdictions reported incarceration timing relative to the exposure period. Of 9707 cases in these jurisdictions, 991 (10.2%) were among recently incarcerated people; 451 of 688 (65.6%) people with complete data had been incarcerated during all (n = 55) or part (n = 396) of their exposure period. Conclusions: Correctional facilities are important settings for reaching people with risk factors for HAV infection and can also be venues where transmission occurs. Providing HAV vaccination to incarcerated people, particularly people housed in jails, can be an effective component of community-wide outbreak response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine risk factors for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among US healthcare personnel (HCP), we conducted a case-control analysis. We collected data about activities outside the workplace and COVID-19 patient care activities from HCP with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results (cases) and from HCP with negative test results (controls) in healthcare facilities in 5 US states. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate adjusted matched odds ratios and 95% CIs for exposures. Among 345 cases and 622 controls, factors associated with risk were having close contact with persons with COVID-19 outside the workplace, having close contact with COVID-19 patients in the workplace, and assisting COVID-19 patients with activities of daily living. Protecting HCP from COVID-19 may require interventions that reduce their exposures outside the workplace and improve their ability to more safely assist COVID-19 patients with activities of daily living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last century, state and local governments have been challenged to keep proactive, emergency planning efforts ahead of the after-the-disaster, response efforts. After moving from decentralized to centralized planning efforts, the most recent policy has returned to the philosophy that a decentralized planning approach is the most effective way to plan for a disaster. In fact, under the Obama administration, a policy of using the “whole community” approach to emergency planning has been adopted. This approach, however, creates an obvious problem for state and local government practitioners already under pressure for funding, time, and the continuous need for higher and broader expertise—the problem of how to actually incorporate the whole community into emergency planning efforts. This article suggests one such approach, crowdsourcing, as an option for local governments. The crowdsourcer-problem-crowd-platform-solution (CPCPS) model is suggested as an initial framework for practitioners seeking a practical application and basic comprehension. The model, discussion, and additional examples in this essay provide a skeletal framework for state and local governments wishing to reach the whole community while under the constraints of time, budget, and technical expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Determining the most effective curricula for students with severe disabilities requires increased attention as legislation and curricular changes are being made in the field of special education. This article a) review's the legislation mandates from the 2004 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEJA) and the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), b) discusses evidence-based practices for a standards-based curriculum and functional curriculum, and c) examines longitudinal outcomes for students with severe disabilities. The research suggests that students working on functional skills provided through a meaningful curriculum leads to a more independent life. Recommendations for future research and discussion are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the meaning of work in organizational contexts during early US industrialization before motivation was invented as a management tool, specifically the American whaling industry. It explores how and to what extent the meaning of work was ultimately lost and 'perverted' in whaling, when the industry turned from a profession into a capitalist business that reached its peak by the early 1840s. Written from a socioanalytic perspective, this paper is based on the working hypothesis that while organization studies, and psychoanalytic ones in particular, focus predominantly on contemporary organizations and their respective working conditions as their objects of study, the dramatic changes in the American whaling industry during the late 18th and the first half of the 19th century provide insight into the conscious and unconscious dynamics underlying the transition from an organizational reality based on the relatedness of members of a community to one driven exclusively by profit. While the first part, in Critique 49, 37:3 (2009), pp. 391-413, gave a brief overview of the history of the American whaling industry and elaborated its deterioration of working conditions during the period from 1690 to 1850, this second part contains further reflections on the relatedness of meaning and motivation at work in this industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alarming increases in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder have been reported recently in the United States and Europe. Objectives: To quantify and characterize prevalence trends over time in autism spectrum disorder in Minnesota. Methods: We conducted an age-period-birth cohort analysis of special educational disability data from the Minnesota Department of Children, Families & Learning from the 1981-1982 through the 2001-2002 school years. Results: Prevalence rates of autism spectrum disorder rose substantially over time within single-age groups and increased from year to year within birth cohorts. Autism spectrum disorder prevalence among children aged 6 to 11 years increased from 3 per 10 000 in 1991-1992 to 52 per 10 000 in 2001-2002. All other special educational disability categories also increased during this period, except for mild mental handicap, which decreased slightly from 24 per 10 000 to 23 per 10 000. We found that federal and state administrative changes favoring identification of autism spectrum disorders corresponded in time with the increasing rates. Conclusions: We observed dramatic increases in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder as a primary special educational disability starting in the 1991-1992 school year, and the trends show no sign of abatement. We found no corresponding decrease in any special educational disability category to suggest diagnostic substitution as an explanation for the autism trends in Minnesota. We could not assess changes in actual disease incidence with these data, but federal and state administrative changes in policy and law favoring better identification and reporting of autism are likely contributing factors to the prevalence increases and may imply that autism spectrum disorder has been underdiagnosed in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present Anglo-American pension funds system is based on totally different images of man, society, and social relatedness than the traditional social security systems and retirement schemes characteristic of welfare states in many European countries. This article is guided by the working hypothesis that the pension fund system, because of its inherent defenses against persecutory and depressive anxieties, is based on psychotic dynamics. Participation in the pension fund system encourages a psychotic dynamic; the expected pension after retirement is seen to protect one from a 'miserable' way of life, from deprivation, from annihilation and feelings of dependency, gratitude, love and guilt. As people increasingly strive for an affluent retirement, commoditized money nurtures the illusion that the more money one accumulates the more certain death will be kept away. It further will be argued that the psychotic dynamic inherent in the pension funds system is not limited to those who invest in the funds, but further finds an expression or 'resonance' in the organizations that manage the funds and their respective role holders. Money paid into a pension scheme serves--in addition to its 'pecuniary' function--as a 'conductor' of psychotic anxieties. As a consequence, pension funds have become the main players in a kind of global marshalling yard where underlying anxieties are transferred and shifted in various ways. Loaded with their customers' expectations and anxieties about adequate pensions after retirement, pension fund organizations tend to maintain and spread a globalized collusion of psychotic thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community mortality surveillance for 1984–1988 was conducted by researchers of the StrongHeart Study, which examined the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in three American Indian populations, aged 45–74 years, in Arizona, Oklahoma, and South/North Dakota. All-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality rates were determined through the useof death certificate data. Cardiovascular disease deaths were confirmed by independent systematic review of medical records. In all three populations, men had higher all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality rates than did women. Oklahoma exhibited slightly lower 5-year, age-adjusted, all-cause mortality (96/1,000) than did Arizona (107/1,000) and South/North Dakota (114/1,000). The leading cause of death among both sexes in Oklahoma and in South/North Dakota was cardiovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus led among Arizona women. The other major causes of death were cancer, liver disease including cirrhosis, and injury. When compared with the rates in each state, average annual all-cause mortality rates were higher for the American Indian populations in almost every age group. The all-cause annual mortality rates in the three Indian populations were close to rates in the US black population and higher than the rates of the entire US population and of US whites. This trend was amplified in the 45-to 64-year age group. Only in the 65- to 74-year age group did mortality rates in the Indian population approach those of the US population.Cardiovascular disease mortality rates were close to the US averages in Arizona and Oklahoma, but they were more than two times higher in South/North Dakota among those between 45 and 64 yearsof age. Thus, American Indians in Arizona, Oklahoma, and South/North Dakota exhibit high all-cause mortality rates. In particular, the South/North Dakota population cardiovascular disease death rate appears to present a potential target for community-based programs to intervene on known risk factors to promote healthy lifestyles. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147:995–1008. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Discusses the concept of predatory pricing under antitrust laws in the U.S. Implications of pricing below the marginal costs; Information on the theory of predation through the strategic allocation of overhead costs; Assumptions and market conditions associated with predatory pricing.

Studies the occurrence of lung cancer among Indians of the southwestern United States. Number of cases of malignancy discovered among Southwest American Indians; Hereditary and environmental factors related to the apparent marked deficit of lung cancer.

A qualitative study was conducted with 11 Asian American men to examine their body image concerns. From two focus groups, we identified five themes using the thematic analysis approach: (a) messages about attractive characteristics for Asian American men, (b) factors that contribute to confusion about the ideal body image, (c) effects of negative body image, (d) coping with body image concerns, and (e) defining masculinity traits for Asian American men. Participants' perceptions of what is attractive were closely linked to Western hegemonic masculinity, the media, and Asian sociocultural influences from family. Participants reported feeling confused about what constitutes an ideal body image for them due to the lack of representation and negative stereotypes in U.S. media and gendered racism in U.S. society. Their confusion also arises from discrepant messages they receive from their family and the media. They described several adaptive strategies to cope with negative body image. Lastly, the role of masculinity appears to be a complex issue and may be related to Asian notions of masculinity, Western hegemonic masculinity, and gendered racism. Public Significance Statement: The study investigates culturally relevant body image issues among Asian American men. Results indicate that Asian American men's body image concerns need to be understood within their unique social, cultural, and racial contexts. The findings highlight the associations between Western hegemonic masculinity, Asian cultural notions of masculinity, and gendered racism and this group's body image. The study informs culturally competent mental health assessment and interventions for Asian American men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Virtual platforms were used to train facilitators and host parenting groups. • Caregivers liked the convenience and flexibility of virtual groups. • Caregivers perceived more trauma-informed parenting after an 8-session group. • Caregivers reported changes in their child after implementing practices at home. • Caregivers reported improved compliance, soothing, and an enhanced relationship. Although nearly half of children who experience trauma are younger than age six, few parenting programs target parenting practices for caregivers of young children who have experienced trauma or adversity. The current study preliminarily evaluates the virtual delivery of a brief psychoeducational group—Managing Youth Trauma Effectively (MYTE)—which was developed to meet this need, regardless of whether children show trauma-related symptoms. During the Covid-19 pandemic, both the train-the-facilitator training and caregiver group sessions were delivered virtually. This study examines perceptions of virtual training, virtual group delivery, parenting changes, and parent perceptions of child changes. The data, collected in the United States, included two tiers: facilitators who were trained to deliver the curriculum (n = 21), and caregivers who participated in the group (n = 61). Caregivers were majority female (70%) and non-Hispanic White (79%). Caregivers completed an anonymous online survey using a retrospective pre-post design. Both facilitators and caregivers perceived the virtual format to be useful, appropriate, and high quality. After participating in MYTE, caregivers perceived changes in specific parenting practices and changes in their child, including improved compliance, increased soothing, and an enhanced relationship. Results provide promising preliminary support for the virtual delivery of a brief psychoeducational group to support caregivers of children ages birth through five who have experienced trauma or adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]