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While the earliest published health disparity research in the United States dates to 1899, the field was not formally established until the late 20th century. Initially focused on race and ethnicity, the field has broadened to include socioeconomic status. Several measures have been developed to quantify socioeconomic disadvantage, including the Social Vulnerability Index, Area Deprivation Index, and Child Opportunity Index. These indices have been validated and demonstrate correlation with health outcomes. However, socioeconomic status cannot fully explain health inequities experienced by people of minoritized racial and ethnic identities. Three generations of health disparities research have been described-identification of disparities, root analysis, and development of interventions to mitigate health inequities. While there has been an increase in publication of health disparity research, there is little third generation work. It is imperative that health disparities research move beyond defining the problem and toward interventions that will reduce health inequities. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level IV., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest We have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

South Asian Americans are part of the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the United States and make up a substantial portion of the U.S. immigrant population. Research on this group has often focused on acculturation, the adoption of different values and behaviors in a new sociocultural environment. While there is evidence to suggest that acculturation (and the stress associated with this process) has a negative effect on the health and well-being of Asian Americans, more recent research has emphasized the need to examine the role of broader social forces-including everyday racism-in impacting mental health. Drawing on the stress process model, this study uses an original survey instrument to investigate the relationships between acculturative stress, anti-Asian racism, and mental health among a community sample of 200 South Asians in Texas. Results from hierarchical multiple regression models indicate that both acculturative stress and everyday racism are strongly linked to higher levels of anxiety-related symptoms and more frequent depressive symptoms. Everyday racism, however, explained variance in these outcomes, well beyond the effect of acculturative stress and other sociodemographic factors. These results underscore the potential benefit and importance of including questions about racism in community health surveys that aim to study health disparities among Asian Americans and highlight the persistence of social issues that U.S. South Asians face., Competing Interests: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Siddiqui.)

Identifying the potential for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is crucial for understanding possible long-term epidemic dynamics. We analysed longitudinal PCR and serological testing data from a prospective cohort of 4,411 United States employees in 4 states between April 2020 and February 2021. We conducted a multivariable logistic regression investigating the association between baseline serological status and subsequent PCR test result in order to calculate an odds ratio for reinfection. We estimated an odds ratio for reinfection ranging from 0.14 (95% CI: 0.019 to 0.63) to 0.28 (95% CI: 0.05 to 1.1), implying that the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline is associated with around 72% to 86% reduced odds of a subsequent PCR positive test based on our point estimates. This suggests that primary infection with SARS-CoV-2 provides protection against reinfection in the majority of individuals, at least over a 6-month time period. We also highlight 2 major sources of bias and uncertainty to be considered when estimating the relative risk of reinfection, confounders and the choice of baseline time point, and show how to account for both in reinfection analysis., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: GA is a founder of Seromyx Systems Inc., a company developing platform technology that describes the antibody immune response. GA’s interests were reviewed and are managed by Massachusetts General Hospital in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. MJG, SB, DD, YH, JR, EP, BM, ASM, and ERM are employees of Space Exploration Technologies Corp. All other authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.