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The article focuses on how English pirates' attack on the American coasts in the end of the 16th century promoted the debate on legitimacy of the Spanish presence in America beyond the borders of the Spanish Empire. Topics discussed include how it contributed, ultimately, to censorship and suppression of texts that explore the subject; speeches and writings of writers Pedro Sarmiento and Juan De Castellanos that discussed the legality of the Spanish conquest of America and the treatment of the Native Americans; and the debate over the Spanish sovereignty of the Indies that evolved as a matter of global interest.

The article discusses the leadership of the founder of the Georgia colony James Oglethorpe, including his leading the winter 1732-1733 voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. The impact that Oglethorpe's status as a member of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia had on colonists' seeking leadership in him is discussed. An overview of his military altercations with Spanish colonists in Florida is provided.

When Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, the indigenous groups, labeled Tainos by historians and archaeologists, inhabited Puerto Rico and other parts of the Greater Antilles. For more than three hundred years the traditional historiography has claimed that these groups and their culture became "extinct" within a few decades of European colonization. In the past fifty years, however, an indigenous revival movement that has been called Neo-Tainos has developed, calling into question the claims of cultural and biological extinction. These claims have triggered a multilateral and unresolved debate between members of the Neo- Taino movement, historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists that has spread to the general public and popular culture of the Island. This paper presents a historical review of the debate, the main positions in favor of or against the claims of Taino descendancy in Puerto Rican communities both in the Island and in the continent, and discusses several issues that need to be considered and addressed to gain a better understanding of the controversy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article has a twofold purpose: to appraise the father Kino participation in the Isidoro Atondo's expedition to Lower California and give academic recognition to the memory of Miguel Mathes for recording Kino's endeavors. The text goes through the Spanish Crown attempts to colonize California, and portrays a brief biography of Atondo. Finally, it reviews the implementation of the project seri, conceived by Kino in order to fight for the Californians' rights to be evangelized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the attitudes of leading policymakers in the United States toward the Spanish Empire in Cuba during the Ten Years' War (1868–78). It suggests that while many in the US objected to Spanish imperial practices, concerns about trade alongside ideological predispositions regarding nonintervention and race led the administration of Ulysses S. Grant, under the direction of Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, to develop a series of policies that in effect supported colonialism in Cuba while attempting to ensure that the US would benefit from any change in rule there. The article argues that despite an apparent desire for the US to remain neutral during the conflict, the Grant administration in fact formulated its responses based on a narrow conception of Spanish colonial control that demonstrated an increasing sense of moral superiority over both colonizer and colonized. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines how second-generation Filipinos understand their panethnic identity, given their historical connection with both Asians and Latinos, two of the largest panethnic groups in the USA. While previous studies show panethnicity to be a function of shared political interests or class status, I argue that the cultural residuals of historical colonialism in the Philippines, by both Spain and the USA, shape how Filipinos negotiate panethnic boundaries with Asians and Latinos, albeit in different ways. Filipinos cite the cultural remnants of US colonialism as a reason to racially demarcate themselves from Asians, and they allude to the legacies of Spanish colonialism to blur boundaries with Latinos. While the colonial history of Filipinos is unique, these findings have implications for better understanding racialization in an increasingly multiethnic society – namely, how historical legacies in sending societies interact with new racial contexts to influence panethnic identity development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses Spanish-Indian relations in Upper Louisiana during the 18th century. Particular focus is given to Spanish efforts to prevent raiding and end the Indian slave trade. According to the author, contradictory Spanish diplomatic policies undermined the very laws they were designed to implement, impeding efforts to maintain friendly relationships with Native American peoples. The author emphasizes the importance of captives and slaves in native political economies.

The early nineteenth century has often been cited as a crucial period of Atlantic history in which the ties that had bound together the people of the Atlantic world began to unravel, in no small part because of the Age of Revolutions. The rise of new independent states is seen as part and parcel of the decline of the Atlantic world. Another story, however, emerges from the experience of the men who sailed from the United States as privateers commissioned by the new nations of Spanish America. These privateers formed new connections between North and South America as they acquired commissions and returned to port with cargoes. In between, they also developed new loyalties. Following the actions of Spanish American privateers, therefore, shows the transformation of the Atlantic world in action as privateering encouraged people to make new ties, sometimes in spite of the emergence of new nations and, sometimes, because of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. Supreme Court case "Pueblo of Zia et al. v. United States et al.," which adjudicated the Santa Ana, New Mexico Pueblo Indians' land claim of the New Mexican region called the Ojo del Espíritu Santo (Spring of the Holy Spirit). An overview of the case is presented, including the U.S. Supreme Court's affirmation of the U.S. Court of Private Land Claims' decision and its overriding of the 1766 Spanish land grant the Ojo del Espíritu Santo Grant, which was part of the body of the Spanish colonial law "Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias" ("Recopilación"). The author contrasts Spanish colonial governors' compliance with "Recopilación" and the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to override it.

Not long after Spanish Florida became United States territory in 1821, the attention of Anglo-American settlers was drawn to the handful of remaining Spanish fishing ranchos along the lower gulf coastline, inhabited by Cuban fishermen and their "Spanish Indian" families and neighbors. The history and identity of these groups, many of whom were forcibly relocated west along with the Seminoles by 1841, has long remained enigmatic due to a paucity of documentation. This paper uses extensive new documentary data from Cuba and Spain to explore the emergence of these new creole communities during Florida's British and second Spanish periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a century, studies of Cabeza de Vaca's "odyssey," from the Gulf Coast of Texas to the Rio Culiacan in western Mexico, have been focused almost entirely on the few, and often vague, references to landscape and other features of the physical environment contained in his narrative. This approach may have been justified a century ago, when American scholars began the discussion. However, recent historical and anthropological research have made it feasible to relate his experiences to their socio-cultural context--an exciting prospect, since Cabeza de Vaca was a sensitive and sympathetic observer of the Native American groups that he came to know. As a step in this direction, this paper deals with the segment of Cabeza de Vaca's travels between departure from Galveston Island (Malhado) in spring 1532, and arrival at La Junta de los Rios, on the Rio Grande, in autumn 1535. His account of this period is here contextualized both anthropologically by reference to research dealing with aboriginal territoriality, trade, and intertribal relations; and historically, by reference to the experiences of other early explorers, most notably the Espejo party of 1582-83. The interpretation presented supports a "trans-Texas" view of Cabeza de Vaca's transcontinental route; it is incompatible with the southern, or "trans-Mexico" approach, which favors a route almost entirely through Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses trends in the study of early American history. According to the author, this field has experienced dynamic growth and re-evaluation during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Particular focus is given to Atlantic and continental approaches to the discipline. Details related to several areas of inquiry, including commodities, slavery, and Native American history, are presented. It is suggested that the development of these subject areas has led to a more expansive view of American geography and a focus on the processes of colonization and empire. Other topics include social class, the American West, and the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

The article discusses the 1795 diplomatic relations between the United States and Spain resulting in the withdrawal of Spanish forces north of the thirty-first line of latitude around the area of the Mississippi River. The author explores the resulting reaction of the Chickasaw Indians, especially leaders Ugulayacabé and Payehuma, to the removal of the Spanish from the fort at San Fernando de las Barrancas. The Chickasaw delegation met with Spanish officials in 1796 to protest the removal of their allies and to make warnings regarding the unreliable behavior of Americans.

In the late 18th century and early 19th the greatest part of the Americas became independent of European powers. There were numerous reasons for discontent but in each case European events contributed to the outbreak of revolution. The political and social transformation produced in Angloamerica was relatively moderate whereas the Haitian revolution produced deep social as well as political change. In the Spanish colonies, scene of the longest military struggle, and in lesser degree Brazil, the change in political system was more abrupt than in Angloamerica and the social changes uneven but not insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why is Spain's role as a colonizing power in the Americas overlooked by scholars of white settler colonialism? If European ventures in such disparate places as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, the United States, Angola, and Algeria can all be viewed through the scholarly lens of white settler colonialism, why not Latin America? In this essay, I attempt to answer these questions through an analysis of the confrontation of racial ideologies that occurred between Mexicans and Anglos in the U.S. Southwest. Legally, Mexican Americans were considered part of the "white" race after 1897, but how did Mexican Americans understand this putative whiteness, especially given their racial inscription as mestizos under Spanish colonial and Mexican postcolonial law? I examine the desegregation cases brought on behalf of Mexican American plaintiffs between 1929 and 1954, in which Mexican American litigators argued that as Mexicans were racially white, schools and juries in the Southwest violated their due process rights by segregating them or discriminating against them in jury selection. Chicano historiography has derided this generation of civil rights activists as race traitors. However, I examine the court records, letters, and speeches of these legal activists, as well as Américo Paredes's "George Washington Gómez," to see how these civil rights activists challenge the very meaning of "whiteness" when they claim it in the face of racial exclusion and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the influence that the Spanish legal tradition of the asiento de negros, which gave permission from the Spanish government to other countries to sell slaves to the Spanish colonies between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries, had on international law. As part of a peace treaty between Spain and Great Britain signed in 1713, the Spanish colonies were assured a number of African slaves supplied by Great Britain for a period of thirty years.

The article discusses the horse trade in the American West during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It compares the trade of wild horses in the western portion of the continent to fur trade with Indian communities in northern portions of America. Spanish attempts to control the horse trade, the interest of U.S. president Thomas Jefferson in the economic, diplomatic, and geopolitical potential of the wild horse trade, and the effect of horse herds on other grazing animals living in the plains region are examined. Particular focus is given to the practice of capturing the horses developed by mustangers.

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Archaeological excavations at the 18th-century Spanish colonial site of Presidio San Sabá (41MN1) were conducted during the 2000 and 2001 Texas Tech Archaeological Field Schools under the supervision of Grant Hall and the author. Presidio San Sabá represents one of the most important Spanish frontier outposts in Texas. Written records concerning the presidio consist primarily of military correspondence and supply records with little or no attention paid to the families of soldiers stationed at the fort or their daily lives. Excavations have concentrated on recovering information from the plaza area, the rooms alongside the interior walls of the presidio, and the 1937 reconstructed portions of the fort. Preliminary analyses of the cultural materials recovered from these excavations are providing a glimpse into the everyday lives of those who resided there as well as a better understanding of the architecture and layout of the fort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presidio San Antonio de Béxar was one of the four presidios established to halt French aggression into Northern New Spain from Louisiana between 1690 and 1722. Today, the presidio is in the heart of modern-day San Antonio, Texas. While the urban built environment setting today has impacted the remains of the presidio, one original structure still stands. In addition, compliance archaeological investigations in a restricted urban area have identified remains of three civilian residences in the former presidial town adjacent to the presidio as well as a portion of the original irrigation ditch, the acequia madre. Hampered by a shortage of colonial historical research to connect archaeological remains and occupants through deed transactions, there is still much useful information to be gleaned from the archaeological remains. One contribution from the archaeological studies is the refinement of several broadly defined ceramic types such as Puebla Blue-on-White and lead-glazed coarse earthenwares into chronologically distinct variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presidio Los Adaes was the capital of the Spanish Province of Texas for much of the 18th century. Named after the local Adaes Indians, a Caddoan group, Los Adaes was built in reaction to the French presence at Natchitoches, less than 20 miles to the east. The remoteness of Los Adaes, the lack of a French missionary effort, the willingness of the French to intermarry with both the Caddoan peoples and the Spanish, and the political/economic savvy of the Caddoan peoples were all factors that contributed to a Spanish, French, and Caddoan interaction characterized by cooperation, accommodation, and mutual support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain's claim to La Florida during the 18th century depended on its ability to maintain control of its capital, San Agustín. To ensure that the city survived the onslaughts of English-led or English-supported excursions, the Spanish erected an elaborate defense system. The system consisted of forts, earthen lines and bastions, blockhouses, sentry lookouts, and Native American and African perimeter settlements. The cornerstone of the colonial-walled city was Castillo de San Marcos. Historical events are used to understand the development of the presidio and how both the built environment of the community and the material culture of its residents were modified as a consequence of military policies and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish founded at least 16 presidios in Florida, the first at San Agustín in 1565 and the last in Pensacola in 1756. Until 1698, there were no presidios west of the Apalachicola River Beginning in that year and continuing into the early-18th century, the Spanish founded multiple presidios at Pensacola Bay and at St. Joseph's Bay. When the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in the Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War and exchanged all of Florida for Havana, only three presidios remained: San Agustin, Pensacola, and San Marcos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study of 18th century Latin American literary discourse. While this area has been seldom studied, insight into the political and cultural relationships during the colonial independence process from Spain. The article mentions that 18th century discourse production should be analyzed from a social perspective. The article also notes that studying 18th century intellectuals in the United States in publishing could provide information on how Latin American intellectuals functioned.

Reports that the American Civil War of 1861-1865 represents a dramatic rupture within the historical development of the republic. Culmination of tensions between two very different societies; Opportunity for the United States to reconstruct the nation; Effect on political developments in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Examines the significance of the events in 1898 in Latin America which saw the decline of the Spanish empire and the rise of the United States to power from the context of individual people affected by the events. Experience of Quintin Bandera, a prominent Cuban insurgency leader against Spain; Court-martial trial of Bandera.

Examines the rights and conditions of the free blacks in a slave society in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1718 to 1812. Spanish planters' maintenance of a regime of racial distinctions; Dependence of the slaves' conditions on the expectations and profits of the planters; Economic opportunity presented by the Spanish policy of developing the colony.

Presents a model and a case study for analyzing colonial interaction and its application in the case of the Spanish in New Mexico. Coexistence between imperial groups and indigenous people; Contact between colonizers and natives; Implementation by Spaniards of a reservation system.

Opinion. Provides the author's views on the Spanish colonial legal system in colonial New Mexico. Location of New Mexico; Information on Spain's administration of its colonies; Functions of colonial magistrates; Origin of Spanish legislation; Examination of the legal strategies of New Mexican natives.

The article discusses the military history of U.S. campaigns against Spain in the Spanish territories of Florida. The author reflects on the intervention of former legislator George Matthews and the early attempts at cession of East Florida to the U.S. The threat of Indian raids is discussed as a reason for U.S. intervention in lieu of lax Spanish territorial control. Other topics include war with Great Britain, the purchase of Florida, formation of provisional government, and protection of Georgia from Seminole Indians.