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Behavioral and affective forms of membership involvement are compared on the basis of data collected from members of three farm organizations in Wisconsin. The relative effect of selected independent variables on each involvement form is the key problem of this article. The rank order of independent variables as determined by the size of their partial beta coefficients varies considerably between the two forms. However, when the immediateness of the variables is considered, specific attitudes are found to account for a larger percentage of the variance in both involvement forms than are general attitudes or social background characteristics. The results of the study suggest the need for developing models of involvement, the necessity of using multivariate techniques, and the potential contribution of path analysis to an understanding of membership involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control in voluntary farm organizations was analyzed by the use of data from 220 memberships in numerous local units of the Farm Bureau, Farmers Union, and National Farmers Organization in Wisconsin. We hypothesized that three aspects of control—amount, distribution, and congruence between actual and ‘ideal’—would be related in a positive direction to affective and behavioral measures of membership involvement and to perceptions of income and other organizational benefits. The results are only partly consistent with those of previous studies. As expected, at • least moderate correlations of involvement and benefits with amount of control are evident. Neither the hypothesis about correlations with the distribution of control nor that about correlations with the congruence between actual and ‘ideal’ amounts of control received positive support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We analyzed the incidence and demographic features of pediatric intracranial hypertension.Methods: Inpatient and outpatient encounters of children aged 18 years or younger who were diagnosed with primary (idiopathic) or secondary intracranial hypertension between January 2010 and December 2013 were identified. Data were collected from a subspecialty clinic devoted to intracranial hypertension and the sole children's hospital in a large Midwestern city of the United States. Estimated incidence rates were calculated based on the number of newly diagnosed patients in our hospital's primary service area, which includes seven central Ohio counties. Sex, race, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and geographic distribution were also noted.Results: A total of 74 pediatric patients were diagnosed with intracranial hypertension (49 primary/idiopathic and 25 secondary) between January 2010 and December 2013. Using census data, we determined the pediatric population in our service area during the four-year period. The Ohio Hospital Association's database indicated that 92.3% of patients aged 0 to 17 years residing in the region sought care at our institution. By combining these data, we calculated an annual incidence of primary and secondary intracranial hypertension of 0.63 and 0.32 per 100,000 children, respectively.Conclusions: The estimated annual incidence of pediatric primary intracranial hypertension in our seven county service area in central Ohio is similar to previous pediatric reports from other countries and is 67% of that reported in the US adult population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of surgical intervention in pediatric intracranial hypertension (IH), evaluate the visual outcomes of surgically managed patients, and identify potential predictors for surgical intervention., Methods: The medical records of patients with primary and secondary IH at Nationwide Children's Hospital from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. Presenting characteristics of medically and surgically managed patients were compared, and the clinical courses of surgically managed patients were reviewed., Results: A total of 129 medically and 14 surgically managed patients were included. The surgical incidence was 9.8%. Final visual acuity in 27 of 28 surgically managed eyes was 20/25 or better. In combined primary and secondary IH patients, elevations in body mass index (BMI; OR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11; P = 0.022) and lumbar puncture opening pressures ≥52 cm H 2 O (OR = 6.17; 95% CI, 1.93-19.67; P = 0.002) were significantly associated with the likelihood of surgical intervention when assessed by univariate logistic regression; grade of papilledema >2 was of marginal significance. After controlling for BMI, a lumbar puncture opening pressure of ≥52 cm H 2 O was more likely to result in surgery (adjusted OR = 4.69; 95% CI = 1.39-15.98; P = 0.013)., Conclusions: Most pediatric IH can be treated medically. Patients with lumbar puncture opening pressures ≥52 cm H 2 O at the time of diagnosis are at a higher risk of surgical intervention and should be monitored closely. Elevations in presenting BMI and grade of papilledema may also increase the odds of surgery., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)