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This study examines the relationship between household compositional change and residential mobility of subsidized householders. Data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Annual Longitudinal Files 2005–2018 is used to measure household compositional change and mobility for subsidized householders in the Public Housing and Housing Choice Voucher programs. Householders are 67% more likely to move when a change in household composition occurs. Members entering the household induce larger estimated mobility effects than members exiting the household. Although the odds that a householder move are associated with a household compositional change is greatest in the Housing Choice Voucher program for tenant-based vouchers, there is still a strong association with household compositional changes and mobility in Public Housing and for project-based voucher units where options for mobility are limited. The results have implications for future research on program design factors such as occupancy standards in subsidized housing in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States. Not all substance use disorder (SUD) treatment facilities provide treatment in Spanish. This study examined factors associated with SUD treatment facilities having counselors that provide treatment in Spanish. Methods: State‐level estimates of Spanish‐speaking individuals were derived from the American Community Survey 2019. SUD treatment facility characteristics were captured from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services 2020. We examined a sample of 15,246 facilities which included 12,798 outpatient, 3554 nonhospital residential, and 1106 with both outpatient and residential programs. Binary logistic regression models were used to observe state‐level proportions of Spanish speakers and facility‐level characteristics as factors associated with a facility having counselors that provide treatment in Spanish. Results: Approximately 23.3% of facilities had counselors able to provide treatment in Spanish. Among outpatient or nonhospital residential SUD facilities, those in a state with a larger proportion of Spanish‐speaking individuals, facilities with pay assistance, facilities that accept Medicaid, and facilities that engage in community outreach had higher odds of having counselors that provide treatment in Spanish. Conclusions: Considering that less than a quarter of facilities provide treatment in Spanish, increasing the availability of linguistically appropriate and culturally responsive services for SUD is imperative. Scientific Significance: This national study is the first of its kind to examine associations between estimates of Spanish speakers and treatment facility characteristics associated with counselors that provide treatment in Spanish in outpatient and nonhospital residential SUD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coresidence with parents is now the most common living arrangement among young adults (ages 18–29) in the United States. For many, coresidence comes after first leaving home and living in an independent household. Recent shifts in these residential transitions has spurred renewed research in this area, with a focus on contemporaneous young adult characteristics, individual well-being, and the family context. Largely overlooked in this research is a consideration of the geographic context where young adults make home-leaving and home-returning decisions. Drawing on residential mobility theory and research that emphasizes features of local housing and labor markets, the present study explores if county-level characteristics are associated with the likelihood of either leaving or returning to the parental home. Using data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, results indicate that youth are less likely to leave home, and more likely to return to it, if they live in areas with higher rental costs. Housing market characteristics also appear to be more important for home-leaving and home-returning for youth who stay in the same county, as opposed to launching to different counties. Findings thus demonstrate that contextual features should be emphasized alongside individual and family features as pathways to independent living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neighborhoods represent an important ecological system for adolescents' physical activity. However, the current literature has generally overlooked the fact that families and adolescents may experience frequent residential moves and need to adapt to their new neighborhoods. Despite the high residential mobility (i.e. the frequency of residential moves) in the United States, there is a dearth of research on how residential mobility may affect American adolescents' physical activity. Using Year 15 (wave#6) data from Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), this study examined the relationship between residential mobility and adolescents' physical activity and investigated family's neighborhood social ties as a potential mediator for the relationship, while controlling for socio-demographics related to adolescents, their primary caregivers, and households. Results of structural equation modeling showed that residential mobility was negatively associated with neighborhood social ties, which in turn, was positively associated with adolescent's physical activity. The negative association between residential mobility and adolescent's physical activity was fully mediated by neighborhood social ties. Finally, implications of this study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives To examine the role of probable dementia on changes in living arrangements and mortality among very old Mexicans and Mexican Americans in 2 different nations. Research Design and Methods We employ the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly and the Mexican Health and Aging Study, 2 comparable longitudinal data sets, to identify predictors of changes in living arrangements using multinomial logistic regression, controlling for cognitive status, demographic characteristics, and resources. Results In Mexico, women with dementia who lived alone at baseline were more likely to become part of an extended family household than men with similar levels of cognitive impairment. A similar pattern emerges for the oldest Mexican-American women. Spousal loss increases the likelihood of living alone for women in the United States regardless of dementia. Although dementia elevates the risk of mortality for men living alone in the United States, in both countries, women in their 90s who lived alone with dementia had a lower risk of mortality relative to men. Discussion and Implications Longer life spans increase the risk of living alone with dementia in both countries, especially for women. Older individuals in both countries face financial hardships. Mexicans have limited formal options in dementia care. Mexican Americans with dementia continue to live alone despite low income although, unlike the Mexicans, they have access to Medicaid long-term care. For Mexico and the United States, the growing number of older individuals with dementia represents a growing public health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparities by sex, race, socioeconomic status, and geography exist in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes for people with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD prevalence is similar in men and women, but women have more atypical symptoms and undergo lower extremity revascularization at older ages compared to men. People who are Black have an approximately 2-fold higher prevalence of PAD, compared to people who are White and have more atypical symptoms, greater mobility loss, less optimal medical care, and higher amputation rates. Although fewer data are available for other races, people with PAD who are Hispanic have higher amputation rates than White people. Rates of amputation also vary by geography in the United States, with the highest rates of amputation in the southeastern United States. To improve PAD outcomes, intentional actions to eliminate disparities are necessary, including clinician education, patient education with culturally appropriate messaging, improved access to high-quality health care, science focused on disparity elimination, and health policy changes. [Display omitted] • Women present for revascularization at older ages, compared to men. • The prevalence of PAD in Black people is approximately twice that of White people. • PAD amputations are more common in Black and Hispanic people, than in White people. • Eliminating disparities in PAD requires interventions that include improvements in education, access to care, and health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among a wide range of practical applications, the location quotient (LQ) has been used as an area-based measure of residential segregation by race/ethnicity in some studies. However, it does not correspond to any of the five dimensions of residential segregation. Rather, an application of LQ in demographic data analyses brings about an atypical way to quantify the population composition of areal units by race/ethnicity. To clarify misconceptions, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the relationships between proportions, percentages, and LQs of six racial/ethnic groups in the conterminous United States (US). Since populations change over time, demographic data on race and ethnicity were obtained from the 2000, 2010, and 2020 Census through the US Census Bureau's website. Using census tracts and counties as the units of analysis, a sequence of scatterplots and associated Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) was used to display the analytical results of census-tract- and county-based measures at three different time periods. Despite the different levels of aggregation, the relationships between proportions, percentages, and LQs of six racial/ethnic groups consistently showed perfect positive correlations at three different time periods (r = 1.00). These suggest that census-tract- and county-based measures expressed as the proportion, percentage, and LQ of a racial/ethnic group capture the same distributional pattern, but the units of measurement simply differ from one another. Hence, the study of residential segregation and its societal consequences needs to be specific to the dimension under study and to build upon the conceptual and methodological foundations established by sociologists-demographers and geographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neighborhoods in the United States are highly segregated by race. Black–white segregation is particularly acute. Although racial segregation has been declining in recent years, it remains extremely high—especially in the largest metropolitan areas. The historical pattern has been that as African Americans move into a neighborhood, whites move out and thus the neighborhood (gradually or rapidly) transitions from predominantly white to predominantly black. A seemingly contradictory pattern has recently been observed: integrated neighborhoods are becoming more common. Why do some neighborhoods transition from white to black and others become integrated? We use racial competition theory to answer this question. We examine the characteristics of stable, integrated neighborhoods and contrast them with segregated predominantly white, predominantly black, and rapidly transitioning neighborhoods in six large metropolitan areas. We find that the location of black neighborhoods is a key factor in whether an integrated neighborhood remains integrated. Specifically, we find integrated neighborhoods are spatially distant from majority black neighborhoods while transitioning neighborhoods are adjacent to them. Our findings support the "sense of threat" hypothesis of racial competition theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The United States (US) government implemented interventions against COVID-19, but their effects on variant-related risks remain inconclusive. We aimed to assess the causal effects of vaccination rates, booster uptakes, face mask mandates, and public area mobility (societal behavioral factor) on early-stage COVID-19 case and death growth rates and identify the most effective public health response for controlling COVID-19 in the US. Materials and Methods: We performed retrospective analyses using four standard correlated random effects models, analyzing a robust panel dataset that encompasses 16,700 records across all fifty US states. Models 1 and 3 analyzed COVID-19 case rates and death growth rates, respectively, from January 2021 to November 2021. In contrast, using the data from August 2021 to November 2021, Models 2 and 4 assessed the effect of Delta variants and booster shots on COVID-19 case and death growth rates, respectively. Results: We found that face mask mandate (p < 0.01) and workplace mobility (p < 0.05) led to lower COVID-19 case growth rates. COVID-19 vaccination uptake rate reduced COVID-19 death growth rates (p < 0.01). Furthermore, contrary to Epsilon variant (p < 0.01), which contributed to reduced COVID-19 case growth rates, Delta variant led to significant increases in COVID-19 cases (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that immediate public health interventions, like mask mandates, are crucial for crisis mitigation, while long-term solutions like vaccination effectively address pandemics. The findings of this study not only sheds light on the recent pandemic but also equips policy-makers and health professionals with tools and knowledge to tackle future public health emergencies more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient energy consumption is crucial for achieving sustainable energy goals in the era of climate change and grid modernization. Thus, it is vital to understand how energy is consumed at finer resolutions such as household in order to plan demand-response events or analyze impacts of weather, electricity prices, electric vehicles, solar, and occupancy schedules on energy consumption. However, availability and access to detailed energy-use data, which would enable detailed studies, has been rare. In this paper, we release a unique, large-scale, digital-twin of residential energy-use dataset for the residential sector across the contiguous United States covering millions of households. The data comprise of hourly energy use profiles for synthetic households, disaggregated into Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCL) and appliance use. The underlying framework is constructed using a bottom-up approach. Diverse open-source surveys and first principles models are used for end-use modeling. Extensive validation of the synthetic dataset has been conducted through comparisons with reported energy-use data. We present a detailed, open, high resolution, residential energy-use dataset for the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mounting evidence suggests the primary mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is aerosolized transmission from close contact with infected individuals. While transmission is a direct result of human encounters, falling humidity may enhance aerosolized transmission risks similar to other respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza). Using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports, we assessed the relative effects of absolute humidity and changes in individual movement patterns on daily cases while accounting for regional differences in climatological regimes. Our results indicate that increasing humidity was associated with declining cases in the spring and summer of 2020, while decreasing humidity and increase in residential mobility during winter months likely caused increases in COVID-19 cases. The effects of humidity were generally greater in regions with lower humidity levels. Given the possibility that COVID-19 will be endemic, understanding the behavioral and environmental drivers of COVID-19 seasonality in the United States will be paramount as policymakers, healthcare systems, and researchers forecast and plan accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does a state of emergency necessarily contract human behavior? In times of security crises, for instance, citizens overcome their divides. Our analysis explores the relationship between county‐level partisanship in the United States during COVID‐19 and mobility. We provide an original theoretical analysis to distinguish pandemic politics from politics in times of emergency as we had known them. Our framework helps reconcile previous contradictory findings about this type of emergency politics. Such a frame is needed as it has been a century since the last major global pandemic and COVID‐19 may not be the last. There are five reasons to distinguish COVID‐19 from previously familiar types of emergency politics: psychological, national sentiments, policy related, elite related, and time related. Our extensive mobility big data (462,115 county*days from March–August 2020) are uniquely informative about pandemic politics. In times of pandemic, people literally vote with their feet on government actions. The data are highly representative of the U.S. population. At the pandemic outbreak, our exploratory innovative analysis suggests political divides are exacerbated. Later, with mixed messages about the plague from party leadership, such exceedingly partisan patterns dissipate. They make way to less politically infused and more educationally, demographically, and economically driven behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic has disrupted people's lives through economic challenges, closure of worksites and schools and increased health risks. These disruptions can trigger new residential needs and preferences, but little research has been done regarding the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on moving intentions. We theorized how the pandemic could influence intentions of making different types of residential moves. Using Google Trends data, we conducted a time‐series analysis to assess the transitory, short‐term and long‐lasting changes in various types of mobility intentions since the pandemic. Results show that thoughts about temporary relocation surged at the onset of the COVID‐19 epidemic and then experienced a long‐term decrease. Intentions to move through housing purchases and rentals briefly declined at the beginning of the pandemic but then surpassed their normal levels in the following months. Thoughts about moving in with family or parents increased by almost 50% during the pandemic. These trends were also reflected in Google searches for moving services, which exhibited an initial decline followed by a long‐term increase. The results demonstrate that the COVID‐19 pandemic has not only posed obstacles that lowered moving intentions but also has created new needs and desires for moving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Families that include a current or former member of the US Armed Services face unique challenges. These challenges center on three facets of military family life known to contribute to negative child mental health outcomes; mobility, family separation and parent health. The purpose of this study is to use the 2017–2018 National Survey of Children's Health to understand children's mental health outcomes in military and nonmilitary families. Parents of 39,465 United States children between the ages of 2 and 17 were surveyed about their child's mental health and use of mental health services in the past 12 months. The association between mobility, family separation, parent health and child mental health are tested through two logistic regression analyses. Results indicate that current military families have a lower likelihood of reporting mental health problems in their children compared to nonmilitary and former military families. The potential reasons for the protective effect of military family status on child mental health problems may be related to the social networks available to active duty military families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any month, administrative data collected by government agencies contain a fraction of the polity's adults, namely those who have interacted with government agencies in that month. For researchers and policymakers who want to evaluate questions that require a spatial location of the whole population of adults at a given time (e.g. job–residence spatial mismatch, impacts of local policies), these fragmentary records are insufficient. Combining administrative data from several agencies in the State of Washington, United States (US), we impute residential histories by parameterizing the 'decay' in maintenance of an observed address. This process yields an imputed population whose demography and geographic distribution matches well with survey estimates. This work uses driving licence, voter, social services, and birth records to append address locations to Unemployment Insurance data, a process that could be replicated with administrative records in other US states and countries with sporadic address data from various agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on the persistence of racial residential segregation in the United States has made significant progress by moving beyond traditional explanations—socioeconomic differences, preferences, and discrimination—to focus on the complex ways in which these factors interact with the multistage process of residential sorting. Dramatic changes in metropolitan landscapes over the past two decades, however, demand an expanded theoretical framework that can account for stability and change. In this article, we review research on contemporary urban changes that offers insights for explaining segregation's persistence amid widespread change. We identify three broad categories of mechanisms that exacerbate inequities by race and class in residential sorting processes: resource inequality, hierarchy endurance, and consolidated power. We describe developments in measuring segregation and new data and methods for studying urban change that enable researchers to consider the contemporary mechanisms, forms, and scales of segregation in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large body of research has been dedicated to understanding the neighborhood conditions that impact health, which outcomes are affected, and how these associations vary by demographic and socioeconomic neighborhood and individual characteristics. This literature has focused mostly on the neighborhoods in which individuals reside, thus failing to recognize that residents across race/ethnicity and class spend a non-trivial amount of their time in neighborhoods far from their residential settings. To address this gap, we use mobile phone data from the company SafeGraph to compare racial inequality in neighborhood socioeconomic advantage exposure across three scales: the neighborhoods that residents live in, their adjacent neighborhoods, and the neighborhoods that they regularly visit. We found that the socioeconomic advantage levels in neighborhood networks differ from the levels at the residential and adjacent scales across all ethnoracial neighborhoods. Furthermore, socioeconomic advantage at the network level is associated with diabetes and hypertension prevalence above and beyond its impact at the residential and adjacent levels. We also find ethnoracial differences in these associations, with greater beneficial consequences of network socioeconomic advantage exposure on hypertension and diabetes for white neighborhoods. Future social determinants of health research needs to reconceptualize exposure to include the larger neighborhood network that a community is embedded in based on where their residents travel to and from. • Neighborhood network socioeconomic advantage differs from residential and adjacent. • Network socioeconomic advantage is associated with lower diabetes and hypertension. • There are greater beneficial consequences for white neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southern coastal states of the United States are susceptible to extreme weather and climate events. With growing move-in and -out older populations in the region, health implications of their residential mobility lack sufficient knowledge. Using 126,352 person-level records from 2012 to 2021, we examined geospatial and temporal patterns of older populations' residential mobility, considering the changing social determinants of health and disparities. We found the moves of older populations with socioeconomic or health disadvantages were related to increased exposure to environmental hazards and reduced access to health resources. The findings inform targeted strategies for climate adaptation that address the needs of vulnerable aging populations. • Analyzed 126,352 older adults in the coastal southern U.S. from 2012 to 2021. • Characterized environmental exposure changes with social determinants of health. • Categorized residential mobility with coastal-inland and urban-rural transitions. • Most movers had increased exposure to hazards, heat, and poor environmental quality. • Vulnerable movers tended to confront increased deleterious environmental exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with a history of acute provoked neonatal seizures are at high risk for disability, often requiring developmental services. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to widespread changes in how health care is delivered. Our objective was to determine the magnitude of service interruption of among children born between October 2014 and December 2017 and enrolled in the Neonatal Seizure Registry (NSR), a nine-center collaborative of pediatric centers in the United States.Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of children with acute provoked seizures with onset ≤44 weeks' gestation and evaluated at age three to six years. Parents of children enrolled in the NSR completed a survey about their child's access to developmental services between June 2020 and April 2021.Results: Among 144 children enrolled, 72 children (50%) were receiving developmental services at the time of assessment. Children receiving services were more likely to be male, born preterm, and have seizure etiology of infection or ischemic stroke. Of these children, 64 (89%) experienced a disruption in developmental services due to the pandemic, with the majority of families (n = 47, 73%) reporting that in-person services were no longer available.Conclusions: Half of children with acute provoked neonatal seizures were receiving developmental services at ages three to six years. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread changes in delivery of developmental services. Disruptions in services have the potential to impact long-term outcomes for children who rely on specialized care programs to optimize mobility and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential mobility is a normal feature of family life but thought to be a source of disruption to a child's development. Mobility may have its own direct consequences or reflect families' capabilities and vulnerabilities. This article examines the association between changes of residence and verbal and behavioral scores of children aged 5, contributing to the literature in three ways. First, it compares two countries, by drawing on the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study in the United States (N = up to 1,820) and an urban sub-sample of the U.K. Millennium Cohort study (N = up to 7,967). Second, beside taking into account an extensive range of demographic characteristics, it applies inverse probability weights to minimize observable selection bias associated with residential mobility and further controls for a wide range of family changes that often co-occur with moves. Third, the article adds to extant research on residential mobility by incorporating the type of locality from and into which families move. Individual-level longitudinal data are linked to objective measures of neighborhood socioeconomic status to gauge the quality of moves families make. Results show that residential moves are not inevitably deleterious to children. In both countries the poorer outcomes of some moves result not from moving per se but rather from the context in which they occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many other wealthy nations, the United States is experiencing substantial population ageing, particularly among Whites, whose median age is over a decade older than Blacks' and Hispanics'. To date, analyses of this demographic divergence have been limited to national and state levels; we know little about its manifestation at smaller scales. This study introduces three micro‐level measures of the joint distribution of age and race, demonstrating that Whites are older than their non‐White neighbours in most integrated neighbourhoods, with notable variation across regional and local characteristics. Racial age gaps significantly predict subsequent declines in neighbourhoods' White population, indicating that racial change has an under‐studied age dimension. Meanwhile, neighbourhoods with relatively younger Whites are rare, clustered in coastal metros, and linked to gentrification. Drawing on theories of multidimensional heterogeneity, I suggest that local consolidation of age and racial differences may undermine stable integration and reinforce inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This interrupted time-series analysis examined whether activating a quality measure, supported by education and a population management tool, was associated with higher postdischarge engagement (PDE) in outpatient care after inpatient and residential stays for mental or substance use disorder care.Methods: Discharges from October 2016 to May 2019 were identified from national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) records representing all 140 VHA health care systems. Engagement was defined as multiple mental or substance use disorder outpatient visits in the 30 days postdischarge. The number of such visits required to meet the engagement definition depended on a patient's suicide risk and acuity level of inpatient or residential treatment. Health care system-level performance was calculated as the percentage of qualifying discharges with 30-day PDE. A segmented mixed-effects linear regression model tested whether monthly health care system performance changed significantly after activation of the PDE measure (activation rollout period, October-December 2017).Results: A total of 322,344 discharges qualified for the measure. In the regression model, average health care system performance was 65.6% at the beginning of the preactivation period (October 2016) and did not change significantly in the following 12 months. Average health care system performance increased by 5.7% (SE=0.8%, p<0.001) after PDE measure activation and did not change significantly thereafter-a difference representing 11,464 more patients engaging in care than would have without activation of the measure.Conclusions: Results support use of this measure, along with education, technical assistance, and population management tools, to improve engagement after discharge from residential and inpatient mental and substance use disorder treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black and Hispanic children have a higher likelihood of experiencing neighborhood poverty than white children. This study uses data from the Baby's First Years (BFY) randomized trial to examine whether an unconditional cash transfer causes families to make opportunity moves to better quality neighborhoods. We use Intent to Treat linear regression models to test whether the BFY treatment, of receiving $333/month (vs. $20/month) for three years, leads to moves to neighborhoods of greater childhood opportunity. Overall, we find no relation between the BFY treatment and neighborhood opportunity across time. However, we find effect modification by maternal baseline health. High-cash receipt among mothers with poor health at baseline corresponds with moves to neighborhoods of greater childhood opportunity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: Wraparound is a common method for coordinating care for children and adolescents with serious emotional disorders (SED), with nearly 100,000 youths served annually in the United States. The current systematic review and meta-analysis estimated effects on youth outcomes (symptoms, functioning, school, juvenile justice, and residential placement) and costs.Method: A literature search identified 17 peer-reviewed and gray literature studies meeting criteria, which were coded on characteristics of sample, design, implementation, and outcomes. Random effects modeling was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.0. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges g. Homogeneity of effects were assessed using Q statistics.Results: Medium-sized effects favored Wraparound-enrolled youths for costs (g = 0.391, CI = 0.282-0.500, p < .001), residential outcomes (g = 0.413, CI = 0.176-0.650, p = .001), and school functioning (g = 0.397, CI = 0.106-0.688, p = .007); small effects were found for mental health symptoms (g = 0.358, CI = 0.030-0.687, p = .033) and functioning (g = 0.315, CI = 0.086-0.545, p = .007). Larger effects were found for peer-reviewed studies, quasi-experimental designs, samples with a larger percentage of youths of color, and Wraparound conditions with higher fidelity.Conclusion: Results indicate positive effects for Wraparound, especially for maintaining youths with SED in the home and community. However, many studies showed methodological weaknesses, and fidelity measurement was largely absent, suggesting a need for additional research. Nonetheless, the results should aid decisions around resource allocation, referral practices, and system partnerships among child psychiatrists and other behavioral health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding residential mobility, housing affordability, and the geography of neighborhood advantage and disadvantage relies on robust information about housing search processes and housing markets. Existing data about housing markets, especially rental markets, suffer from accuracy issues and a lack of temporal and geographic flexibility. Data collected from online rental platforms that are commonly used can help address these issues and hold considerable promise for better understanding the full distribution of available rental homes. However, realizing this promise requires a careful assessment of potential sources of bias as online rental listing platforms may perpetuate inequalities similar to those found in physical spaces. This paper approaches the production of rental advertisements as a social process driven by both contextual and property level factors. We compare data from two online platforms for the 100 most populated metropolitan areas in the United States to explore inequality in digital rental listing spaces and understand what characteristics are associated with over and underrepresentation of advertisements in certain areas. We find similar associations for socioeconomic measures between platforms and across urban and suburban parts of these metropolitan areas. In contrast, the importance of racial and ethnic composition, as well as broader patterns of segregation, for online representation differs substantially across space and platform. This analysis informs our understanding of how online platforms affect housing search dynamics through their biases and segmentation, and highlights the potential and limits in using the data available on these platforms to produce small area rental estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homelessness in the United States (US) has been increasing at an exponential rate over the past three decades, and the US has not experienced the current level of homelessness since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In addition, regulations and policies governing shelters have also increased. Given the historic levels of homelessness and increased bureaucracy, this paper aims to expand on the current literature related to governance of shelters by examining: (1) how families residing in the shelters are impacted by policies related to homelessness and governance within shelters (i.e. shelter rules), and (2) potential points of intervention to improve policy, programming, and shelter governance that better address the growing needs of homeless families. Using a convergent parallel design, we conducted a mixed methods study with caregiver residents and their children (ages 13–17 years), as well as staff, from two family shelters located in a large city in the northeastern US. Findings from the study revealed that policies and programs aimed at assisting homeless families often did not adequately respond to the needs of families (e.g. finding permanent housing), and residents found shelter rules to be overly restrictive. Policy and programming recommendations are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the cultural power of changes in nation-level residential mobility. Using a theoretically informed analysis of mobility trends across the developed world, we argue that a shift from a culture full of people moving their residence to a culture full of people staying in place is associated with decreases, among its residents, in individualism, happiness, trust, optimism, and endorsement of the notion that hard work leads to success. We use the United States as a case study: Although the United States has historically been a highly-residentially mobile nation, yearly moves in the United States are halved from rates in the 1970s and quartered from rates in the late 19th century. In the past four decades, the proportion of Americans who are stuck in neighborhoods they no longer wish to live in is up nearly 50%. We discuss how high rates of mobility may have originally shaped American culture and how recent declines in residential mobility may relate to current feelings of cultural stagnation. Finally, we speculate on future trends in American mobility and the consequences of a society where citizens increasingly find themselves stuck in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thermally-driven residential air conditioning system can save over $700 annually in favorable locations. • Entire peak electric cooling demand can be removed through thermal storage in water tank. • Enabled by low regeneration temperature of Metal Organic Frameworks desiccants. • Solar water heaters offer little benefit, except in low-cooling load climates. • Rate structure substantially affects economics of novel cooling system. In this work, we address the escalating demand for cooling during peak periods. Our study aims to mitigate this challenge by devising innovative strategies for demand flexibility and load shifting, specifically exploring the flexibility of thermally-driven cooling systems utilizing Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) when integrated with residential heat pump hot water heaters. We employ dynamic modeling, integrating residential building hourly cooling load profiles, weather data, and time-of-use (TOU) electricity rates to evaluate the effectiveness of a heat pump-driven MOF-based Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) system with a hot water heater serving as thermal storage. We conduct an analysis of peak demand savings and cost-effectiveness across diverse climatic zones and rate structures. Our findings assess the influence of TOU rates on cost savings, the value of solar water heaters, and the interplay between cooling loads and savings. Results show that the cost effectiveness of these systems is highly dependent on climate and energy price structure but in the most favorable locations, hundreds of dollars of annual savings from demand shifting are possible. This study contributes to advancing energy-efficient cooling strategies by harnessing the potential that MOF-based systems offer for reducing costs and enhancing sustainability in the face of escalating cooling demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of residential mobility on electoral participation among the poor by matching data from Moving to Opportunity, a US-based multicity housing-mobility experiment, with nationwide individual voter data. Nearly all participants in the experiment were Black and Hispanic families who originally lived in high-poverty public housing developments. Notably, the study finds that receiving a housing voucher to move to a low-poverty neighborhood decreased adult participants' voter participation for nearly two decades-a negative impact equal to or outpacing that of the most effective get-out-the-vote campaigns in absolute magnitude. This finding has important implications for understanding residential mobility as a long-run depressant of voter turnout among extremely low-income adults., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Moving to a new country and culture has emotional, social, financial, health, and cultural consequences. Military spouses face a wide range of stressors when relocating or sojourning, placing them at risk for a variety of health challenges. The aim of this study was to describe the transition experiences of military spouses who sojourn abroad as part of a service member's assignment. Using qualitative narrative inquiry, semi‐structured interviews of 13 US military spouses living in Italy were conducted. Narrative thematic and structural analysis was used to analyze the data. Six themes represent the transition experience: adding stress to an already stressful situation, managing a new set of worries and fears surrounded by the unknown, reestablishing an everyday life from chaos, battling social, personal, and physical isolation, reinventing myself to move beyond simply functioning to control, and pondering about life, returning, and repatriation. Internationally, the nursing profession has a responsibility to understand the transition experience of military spouses to overseas assignments so appropriate strategies aimed at strengthening resiliency, building cultural flexibility, and maintaining health and well‐being can be provided, while minimizing negative consequences. Additionally, nurses and health care providers can play a role by continually developing culturally congruent and sensitive practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the association between state religiosity and population mobility during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We use first-party geo-behavioral data collected through mobile phone operating systems, global positioning systems, and Wi-Fi signals to assess changes in the average median distance traveled by approximately 15,000,000 devices over eight weeks (February 24–April 13) in the contiguous United States. Robust regression results show that more religious states tend to exhibit higher average mobility scores and slower average declines in mobility. Findings also suggest that state stay-at-home orders have a weaker impact on mobility in more religious states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study examined the relationship between military sexual assault and structural factors including base (e.g., base density) and community (e.g., economic deprivation) characteristics.Methods: Data on military sexual assault against men and women for fiscal years 2013-2016 were drawn from Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office's 2017 report, "Sexual Assault Received at Military Installations and Combat Areas of Interest." Base information was pulled from fiscal years 2012 and 2013 Department of Defense's Base Structure Reports. Community-level information was drawn from 5-year American Community Survey estimates (2008-2012). Analyses were conducted in 2019. Negative binomial models were used to examine predictors of military sexual assault.Results: Compared with civilian personnel, higher concentrations of military personnel on bases increased military sexual assault (incident rate ratio=1.01, p=0.025). Compared with Air Force-controlled installations, Navy and Marine bases were associated with higher military sexual assault prevalence (incident rate ratio=2.22, p<0.001; incident rate ratio=2.38, p<0.001, respectively). Community economic disadvantage was inversely related to military sexual assault (incident rate ratio=0.69, p=0.001), whereas residential mobility (incident rate ratio=1.07, p=0.002), percentage of racial/ethnic minorities (incident rate ratio=1.02, p=0.024 black; incident rate ratio=1.03, p<0.001 Hispanic), and percentage of residents who are veterans (incident rate ratio=1.13, p<0.001) were positively related to military sexual assault.Conclusions: Military sexual assault prevalence is associated with the structural characteristics of military installations and characteristics of the communities in which these installations are located. Findings suggest that further research on structural predictors of military sexual assault is needed and prevention programs and services may benefit from more community engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses data from the 2005 through 2015 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Transition to Adulthood supplement to examine the association between young adults' living arrangements and their likelihood of moving. Compared with young adults who live with their parents, young adults who live independently are about twice as likely to move within a state, and four times as likely to move between states, over a biennial period. The negative association between parental coresidence and residential movement is stronger for young men than for young women and for Hispanics than for non‐Hispanic Whites. Increases in parental coresidence explain 70% of the decline in young adults' odds of making an intrastate move, and almost one third of the decline in the odds of making an interstate move, between 2005 and 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years in the United States, there has been consistent interest in academic research and policy debate regarding household tenure choice as researchers aim to drive policy that promotes higher levels of homeownership. Despite myriad studies and debates concerning the real causes of changes in housing tenure, there is still much disagreement on the contributing factors to this phenomenon. This article offers a summary and critique of the U.S. empirical evidence on five hypotheses concerning the determinants of tenure decision: (1) income, wealth, and employment status; (2) life-cycle factors; (3) user cost, financial constraints, and economic downturn; (4) residential mobility and location; and (5) prior tenure. This study provides useful information for local and state policymakers and incorporates comprehensive empirical evidence, methodologies, and variables for tenure-choice research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines older adults' housing circumstances in the United States, including household composition, housing tenure, physical and financial aspects, geography and neighborhood characteristics, and residential mobility. Older adults' housing situations are not well-suited to their needs: homes lack accessibility features, many homes are unaffordable, and a majority of older adults live in low-density locations where transportation options are few and service delivery is difficult. As there is considerable variation among older people in their housing circumstances and preferences, a range of policy interventions is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual neighborhood audits have been used to visually assess characteristics of the built environment for health research. Few studies have investigated spatial predictive properties of audit item responses patterns, which are important for sampling efficiency and audit item selection. We investigated the spatial properties, with a focus on predictive accuracy, of 31 individual audit items related to built environment in a major Metropolitan region of the Northeast United States. Methods: Approximately 8000 Google Street View (GSV) scenes were assessed using the CANVAS virtual audit tool. Eleven trained raters audited the 360° view of each GSV scene for 10 sidewalk-, 10 intersection-, and 11 neighborhood physical disorder-related characteristics. Nested semivariograms and regression Kriging were used to investigate the presence and influence of both large- and small-spatial scale relationships as well as the role of rater variability on audit item spatial properties (measurement error, spatial autocorrelation, prediction accuracy). Receiver Operator Curve (ROC) Area Under the Curve (AUC) based on cross-validated spatial models summarized overall predictive accuracy. Correlations between predicted audit item responses and select demographic, economic, and housing characteristics were investigated. Results: Prediction accuracy was better within spatial models of all items accounting for both small-scale and large- spatial scale variation (vs large-scale only), and further improved with additional adjustment for rater in a majority of modeled items. Spatial predictive accuracy was considered 'Excellent' (0.8 ≤ ROC AUC < 0.9) for full models of all but four items. Predictive accuracy was highest and improved the most with rater adjustment for neighborhood physical disorder-related items. The largest gains in predictive accuracy comparing large- + small-scale to large-scale only models were among intersection- and sidewalk-items. Predicted responses to neighborhood physical disorder-related items correlated strongly with one another and were also strongly correlated with racial-ethnic composition, socioeconomic indicators, and residential mobility. Conclusions: Audits of sidewalk and intersection characteristics exhibit pronounced variability, requiring more spatially dense samples than neighborhood physical disorder audits do for equivalent accuracy. Incorporating rater effects into spatial models improves predictive accuracy especially among neighborhood physical disorder-related items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fast‐growing, gentrifying metro Atlanta region, poor people and immigrants are simultaneously being priced out of inner city neighborhoods and displaced by suburban revitalization initiatives. Affordable housing activists struggle to adapt their strategies to the place and pace of redevelopment. In this context, focusing on time becomes increasingly crucial to understanding people's varying experiences and responses to these phenomena. I develop this insight by attending to an often‐overlooked site of gentrification: a majority‐white, conservative, but rapidly diversifying suburb of Atlanta, Georgia. In 2012, this suburban municipality launched an ambitious plan to transform its sprawling, car‐centric landscape into a brand‐new "city center." The project, inspired by the principles of new urbanism, was only the first step toward a broader redevelopment vision targeting the city's most diverse neighborhoods. By analyzing planning documents alongside ethnographic data, I examine how affluent homeowners, renters, activists, and institutional actors differentially engaged with and endured the temporalities of redevelopment. I focus in particular on working poor Latinx families, who were first to be affected by these plans. Unlike nonresident activists, these people did not engage in overt forms of contestation, nor did they try to influence local planning decisions. Instead, they deployed various time‐tricking (Bear 2016) and place making tactics in an effort to build a life in the leftover spaces and "meantime" of redevelopment. Through creative uses of time and the re‐purposing of disinvested landscapes, Latinx residents endured the regime of temporal uncertainty and residential mobility (re)produced by redevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well‐established that children who experience adversity early in life are at high risk for developing a wide array of psychological, social, academic, behavioral, and physical health problems across the lifespan. Most of what we know about how and why adversity is harmful for children is based on research that examines characteristics of the early rearing environment that are directly threatening or harsh. These include experiences like poverty, child maltreatment, and violence in the home or neighborhood. However, early family environments that are "adverse" may also be those that are unstable or unpredictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Co-occurring mental health disorders are common among substance use disorder (SUD) patients. Medicaid expansion aimed to reduce barriers to SUD and mental health care and thereby improve treatment outcomes.Methods: We estimated change in the proportion of United States SUD treatment sites offering treatment for psychiatric comorbidities following Medicaid expansion as part of implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014. Using panel data from the 2013-2014, n = 660, and 2016-2017, n = 638, waves of the National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey (NDATSS), we estimated change in the proportion of sites offering antidepressant medication, other psychiatric medication, behavioral treatment, or any combination thereof for treatment of mental health comorbidities (i.e., beyond services focused on SUD). We modeled the impact of Medicaid expansion as an interaction between year and date of Medicaid expansion. We constructed a mixed-effects linear regression model for each outcome, with the interaction variable as the main exposure, site as a random effect, and site's average duration of treatment, proportion of clients with psychiatric comorbidities, average caseload per treatment prescribing-clinician on staff, type of facility and geographic region as covariates, to estimate a difference-in-differences (D-I-D) equation.Results: The adjusted D-I-D analysis indicated that the proportion of SUD treatment sites offering antidepressants for psychiatric treatment increased 10% (95% CI 1%, 18%) in the Medicaid expansion sites compared to non-expansion sites. The D-I-D for other psychiatric medications was also 10% (95% 1%, 19%). No significant changes were observed in behavioral treatment or the combination measure. The strongest association between Medicaid expansion and offering medication for mental health comorbidities was the 34% increase observed for residential treatment settings (95% CI 10%, 59%).Conclusion: Availability of psychiatric medication treatment in SUD treatment settings increased following Medicaid expansion, particularly in residential SUD facilities. This policy change has facilitated integrated treatment for the substantial share of SUD treatment patients with mental health comorbidities, with the greatest benefit for patients receiving SUD treatment in residential programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the role of life events on residential mobility for the general population is well documented, little is known for low-income, subsidised households. Insights into this line of inquiry are instrumental for improving housing policies and programmes that aim for a more equal distribution of residents across the economic spectrum. The present study draws on a unique data set that covers the entire low-income population participating in the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) programme from 2007 to 2013 in the state of Florida, USA. Results show that life events are strongly and significantly related to mobility decisions, while the relationship between life events and changes in neighbourhood poverty is less prominent. In light of this, a full understanding of residential mobility requires the consideration of life events by accounting for housing assistance, given its compounding effect on the mobility process and outcomes for low-income households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To investigate the association of residential mobility with flourishing among school-age children. Methods Data from the 2011/2012 National Survey of Children's Health were used to examine parent/caregiver-reported information on flourishing and residential mobility for children age 6–17 (N = 63,333). Residential mobility was the number of times the child moved categorized as: none, 1–2, and 3+. Children who were reported to show interest/curiosity, finish tasks, stay calm/in control, care about doing well in school, and do all homework were coded as flourishing. Sex-specific multivariable models were used to model the relative risk of mobility on flourishing. Interactions of mobility with age and poverty were tested. Results Among US school-age children, 22% had no moves, 39% had 1–2 moves and 39% had 3+ moves in their lifetime. Nearly half (45%) were flourishing. Both boys and girls who moved 3+ times were less likely to flourish compared to children with no moves. Among poor boys moving 3+ times was associated with less flourishing (aRR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71, 0.98) with no association for non-poor boy. Among girls the pattern was reversed (aRR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81, 0.95 for non-poor girls and no association for poor girls). Conclusions for Practice Residential mobility may lead to lower rates of flourishing. The patterns, when stratified by age or poverty, are different for boys and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Young adulthood, typically conceptualized as stretching from the late teens to the mid-twenties, is a period of elevated risk for residential mobility (i.e., moving or changing residences frequently) and drug involvement. However, our understanding of the trends and drug-related correlates of residential mobility among young adults remains limited.Methods: We analyzed national trend data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2003-2016) on residential mobility and drug involvement among young adults (N = 230,790) in the United States. For tests of trend, we conducted logistic regression analyses with survey year specified as a continuous independent variable and residential mobility as the dependent variable (no/yes), controlling for sociodemographic factors.Results: The prevalence of residential mobility was stable among females, but decreased significantly-a 20% reduction in the relative proportion of respondents-among males during the study period (AOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99). Male and female young adults reporting residential mobility were significantly more likely to report involvement in all drug-related outcomes examined, but effects were larger among females for drug selling and drug-related arrests.Discussion: Study findings show that a substantial minority of young adults experience residential mobility and that, while rates are declining among young men, the experience of mobility is connected with risk for drug involvement, particularly among females. Mobility may be an important target for drug prevention/intervention efforts, but further research is needed to provide insight into how mobility and drug involvement are connected in the lives of young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslim American women who live or have lived in the United Arab Emirates (re)produce figurative US border walls by self‐ and group‐policing choices in marriage partners. The research presented in this article concentrates on a group of Muslim women who came together through the Tablighi Jama'at (Preaching Party), their relationship with Sharjah royal family members, and their shared history of living in a neighborhood built for them in the UAE. Since 9/11, a shift has occurred in how these Muslims choose marriage partners. Before, a potential partner's religiosity was paramount; since 9/11, however, the power of a potential husband's passport (i.e., how easily he can travel visa‐free) has taken precedence. This change, I argue, can be traced to restrictions imposed by the US "War on Terror." After 9/11, Muslims became disproportionately surveilled and stereotyped. The women I study have internalized post‐9/11 security regime practices and prevent certain non‐US persons from getting citizenship through marriage. By discriminating against men without "powerful" passports, these women seamlessly perform their national, religious, and gendered identities. [marriage, (im)mobility, citizenship, Muslim Americans, United Arab Emirates] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the predicament of Inter-State Migrants (ISMs) and specificallyassesses the alienationexperienced by them in Kerala. The study followed mixed research strategy with sequential explanatory design. Cluster sampling technique was used for the selection of respondents. The results of the study reveal that82.5%of the respondents experienced a significant medium level of alienation. About 20% of the migrant labourers experience high level of alienation from the 'Malayalee society' and 34% experience a high level of alienation due to government officials such as bank officials, bus conductors, and policemen. The behaviour of contractors, supervisors, and Malayalee co-workers is having a significant impact on the level of alienation experienced by the migrant labourers. As migrant labourers play an imperative role in the rapidly growing construction sector of Kerala, they should be given due respect and appropriate welfare measures should be designed and implemented for their physical, psychological and social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile consumers are a relatively neglected market segment. This article, reporting on a comprehensive study of geographically mobile consumers, focuses on the following questions: (1) What are the socioeconomic and life cycle characteristics of the mobile market? (2) How do mobiles rebuild broken shopping patterns following a long-distance move? (3) Does the mobile segment exhibit capacity to support special marketing programs? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests the association between past-year residential transience (RT), substance use disorder (SUD), major depressive episode (MDE), and suicidal outcomes in a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized, civilian, community-dwelling adults who participated in the 2008-2013 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. RT, SUD, and MDE were each significantly associated with suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts in models adjusted for each other and sociodemographic covariates. Because RT is independently associated with each suicidal outcome, even when there is no co-occurring SUD or MDE, assessment of RT should occur when screening for suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with many developing cities, urban travel choices are rather restricted in the United States, prompting most people to drive. Recently retired from the urban planning faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, Cervero draws from both personal experiences and 3-plus decades of research in making a case for opening America's mobility marketplace to free-market forces, all the more important in this age of information technology and smart apps. It is argued that a rich mix of mobility options would take form as a result, ranging from smart jitneys to station cars and automated shuttles, that would better serve America's increasingly diverse traveling public. The emergence of a host of microtransit services in recent years, like shared ride hailing and upmarket private minibuses, bears this out. More transportation choices and new mobility niches, experiences show, can give rise to less wasted and more judicious travel. Traditional urban carriers like public buses and metered taxis can also benefit from a more open, technology-informed mobility marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]