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STEM-related educational outreach offers students enriching opportunities to become more familiar with science, in terms of how it relates to their daily lives and with respect to possible career paths that they might want to follow. At the same time, graduate student trainees providing that outreach act as important resources for elementary and high school teachers while they hone their teaching skills and build confidence in the classroom. In this paper, six graduate students and recent graduates share their experiences with a variety of outreach programs that link young people with science in both Canada and the United States.

Aims: This review aims to identify and explore the specific beliefs that influence children and young people's (CYP's) attitudes towards the transgender population. Method: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken and a total of 14 studies were included in the review. The review included studies from the United States, Europe, and Asia. Each study was appraised using Gough's (2007) Weight of Evidence Framework and awarded a quality assurance rating of low, medium, or high quality. Findings: The review identified three sets of beliefs that appear to influence CYP's attitudes towards the transgender population: Heteronormativity, conservatism and gender essentialism. Gender differences in beliefs were found to influence attitudes towards the transgender population as a whole and towards Male-to-Female (MtF) individuals and Female-to-Male (FtM) individuals. Limitations: The key limitation within this review is that the mechanisms through which beliefs influence CYP attitudes are hypothetical. Further insight using qualitative approaches would deepen the understanding of the underpinnings of attitudes towards the transgender population, particularly transprejudice. A variety of measures were used across the included studies which limits the comparability of the finding and conclusions drawn. Conclusions: This review identified three sets of beliefs that influence attitudes towards the transgender population. These beliefs represent a traditional, binary model of gender that contrasts with the experiences of gender-diverse populations. A more inclusive model of gender is proposed whereby acceptance, diversity and belonging are promoted.

The global rise of 'neo-populism', culminating in the election of the populist Republican candidate Donald Trump to the US presidency, has been accompanied by a notable backlash and resistance to what has been categorised as governing/dominating 'elites', including HE academic institutions. Populist critiques centre on a perceived climate of censorship on campus in the name of 'political correctness'. In this paper I examine some of the arguments put forward by proponents and detractors in these debates, utlising some examples from empirical data from a study of online student newspaper posts in 2016 and 2017 from campuses in the US and the UK. In doing so I will be exploring the ways in which the debates are underpinned by distinct gendered, classed and 'raced' discourses that are linked not only to differing conceptions of 'truth' but also the nature and purpose of learning in the university itself.

Student experience surveys have become increasingly popular to probe various aspects of processes and outcomes in higher education, such as measuring student perceptions of the learning environment and identifying aspects that could be improved. This paper reports on a particular survey for evaluating individual experiments that has been developed over some 15 years as part of a large national Australian study pertaining to the area of undergraduate laboratories--Advancing Science by Enhancing Learning in the Laboratory. This paper reports on the development of the survey instrument and the evaluation of the survey using student responses to experiments from different institutions in Australia, New Zealand and the USA. A total of 3153 student responses have been analysed using factor analysis. Three factors, "motivation," "assessment" and "resources," have been identified as contributing to improved student attitudes to laboratory activities. A central focus of the survey is to provide feedback to practitioners to iteratively improve experiments. Implications for practitioners and researchers are also discussed.

This experiential teaching method demonstrates students' enhanced understanding of the influences that cross-cultural perspectives have on the interior design of the home and is achieved through research and application of elements of assimilation and acculturation in the United States. Knowledge of human factors, family dynamics, geographic influences, religiosity, and spirituality gave students foundational understanding that guided their comprehensive designs. The final interior residential environments reflected the traditions, rituals, and meaning, demonstrating students' deeper knowledge and interpretation of cultural context and its impact on the design of the residents' home. Students discussed their learning experiences during a juried group critique of their project work. (Contains 1 table.)

The United States' black/white health gap is an important consequence of racial inequality. The gap is large, shows little signs of declining, and explanations have been limited by lack of theory and data. A new direction that offers potential for theoretical development is a focus on black immigrants, a group that shares the same racial status as U.S.-born blacks but experiences significantly better health. Using new data on the 2000-2002 National Health Interview Surveys, we disaggregate black immigrants by region of birth and develop a thesis that emphasizes the interplay of selectivity and racial context of origin for understanding health disparities among black Americans, namely that majority white contexts have deleterious health effects. The results indicate that grouping together foreign-born blacks conceals important health differentials among this population. Compared to U.S.-born blacks, black immigrants from minority white (Africa, South America) and racially mixed (West Indies) regions have superior health, while those from majority white (Europe) regions fare no better. A similar gradient exists among black immigrants, with Africans faring the best, followed by South Americans, then West Indians, with European blacks having the poorest health. Though these findings are not the definitive test of our theory, they are suggestive. They point us to understanding the mechanisms in the United States--racial context--that worsen the health and well being of black Americans, foreign- and native-born alike. (Contains 3 figures, 3 tables, and 5 endnotes.)

Discusses database usage data from a sample of 98 public libraries and library systems in the United States and Canada that revealed patterns of use. Results of the questionnaire used, which is appended, showed the number of workstations was statistically correlated with amount of use. (Author/LRW)

Importance: As a new Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education® standard, knowledge translation (KT) is an important concept to occupational therapy. A better understanding of KT in occupational therapy research could inform its relevance to occupational therapy education, research, and practice. Objective: To answer the question "To what extent does published U.S.-based occupational therapy research that is explicitly underpinned by a KT theory, model, or framework reflect processes and concepts outlined in the knowledge-to-action (KTA) framework?" Design: A systematic search was conducted to purposively sample U.S.-based occupational therapy research. A content analysis of 11 articles explored concepts of the KTA framework. Outcomes and Measures: KTA was used as a conceptual foundation. Results: Multiple sources of data mapped onto concepts in the knowledge creation cycle and each of the first five concepts of the knowledge action cycle. We found that three concepts from the knowledge action cycle—monitor knowledge use, evaluate outcomes, and sustain knowledge use—were not well represented in the sample. Conclusions and Relevance: Future research on the monitoring, evaluation, and sustained use of occupational therapy interventions is needed. The adoption of new interventions is important, and the knowledge of how they are sustained in practice will facilitate the clinical integration of future interventions. What This Article Adds: Occupational therapy research that uses KT lacks an emphasis on monitoring and sustaining evidence-informed interventions. Future research on the integration of such interventions into clinical practice is needed so that best practices in occupational therapy can be promoted. This study highlights the need for future research that emphasizes the monitoring, evaluation, and sustained use of occupational therapy interventions that are underpinned by a knowledge translation theory, model, or framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Due to a combination of unique circumstances, opioid use and misuse in the United States have escalated dramatically over the past 15 years, resulting in a national crisis. Method: To bring together work that addresses the role that psychologists can play in responding to this crisis, we assembled this special issue. Results: The papers included in this issue underscore critical matters for continued consideration, and point to directions for further action and investigation. Conclusions: Themes that emerged from this collection of papers suggest numerous opportunities for the field as we seek to respond collectively to the crisis now facing our country. Due to a combination of unique circumstances, opioid use has escalated dramatically over the past 15 years, resulting in a national public health crisis. These concluding remarks highlight ways in which psychologists may seek to address this crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to degraded water quality, federal policy makers in the US and Canada called for a 40% reduction in phosphorus (P) loads to Lake Erie, and state and provincial policy makers in the Great Lakes region set a load-reduction target for the year 2025. Here, we configured five separate SWAT ( US Department of Agriculture's Soil and Water Assessment Tool) models to assess load reduction strategies for the agriculturally dominated Maumee River watershed, the largest P source contributing to toxic algal blooms in Lake Erie. Although several potential pathways may achieve the target loads, our results show that any successful pathway will require large-scale implementation of multiple practices. For example, one successful pathway involved targeting 50% of row cropland that has the highest P loss in the watershed with a combination of three practices: subsurface application of P fertilizers, planting cereal rye as a winter cover crop, and installing buffer strips. Achieving these levels of implementation will require local, state/provincial, and federal agencies to collaborate with the private sector to set shared implementation goals and to demand innovation and honest assessments of water quality-related programs, policies, and partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role that aspirational learning and art specialist educators play in art education, referencing research conducted by National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) survey. An overview of the relationship between art students' test scores and achievement and instruction from art specialists is provided.

Lake water quality is affected by local and regional drivers, including lake physical characteristics, hydrology, landscape position, land cover, land use, geology, and climate. Here, we demonstrate the utility of hypothesis testing within the landscape limnology framework using a random forest algorithm on a national-scale, spatially explicit data set, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 2007 National Lakes Assessment. For 1026 lakes, we tested the relative importance of water quality drivers across spatial scales, the importance of hydrologic connectivity in mediating water quality drivers, and how the importance of both spatial scale and connectivity differ across response variables for five important in-lake water quality metrics (total phosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, turbidity, and conductivity). By modeling the effect of water quality predictors at different spatial scales, we found that lake-specific characteristics (e.g., depth, sediment area-tovolume ratio) were important for explaining water quality (54-60% variance explained), and that regionalization schemes were much less effective than lake specific metrics (28-39% variance explained). Basin-scale land use and land cover explained between 45-62% of variance, and forest cover and agricultural land uses were among the most important basin-scale predictors. Water quality drivers did not operate independently; in some cases, hydrologic connectivity (the presence of upstream surface water features) mediated the effect of regional-scale drivers. For example, for water quality in lakes with upstream lakes, regional classification schemes were much less effective predictors than lake-specific variables, in contrast to lakes with no upstream lakes or with no surface inflows. At the scale of the continental United States, conductivity was explained by drivers operating at larger spatial scales than for other water quality responses. The current regulatory practice of using regionalization schemes to guide water quality criteria could be improved by consideration of lake-specific characteristics, which were the most important predictors of water quality at the scale of the continental United States. The spatial extent and high quality of contextual data available for this analysis makes this work an unprecedented application of landscape limnology theory to water quality data. Further, the demonstrated importance of lake morphology over other controls on water quality is relevant to both aquatic scientists and managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We critique a proposal to use catch shares to manage transboundary wildlife resources with potentially high non-extractive values, and we focus on the case of whales. Because whales are impure public goods, a policy that fails to capture all nonmarket benefits (due to free riding) could lead to a suboptimal outcome. Even if free riding were overcome, whale shares would face four implementation challenges. First, a whale share could legitimize the international trade in whale meat and expand the whale meat market. Second, a legal whale trade creates monitoring and enforcement challenges similar to those of organizations that manage highly migratory species such as tuna. Third, a whale share could create a new political economy of management that changes incentives and increases costs for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to achieve the current level of conservation. Fourth, a whale share program creates new logistical challenges for quota definition and allocation regardless of whether the market for whale products expands or contracts. Each of these issues, if left unaddressed, could result in lower overall welfare for society than under the status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry producers in the United States have begun using different types of bedding materials in production houses. Release into the environment of nutrients from applied poultry litter (PL) made with different bedding materials has not been investigated, and little information is available on nutrient concentrations in soils that receive broiler litter made with such materials. In this greenhouse study, two bedding materials (rice hulls and pine chips) in PL and two nutrient-immobilizing agents (gypsum and biochar) were applied to bermudagrass, and chemical and microbial contents of runoff water, soil properties, and plant growth were evaluated. Treatments with rice hull bedding material in PL had less runoff nutrient and greater soil soluble N and P compared with pine chip bedding. Gypsum and biochar both significantly reduced C, N, P, Cu, and Zn losses from the first runoff event, which were reduced by 26, 30, 37, 38, and 38% and by 25, 24, 30, 29, and 35%, respectively, but only gypsum obviously reduced these nutrients from later events. Potassium, Ca, Mg, and Mn increased by 2, 36, 11, and 9 times, respectively, and soluble P, Cu, and Fe significantly decreased by 68, 72, and 98%, respectively, in soil amended with gypsum. Rice hull PL in combination with gypsum significantly increased the growth of bermudagrass. Our results indicate that rice hull PL posed less risk for nutrient loss than pine chip PL when applied to fields and that gypsum was better than biochar for reducing runoff C, N, P, and Cu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hip fracture in the elderly population is a serious issue affecting the quality of life for many individuals and imposing a considerable public burden. The costs in terms of health care spending and mortality are well recognized. Numerous risk factors have been linked to the occurrence of hip fractures. Factors related to bone density and risk for falls have received the greatest attention. Hip fractures can be classified as extracapsular or intracapsular. Numerous surgical options are utilized to address hip fractures. Diagnosis of hip fractures is made through the combination of patient history, physical examination, and imaging modalities. Prevention programs emphasize a multidisciplinary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: United States fisheries are increasingly relying on catch share programs for fisheries management, but the relationship of these programs with compliance and enforcement behavior is not well understood. This study uses historical enforcement records and surveys of fishery participants to investigate how imposition of catch share management in the Gulf of Mexico commercial reef fish fishery has altered patterns of fisheries violations and fisher perceptions of changes in compliance. This fishery has been partially managed under individual fishing quotas (IFQs) since 2007, allowing for comparison of compliance and enforcement prior to and after introduction of catch share management. The shift to catch shares in this fishery has yielded minor but expected changes in enforcement activity. The overall number of cases declined, and the mix of cases shifted: enforcement incidents related to reporting and recordkeeping became more common and catch limit and permit cases declined. These changes are consistent with expectations about the effects of catch shares. However, confidence in these results is limited by the low number of applicable cases, the effects of enforcement effort on case frequency, and the effects of other management system changes during the study—most notably, new vessel monitoring system (VMS) and observer program requirements. Limitations in the enforcement data and survey data both suggest that noncompliance in the Gulf of Mexico reef fish fishery is higher than suggested by the low number of relevant records in the federal enforcement database, but that compliance has improved in the sector under catch share management. The study concludes that increased enforcement resources may be justified to ensure continued compliance benefits and to ensure the accuracy of landings records. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Laurentian Great Lakes is the world's largest freshwater ecosystem. A charge of the Great Lakes Observing System (GLOS) Regional Association is to help coordinate and integrate data and information relative to the needs of multiple user communities-decision makers with responsibility for coastal resources, maritime operations, human health and water security data, and issues associated with adapting to climate change and weather-related hazards. This article outlines the process GLOS has developed for determining regional data and information needs, how GLOS outreach activities inform data management functions and the development of decision support tools, and how the nearshore network of multiple observation platform types was conceived and is being implemented. The article finishes with a case study of this approach as it is being applied to source water protection, spill response, and search and rescue in the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and Detroit River, the connecting channels that link Lake Huron to Lake Erie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fisheries observers can both collect scientific data and report on compliance with fisheries regulations. Observers are used only for scientific purposes in most US fisheries. However, North Pacific groundfish fisheries observers are required to report violations of fisheries regulations that they witness. Based on evaluation of historical enforcement incidents and survey data, this paper considers the effects of mandatory reporting in the North Pacific. The goal of this analysis is to determine whether and how observer enforcement in the North Pacific differs from observer enforcement in other US fisheries and to determine what benefits observer enforcement might yield if adopted in other fisheries. Mandatory observer reporting increases incident reports compared to fisheries without mandatory reporting requirements. Observers also report violation types, including illegal discard and retention, that otherwise are rarely identified by traditional dockside or at-sea enforcement resources. However, observer-reported cases are prosecuted less often than cases directly identified by fisheries enforcement officers. The reasons for lower prosecution rates are unclear but do not appear to result from incorrect identification of violations. In the light of recent studies indicating that noncompliance with fisheries regulations is an increasing concern in some fisheries due to decreasing total catch limits, this paper concludes that observers represent a unique enforcement resource that can facilitate detection and penalization of violations. However, increased prosecution of observer-reported data is needed to reduce incentives for noncompliance when observers are onboard. The substantial benefits of observer enforcement may outweigh concerns regarding data biases and observer safety that have limited observer reporting to date. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Genocide is one of the most challenging problems of our age. In her book, "A Problem from Hell:" America and the Age of Genocide, Samantha Power (2002) argues that the United States, while in a position to intervene in genocide, has lacked the will to do so, and therefore it is incumbent on the U.S. citizenry to pressure their government to act. This article reviews how the topic of genocide raises questions along the fault lines of the field of Peace and Conflict Studies (PACS). In this article, a framework is provided to examine genocide and responses to it. This includes a review of a multiplicity of factors that (a) facilitate genocide, (b) constrain action in the face of it, and (c) facilitate intervention. In this analysis, further consideration is given to the location of the actor either within the region of the conflict or external to it. Our goal is to situate the study of genocide in the PACS field and promote to the articulation of possibilities for intervention by individuals, organizations, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a research paper which aims to develop data accuracy of roadway departure crashes (RD) in the U.S, along with its implications. It cites a review of related literature, reports from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and analysis of some cases of RD crashes in Virginia. It states that the paper revealed that there are inadequate definitions for RD crashes and some discrepancies in reports of regarding RD death.

The United States Marine Mammal Protection Act contains a provision that requires imported fisheries products to be captured in a manner that does not result in greater incidental mortality or serious injury of marine mammals than authorized under domestic standards. The provision has existed for many years but was implemented as a Final Rule for the first time in 2017. The Rule has the potential to provide unprecedented conservation benefits for marine mammals worldwide and will affect more than 100 harvesting nations that export fisheries products to the U.S. To understand the potential effects of the new Rule, we conducted a review of current regulatory frameworks in select exporting countries and performed an analysis of marine mammal bycatch data contributed by 23 exporting nations likely to comply with the Rule. The countries we examined fell into three broad groupings. The first group of countries has robust fisheries and marine mammal management systems and routinely collects data on marine mammal abundance and bycatch. The second group has fisheries management systems that address bycatch in general terms, but less information is available on marine mammal populations, and specific policies regarding marine mammal protection or bycatch are lacking. Fisheries management in the third group is less robust, enforcement capacity is lacking and very little, if any, data on marine mammals or bycatch are available. In general, reports of marine mammal bycatch aligned with our categorizations of exporting countries. All countries in the first group reported at least some bycatch data. In the second group, two of five countries lacked any quantitative bycatch data and in the third group, no countries reported bycatch data. We conclude that it will be challenging for the United States to issue comparability findings for many exporting countries under the conditions outlined in the Rule. Nevertheless, we expect that some countries will increase protective measures for marine mammals in attempts to meet these standards and that the Rule will have a net positive effect on the conservation status of marine mammals globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which looks into the implication of the Bayesian approach as an analytical method for using fertilities and the two types of age-at-death data, including the age structure of deaths with reference to the mortality sources and the anthropogenic mortality on those assumed being in a stable age structure in the U.S. Data gathered between 1977 to 1993 in areas like the Gulf of Maine, the U.S., and Bay of Fundy is accordingly used in tracking the anthropogenic mortality rate. Meanwhile, researchers claim that the method should be adaptable to other taxanomic group of animals where fertility and age-at-death dare exist.

Discusses ways on how an art teacher can deal with a student's violent imagery and relate their art work to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. Views of child psychiatrist Robert Coles on the issue; Model used for dialogue between inner and outer experience; Four stages of the E.B. Feldman Method of art criticism.

The 1997 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in the arts was the first national assessment of its kind in almost two decades. Results from the original assessment challenge the assumption that any exposure to art education has an impact on what middle school students know and can do in the visual arts. In 2000, an arts-magnet middle school adapted and readministered the Collage block from 1997 NAEP test as a means of assessing the performance of seventh- and eighth- grade students in visual art classes. A new rubric emphasized skill in recognizing and employing combinations of visual qualitative relationships for the construction of meaning. It was found that achievement on this test did not correlate to academic success in any other subject area. Furthermore, test results demonstrated an unusually low bias for social economic status. This suggests that results demonstrate cognitive achievement not captured through other existing forms of assessment. Thus, the new rubric provides a template for constructing an art curriculum that explicitly develops a distinctive dimension of thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigators undertook a secondary analysis of 1997 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Arts data to clarify the structure of relationships associated with visual arts achievement among eighth-grade students. Items from three NAEP surveys answered by students and school personnel as part of the visual arts assessment were considered as sets of indicators for underlying constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test a structural model presenting demographics (background characteristics), resources, and opportunities to learn categories. Factors within the three categories were found to be significantly related to dependent variables for arts achievement (responding and creating). The secondary analysis reported here embraces the rich complexity of the NAEP arts assessment, postulating that coordinated study of its vision, framework, procedures, and data has enormous potential to inform art educators and policy makers, particularly those interested in America's middle schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the analysis of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) report card in the visual arts. It is posed that in 1998 the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) released the NAEP 1997 Arts Report Card. The report card presents various aspects of the most recent nationwide study of arts learning. Moreover, the National Art Education Association, through general sessions at the National Conference in 1999 in Washington, D.C. and within the Task Force and Research Commission structure, financed travel for a team of arts researchers to attend a government-sponsored workshop for advance statistical analysis of NAEP data.

The article reports that the Committee on Standards of Admission of Alpha Kappa Delta presented its tentative report to the annual meeting of the fraternity in Chicago, on Saturday, December 28, 1940. The committee was instructed to publish a brief summary of its findings together with suggestions for possible future action. The initial chapter of Alpha Kappa Delta, founded in November, 1920, at the University of Southern California, admitted as members those graduate students and advanced undergraduates who were interested in social research, who were desirous of meeting together for the discussion of sociological problems and who indicated permanent interest in sociology. When the first meeting of the United Chapters was held, in 1924, only four chapters were in existence but already certain differences in admission standards had become evident. Throughout its history the national organization has allowed broad freedom to individual chapters in order that they might adapt standards of admission to local needs, with the result that extremely wide variations now exist.

Presents a letter to members of the Alpha Kappa Delta from its national president. Significance of social problems for the organization; Role of the organization in the cultural unification in the U.S.; Improvements in the organization.