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To better understand the status of the teaching profession, we present a conceptual framework outlining the 4 domains of knowledge-worker professionals: professional benchmarks, professional discretion, room for promotion, and workplace conditions and use the TALIS 2013 survey data to show that these domains exist globally and vary within countries. Across more than 30 school systems, we address the question: "To what extent does the level and type of professionalism afforded to individual teachers shape their perceptions of the esteem of their profession?" The strongest domain traits that correlate with feeling valued as a teacher are teachers' satisfaction with their working conditions, involvement in school decision making, and the chance to be recognized for good work. This framework shapes an actionable set of concepts that policymakers can use to address attraction and retention to the profession system-wide and that school leaders can use to improve working conditions in their own schools.

This study examined diverse older adults' (n = 396, ages 50+) views about how to stay mentally sharp. We conducted 42 focus groups in four languages at nine United States locations using a standardized discussion guide and methods. The groups represented African Americans, American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos, Whites other than Latinos, and Vietnamese Americans. All groups mentioned benefits of social interaction. All groups, especially Chinese and African Americans, mentioned benefits of community engagement. Participants in all groups expressed their belief that mental stimulation, particularly reading, promoted cognitive health; African Americans and Whites were especially likely to say that mental exercises (e.g., puzzles) were useful. Results suggest opportunities for education about potential cognitive health benefits of being socially connected through senior center activities and volunteer programs. (Contains 2 tables.)

The authors classified citations included in papers presented at 10 International Society for Music Education (ISME) biennial International Research Commission Seminars across an 18-year period (1988-2006) based on the six world regions as specified by the ISME Research Commission. Citations (N = 4,535) were examined from 238 papers presented at the 12th through 21st seminars. There were 2,250 citations from 407 journals, the most prevalent sources. Twenty-eight papers from this sample were multinational in nature, with 79% (n = 22) of these by U.S. researchers as either sole or senior authors. The main result of this study is that the researchers from around the world who were presenters at these seminars primarily cited sources within their own geographical regions. Additionally, the "Journal of Research in Music Education" was by far the most referenced journal throughout the entire sample. (Contains 2 tables.)

The purpose of the present study was to determine if pre-service music educators could discriminate between novice and expert choral directors irrespective of the proficiency of the choral ensemble. A secondary purpose was to compare study results elicited in the USA with those from participants in Europe, South America and Asia. Previous research has indicated that teaching proficiency can be evaluated by people who are not speakers of the language of the lesson, but these evaluations have always occurred with participants in a natural environment, i.e., good teachers teaching students who perform well and deficient teachers in front of students who are struggling. This study was conducted to see if good teaching could still be identified, irrespective of student proficiency. Participants viewed videotapes of four different choral conductors from the USA. Two conductors were proficient and experienced, and two were novices. Participants viewed these conductors in the following counterbalanced settings: (1) an accomplished conductor conducting a fine choral ensemble; (2) an accomplished conductor conducting a poor choral ensemble; (3) a novice conductor conducting a fine choral ensemble; and (4) a novice conductor conducting a poor choral ensemble. Participants wrote observational comments and gave each teacher an evaluative numeric rating. Results of the quantitative data analysis indicated that participants evaluated the skills of the teacher and not the proficiency of the ensembles. Furthermore, results of the qualitative data analysis indicated that there were not only differences between participants from different continents, but also vast differences regarding the topics on which the participants commented, dependent upon the level of the conductor being observed. (Contains 1 figure and 3 tables.)

This study was the third in a series examining the relationships among conductors, ensembles' performances, and festival ratings. Participants (N = 51) were asked to score the quality of video-only conducting and parallel audio-only excerpts of performances at a state-level concert festival of nine bands, three each that had received ratings of Superior (I), Excellent (II), or Good (III). There was no significant difference among scores for conducting across festival ratings; however, there were significant differences among ensemble performance scores, with bands receiving Superior ratings scoring higher than those receiving ratings of Excellent or Good. No relationship was found between scores given conductors and their respective ensembles' performances. Participants were also asked to give reasons (N = 1,393) for the scores. The comments were used to develop emergent themes based on what participants attended to, and trends were found regarding aspects of conducting and performances that had positive or negative influences. (Contains 3 tables.)

This study examines the gendered experiences of working class, nontraditional postsecondary students in the context of the Great Recession. Based on in-depth interviews with 75 students, and a longitudinal analysis of their academic transcripts 6 to 8 years later, we find that both men and women emphasized the importance of providing for their families. In the context of an economic downturn, interviewees were concerned about improving their job prospects with educational credentials to ensure greater financial stability. Yet whereas men focused primarily on financially providing for their families as their reason for enrolling in college, women emphasized both providing for their families and self-development. This blending of the perceived purposes of education suggests that women expressed a more complex, multifaceted understanding of their reasons for enrolling in education. This study has implications for not only the Great Recession but motivations for enrolling during other recessions, including the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research enterprise in the United States is a vast one, with at least 15 music education and two music therapy research journals. This is in addition to the multitude of papers presented at a myriad of state, regional and national conferences, including the hundreds of papers presented at the biannual meetings of the Music Educators National Conference (MENC): National Association for Music Education. Much of the USA music education research occurs in situ, such as general music classrooms and secondary ensemble rehearsals, and examines the impact of different aspects of teaching strategies on students' attentiveness, attitudes and achievement, as well as studying informal learning. While common in the USA, it is unusual to see work in the UK that focuses on ensemble conducting or music classroom or ensemble management. Also, work in the USA can be classified under the titles used by the Special Research Interest Groups of MENC: Affective Response, Adult and Community Music Education, Creativity, Early Childhood, Gender Research in Music Education, History, Instructional Strategies, Learning and Development, Measurement and Evaluation, Perception and Cognition, Philosophy, and Social Sciences. Of late, there has been an increased interest in multicultural issues in research as well. There is a deficit of published philosophical inquiry, however.

The opioid epidemic has become a severe public health problem, with approximately 130 opioid-induced deaths occurring each day in the United States. Prescription opioids are responsible for approximately 40% of these deaths. Oxycodone is one of the most commonly abused prescription opioids, but despite its prevalent misuse, the number of preclinical studies investigating oxycodone-seeking behaviors is relatively limited. Furthermore, preclinical oxycodone studies that include female subjects are even more scarce, and it is critical that future work includes both sexes. Additionally, the oral route of administration is one of the most common routes for recreational users, especially in the early stages of drug experimentation. However, currently, only two studies have been published investigating operant oral oxycodone self-administration in rodents. Therefore, the primary goal of the present study was to establish an oral oxycodone operant self-administration model in adult male and female rats, as well as to examine a potential mechanism of stress-primed reinstatement. We found that females consumed significantly more oral oxycodone than males in operant self-administration sessions. We also found that active oxycodone self-administration was reduced by mu opioid receptor antagonism and by substitution of water for oxycodone solution. Lastly, we induced stress-primed reinstatement and found that this behavior was significantly attenuated by antagonism of the neurokinin-1 receptor, consistent with our prior work examining stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol- and cocaine-seeking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health care operations managers need to balance scheduling frequent follow-ups for patients with chronic conditions and fitting in patients requiring care for new complaints.Objective: We quantify how frequency of follow-up visits corresponds with access to care for patients receiving care from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).Design: We use patient data collected between October 2013 and June 2016 by the Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients (SHEP). Our sample is comprised of 94,496 patients. We estimate logistic models with 1-month lagged facility-level predictors.Main Measures: We calculate monthly measures characterizing facility-level service provision, including the average time between successive primary care visits, the average primary care visit length, the percentage of primary care appointments that are overbooked, the percent of visits that are unscheduled (i.e., walk-ins), and the ratio of patients to providers. We control for economic factors that are associated with health care supply and demand, including median household income, veteran priority status, the Zillow Housing Price Index, and veteran unemployment rates. We also control for patient demographics.Patients: We restrict the data to patients with at least one in-person primary care visit who have provided information on their ability to access urgent and routine care.Key Results: We find that shorter average follow-up times are associated with better access for patients needing urgent or routine care. A 1-month increase in the average time between successive primary care visits is associated with 10% (p < 0.001) lower odds of reporting being able to access urgent care within 1 day and 13% (p < 0.001) lower odds of reporting usually or always being able to access routine care when needed.Conclusion: Facilities with higher average follow-up times are more likely to have patients report that they are unable to quickly access urgent or routine primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increased awareness of hunger and food insecurity on college campuses. Recent estimates suggest that food insecurity affects as many as 4 out of 10 college students. As a result, over 650 US colleges have established campus food pantries. The College and University Pantries (CUP) research team at the University of Michigan-Dearborn has worked to create a community of practice in Michigan among campus pantry directors by hosting 2 summits designed around networking, problem-solving, and sharing best practices. This article describes the Michigan community of practice as an example for other regions doing similar work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular screening in young athletes is widely recommended and routinely performed prior to participation in competitive sports. While there is general agreement that early detection of cardiac conditions at risk for sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) is an important objective, the optimal strategy for cardiovascular screening in athletes remains an issue of considerable debate. At the centre of the controversy is the addition of a resting ECG to the standard preparticipation evaluation using history and physical examination. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) formed a task force to address the current evidence and knowledge gaps regarding preparticipation cardiovascular screening in athletes from the perspective of a primary care sports medicine physician. The absence of definitive outcome-based evidence at this time precludes AMSSM from endorsing any single or universal cardiovascular screening strategy for all athletes, including legislative mandates. This statement presents a new paradigm to assist the individual physician in assessing the most appropriate cardiovascular screening strategy unique to their athlete population, community needs and resources. The decision to implement a cardiovascular screening programme, with or without the addition of ECG, necessitates careful consideration of the risk of SCA/D in the targeted population and the availability of cardiology resources and infrastructure. Importantly, it is the individual physician's assessment in the context of an emerging evidence base that the chosen model for early detection of cardiac disorders in the specific population provides greater benefit than harm. AMSSM is committed to advancing evidenced-based research and educational initiatives that will validate and promote the most efficacious strategies to foster safe sport participation and reduce SCA/D in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular screening in young athletes is widely recommended and routinely performed prior to participation in competitive sports. While there is general agreement that early detection of cardiac conditions at risk for sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) is an important objective, the optimal strategy for cardiovascular screening in athletes remains an issue of considerable debate. At the center of the controversy is the addition of a resting electrocardiogram (ECG) to the standard preparticipation evaluation using history and physical examination. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) formed a task force to address the current evidence and knowledge gaps regarding preparticipation cardiovascular screening in athletes from the perspective of a primary care sports medicine physician. The absence of definitive outcomes-based evidence at this time precludes AMSSM from endorsing any single or universal cardiovascular screening strategy for all athletes, including legislative mandates. This statement presents a new paradigm to assist the individual physician in assessing the most appropriate cardiovascular screening strategy unique to their athlete population, community needs, and resources. The decision to implement a cardiovascular screening program, with or without the addition of ECG, necessitates careful consideration of the risk of SCA/D in the targeted population and the availability of cardiology resources and infrastructure. Importantly, it is the individual physician's assessment in the context of an emerging evidence-base that the chosen model for early detection of cardiac disorders in the specific population provides greater benefit than harm. AMSSM is committed to advancing evidenced-based research and educational initiatives that will validate and promote the most efficacious strategies to foster safe sport participation and reduce SCA/D in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The school quality assessment process under No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is criticized for oversimplifying and overemphasizing standardized test results and unfairly targeting diverse, urban schools. There has been much development in alternative test score evaluations, especially value-added models. These developments have tilted the public discourse away from the original discussion about how to best assess school quality. Although test scores are an important metric for learning, school quality embodies more than this external evaluation. Stakeholders are uniquely positioned to internally evaluate the school learning environment that is central to school quality. This study compares the external NCLB testing-based assessment to the internal stakeholder assessment using longitudinal data from Milwaukee’s School Climate Report Cards. Each tool is found to have scope limits and vulnerabilities to exogenous bias based on school and student-body characteristics. Combining both evaluations forms a broader assessment, reduces biases, and widens the evaluation of school quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to examine the role and involvement of the two largest private prisons corporations in the US, Corrections Corporations of America (CCA) and The GEO Group, Inc., in the immigration policymaking arena. Recent news reported the role of private prison industry in sponsoring and drafting Arizona's immigration bill, Senate Bill 1070. Following Arizona's SB 1070, 36 state legislatures proposed copycat bills. This is alarming because immigrants and noncitizens continue to grow in detainment and are creating profit for the private prisons that house them as the US continues in and even expands its War on Terror. Parallels of the private prisons' role in sponsoring bills that encouraged harsher, longer sentences during the US's previous War on Drugs that generated them profits for are presented. We find that both CCA and The GEO Group, Inc. spent over 90% of their lobbying dollars between 2003 and 2012 in states that proposed Arizona copycat bills; campaign contributions by these two corporations in states that proposed copycat bills are also illustrated. Implications of heightened securitisation governance and compromises to American democracy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study is presented concerning Evangelical reform and patriotism in southern Illinois between 1852 and 1900. It examines the organization the Southern Illinois Conference (SIC) of the Methodist Episcopal Church, religious zeal in southern Illinois during the era known as the Gilded Age, and what the author identifies as Midwestern characteristics of faith, nationalism, and patriotism. The article discusses the emphasis of the Bible, observance of the Sabbath, and temperance efforts among evangelicals.

The Supreme Court's recent decision in City of Arlington v. Federal Communications Commission has largely escaped notice, but is potentially a significant administrative law case. Although the Court granted the case to decide whether an agency should receive deference in deciding the scope of its own jurisdictions-the Court held that it should-the majority, concurring, and dissenting Justices debated a different question that can be traced back to the origins of the Chevron doctrine: whether, prior to affording Chevron deference, a court must first ascertain whether Congress intended to delegate to the agency the power to interpret the particular statutory provision at issue. The majority held that a court need not do so. Such a holding may have potentially significant consequences for administrative law. For example, under Arlington, courts would no longer adjust their level of deference depending upon the importance or nature of the statutory ambiguity in question. And courts may seek to counterbalance the wide interpretive authority given to agencies by rejuvenating other administrative law doctrines, such as the nondelegation doctrine, that place limits on an agency's freedom of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied how older people describe others with cognitive impairment. Forty-two focus groups represented African Americans, American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos, Vietnamese Americans, and Whites other than Latinos (Whites) (N = 396, ages 50+), in nine locations in the United States of America. Axial coding connected categories and identified themes. The constant comparison method compared themes across ethnic groups. African Americans, American Indians and Whites emphasised memory loss. African Americans, American Indians, Latinos and Whites stressed withdrawal, isolation and repetitive speech. African Americans, American Indians, Vietnamese Americans and Whites emphasised ‘slow thinking’. Only Whites described mood swings and personality changes. Many participants attributed dementia to stress. Terms describing others with dementia included ‘Alzheimer's’, ‘dementia’, ‘senile’ and ‘crazy’. Euphemisms were common (‘senior moment’, ‘old timer's disease’). Responses focused on memory, with limited mention of other cognitive functions. Differences among ethnic groups in descriptions of cognitive health and cognitive impairment underscore the need to tailor public health messages about cognitive health to ways that people construe its loss, and to their interest in maintaining it, so that messages and terms used are familiar, understandable and relevant to the groups for which they are designed. Health promotion efforts should develop ethnically sensitive ways to address the widely held misperception that even serious cognitive impairment is a normal characteristic of ageing and also to address stigma associated with cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Recent experimental work in social exchange offers keen insight into factors that enhance commitment to individuals, groups, and relationships. In this article we explore the relevance of this work to school settings. Specifically, we use structural equation modeling and data from the 2004 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) to test whether the commitment-enhancing processes laid out in Lawler’s affect theory of social exchange might reduce teacher turnover, an issue plaguing school districts across the country. Our results support such a model and demonstrate the importance of interdependence for fostering commitment among teachers, with interaction, affect, and cohesion as intervening factors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We studied concerns about cognitive health among ethnically diverse groups of older adults. The study was grounded in theories of health behaviour and the representation of health and illness. We conducted 42 focus groups (N=396, ages 50+) in four languages, with African Americans, American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos, Whites other than Latinos (hereafter, Whites) and Vietnamese Americans, in nine United States locations. Participants discussed concerns about keeping their memory or ability to think as they age. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim. Constant comparison methods identified themes. In findings, all ethnic groups expressed concern and fear about memory loss, losing independence, and becoming ‘a burden’. Knowing someone with Alzheimer's disease increased concern. American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos and Vietnamese Americans expected memory loss. American Indians, Chinese Americans and Vietnamese Americans were concerned about stigma associated with Alzheimer's disease. Only African Americans, Chinese and Whites expressed concern about genetic risks. Only African Americans and Whites expressed concern about behaviour changes. Although we asked participants for their thoughts about their ability to think as they age, they focused almost exclusively on memory. This suggests that health education promoting cognitive health should focus on memory, but should also educate the public about the importance of maintaining all aspects of cognitive health. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In most countries, physicians and other health-care providers play key roles in promoting health. Accumulating scientific evidence suggests that providers may soon want to include cognitive health among the areas they promote. Cognitive health is the maintenance of cognitive abilities that enable social connectedness, foster a sense of purpose, promote independent living, allow recovery from illness or injury and promote effective coping with functional deficits. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has established health promotion about cognitive health as a policy priority, with health providers included as one key group to participate in this effort. This study presents results from focus groups and interviews with primary care physicians (n = 28) and midlevel health-care providers (physician assistants and nurse practitioners, n = 21) in three states of the US. Providers were asked about their sources of information on cognitive health and for their ideas on how best to communicate with primary care providers about research on cognitive health. In results, providers cited online sources, popular media and continuing medical education as their most common sources of information about cognitive health. Popular media sources were used both proactively and reactively to respond to patient inquiries. Differences in sources of information were noted for physicians as compared with midlevel providers, and for rural and urban providers. Several potential ways to disseminate information about cognitive health were identified. Effective messaging is likely to require multiple strategies to reach diverse groups of primary care providers, and to include continuing medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before revising the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation under the new administration, policy makers need to be informed as to whether or not the NCLB labeling formula adequately distinguishes good-quality schools from poor-quality schools. This study tests this question, using rich descriptive data for Milwaukee's urban school district (MPS). Alternative indicators of school quality, the NCLB subgroup test failure measure and a standardized testing proficiency measure, are used as comparison measures to illustrate the discrimination embedded in the current formula used by the Department of Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The congressional election of 2006 was arguably a "Housequake." But how momentous have the changes been for how the House operates and the policy it produces? An answer to that question requires particular attention to two interrelated institutional factors: leadership and partisanship. A closer look at three episodes involving the Appropriations Committee—the breakdown of the markup process in 2008 and battles over open rules and "motions to recommit" in 2009—reveals the extent to which the struggle for partisan advantage is trumping norms that buttress the institutional role of Appropriations and of the House. Congress needs both partisan and bipartisan capacity, but the latter is in a dangerously weakened state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For-profit prison corporations have sold prison privatization as a tool for economic development. The idea of prisons became more appealing once for-profit prison corporation demonstrated that they could finance, build, design, and construct prisons with private capital from private investment companies. Many private prisons throughout the United States are provided local, state, and federal economic development subsidies — which may include tax advantaged financing, property tax abatements, infrastructure improvements, and personnel training and development resources. Most research on prison privatization has examined costs and quality comparisons of private run prisons to government run correctional facilities. This article examines the factors that predict economic development subsidies to private prisons, which include: economic, social control, geographic, and political factors. Logistic regression results indicate the per capita gross state product, political ideology, black male disenfranchisement, and mandatory sentencing laws predict economic development subsidies to private prison corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the description of law-trained readers in first-year legal writing textbooks in the U.S. It points out that the textbooks are heavily inclined to over-generalizations. It notes that the textbooks tend to suggest that most lawyers are extraordinarily impatient, aggressively critical and formalistic in outlook. A book by Yang Costello argued that the simplest and most significant step to reduce identity dissonance among lawyers is to acknowledge that this problem exists.

We examined the content of the 2002 and 2004 National Biennial In-Service Conferences of MENC: The National Association for Music Education; the 2002 and 2004 Midwest Clinic: An International Band and Orchestra Conferences; the 2002 and 2004 Orff-Schulwerk Conferences; and the 2003 and 2005 American Choral Directors Association Conventions. Each of the 2,302 sessions was examined and classified according to category, subject area, and focus. The largest proportion of categories of sessions at the MENC (74.2%), Midwest (47.5%) and Orff-Schulwerk (80.3%) conferences was education, while performance (56.9%) was the largest proportion, at ACDA. The predominant subject areas within education were performance for ACDA (53.3%) and Midwest (42.8%), general music (47.1%) for Orff-Schulwerk, and industry (42.3%) for MENC. The proportion of industry to non-industry sessions at MENC was more titan double any of the other conferences examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviewed whether sex-instrumentation distributions prevalent in US and English cultures was due to a limited geographical representation of extant research. We gathered data regarding sex and instrument selection from many diverse geographical regions. Data from a sample of 8146 community and youth band participants from 25 countries (170 ensembles) supports previous research. Gender bias permeating US and England instrumentation in wind and percussion ensembles appears not to be limited to these countries, but exists elsewhere around the world. In most countries, male participants outnumbered females. The data demonstrate that females overwhelmingly populated flute and clarinet sections. Oboe and bassoon were other instruments where females considerably outnumbered males. There was a sex imbalance across the totality of all ensembles, because males predominantly populated the remaining instruments (saxophone, trumpet, horn, trombone, euphonium, tuba, and percussion). It would seem that the more traditional roles of females and males (in terms of instrument selection) are borne out in many ensembles from around the world. We recommend identifying several ensembles whose member rosters reject these more traditional sex/instrument matches, and those whose member rosters reject more gender-neutral instrument matches to review possible influences for these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated differences between Italian and United States participants' evaluations of public school band directors. A secondary purpose was to examine differences in evaluations attributable to proficiency levels of the directors observed. Participants viewed videotapes of four different band directors from the United States, two of whom were proficient and two who were not. Participants wrote observational comments and gave each director a numeric rating. Results of these evaluations indicated that while Italians gave overall lower scores, the orders of ratings for both groups paralleled closely. Italian participants' comments focused more on Student Performance and Lesson Content, while participants from the United States commented more often on Classroom Management and Teacher Feedback. Finally, comments for proficient instructors focused more on Feedback and Verbal Delivery, while comments for the other two instructors noted Classroom Management and Lesson Content more often. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines professional codes of ethics as they apply to the mentoring of gerontology students, supervisees, or protégés. Ethics codes from the disciplines represented in professional gerontology were evaluated according to the specificity of their ethical mentoring guidelines. Three levels of specificity were identified. General "do no harm" statements are most common. Clear, explicit guidelines or rules are much less frequent. Where explicit mentoring guidelines exist, they focus on the use or misuse of the power of the professional/mentor in the mentoring relationship. Specific suggestions regarding the rights and responsibilities of both parties in the mentoring relationship, reflecting both formal ethics codes and the authors, experiences, are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the literacy skills of 1791 Mississippi residents with varying levels of education. Incorporation of prose, document, and quantitative literacy on the new literacy skills test by the Educational Testing Service (ETS); Association of the levels of literacy with education, age, and race; Lower literacy level of older persons; Consideration of exposure, experience, and type of education.

Discusses the debate over the use of art to change society. Control of imagery; American artists' alienation from the government; Consequence of the substantial investment in images as part of battles to shape attitudes; Living room as a combat zone for competing notions of the good America; President Bill Clinton's renewal of images' function to alter societal attitudes; Conceptual artist Joseph Kosuth's exhibition `The Play of the Unmentionable'; More.

Investigates the settlement and subsistence systems in the Ozark Border region of southeast Missouri during the first half of the 19th century. Development of models of changing settlement-subsistence systems; Changes in ecological adaptations.

Presents case studies examining factors influencing foreign policy in the United States. Includes executive power; Influence of interest groups; Statist theory in foreign policy; International events and forces influencing foreign policy; Discussion of dominating forces in case studies.

This article presents information on learning styles of Mexican American and Anglo-American elementary school students. The United States Bureau of the Census predicts that, because of a fertility rate well above the national average and increased immigration, Hispanics will outstrip African-Americans by the year 2050 and constitute more than 30 percent of American population. Of all the major ethnic groups, Hispanics seem to profit least from American public education. Their reading performance lags behind the scores of Caucasians. Only 31 percent of Hispanic high school seniors report being in academic, as opposed to vocational programs as compared with 45 percent of Caucasians and 35 percent of African-Americans. At least one fourth of all Hispanics entering high school are below average on tests and the Hispanic dropout rate is significantly higher than that of either Caucasians or African-Americans. Poverty is the overwhelming demographic predictor of who will become the nation's dropouts, and urban male students in vocational programs, who achieve poorly in school are the most likely candidates.

There seems to be no reason to suppose that the crime statistics published by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.) are an accurate measure of crime incidence. First, the crimes must be reported to the police. Whether people report crimes against property must be affected by their expectations that the police will recover their losses. Second, the crimes must be reported to the F.B.I. by the police. The degree of reporting is a convenient device available to a police administration to misrepresent the extent of criminal activity. For crimes against property there is an independent measure of the risk of crime; this is the premium rates on the various sublines of burglary insurance. A test of the accuracy of the statistics for crimes against property can be made by cross-sectional comparisons with the premium rates of insurance coverages. This paper reports the method and results of such a test; it considers some difficulties of the test and attempts to evaluate their importance.

The article explores the story of the 1965 renewal of the Sugar Act in the U.S. It cites an attention to the lawmaking roles of the congressional committees that handle sugar legislation, House Agriculture and Senate Finance. Moreover, an analysis on how the Act comes up for renewal in 1971 is also provided.

The results are mixed in this substantially disaggregated study of U.S. import demand. Price elasticities for import demand in several categories of steel are significant and large, compared to results for manufactures in more aggregate studies. For most other categories of manufactured imports, relative price does not demonstrate significant power in explaining import demand. For various categories of consumer durables, where there is likely to be product differentiation, the price coefficient is significant but positive. Further work should be done to identify factors, other than price and income, which influence demand. Real domestic consumption expenditure for durables, non-durables, and household goods has significant power to explain import demand; the elasticity coefficient is positive and generally greater than one. There is no clear pattern of difference in results from one foreign country supplier to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reprint of the article "Feigned Amesia as a Defense Reaction," by George E. Price and William B. Terhune, which appeared in the Februrary 22, 1919 issue is presented. It discusses the tendency of many examiners to classify feigned as amnesia due to hysteria. It cites as an example the examination of soldiers under arrest at the office of the provost marshal of Paris, in which they feign amnesia as a defense reaction to escape punishment.

Focuses on the plan of California to privatize its prison system. Criticisms of prison privatization; Maximization of profits of corporations at the expense of rights and well being of inmates.