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Individual differences in understanding other people's emotions have typically been studied with recognition tests using prototypical emotional expressions. These tests have been criticized for the use of posed, prototypical displays, raising the question of whether such tests tell us anything about the ability to understand spontaneous, non-prototypical emotional expressions. Here, we employ the Emotional Accuracy Test (EAT), which uses natural emotional expressions and defines the recognition as the match between the emotion ratings of a target and a perceiver. In two preregistered studies (N[subscript total] = 231), we compared the performance on the EAT with two well-established tests of emotion recognition ability: the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test (GERT) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). We found significant overlap (r > 0.20) between individuals' performance in recognizing spontaneous emotions in naturalistic settings (EAT) and posed (or enacted) non-verbal measures of emotion recognition (GERT, RMET), even when controlling for individual differences in verbal IQ. On average, however, participants reported enjoying the EAT more than the other tasks. Thus, the current research provides a proof-of-concept validation of the EAT as a useful measure for testing the understanding of others' emotions, a crucial feature of emotional intelligence. Further, our findings indicate that emotion recognition tests using prototypical expressions are valid proxies for measuring the understanding of others' emotions in more realistic everyday contexts.

The last two decades have seen institutions of higher education put increasing emphasis on both internationalizing their institutions and making them more sustainable. While laudable in their own right, there are contradictions and tensions between these goals, in particular when the carbon emissions involved in international activities like study abroad are considered. But there is also potential synergy between these goals. In this article, the authors explore two case studies of programs abroad that seriously engaged both the contradictions and opportunities inherent in the idea of sustainable international education. The first examines environmental politics and ecology in New Zealand and the Cook Islands and the second compares sustainable urban practices in Canada and the United States. Based on the lessons learned from these case studies, the authors argue that partnership between internationalization and sustainability efforts is necessary to help institutions of higher learning become both global and "green." To that effect, the authors discuss specific and concrete ways to "green" study abroad courses throughout this article, particularly within the two case studies and in their concluding discussion of strategies for international educators, faculty, and higher education administrators. (Contains 2 notes.)

There is hardly any cross-cultural research on the measurement invariance of the Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scales (BMSLSS). The current article evaluates the measurement invariance of the BMSLSS across cultural contexts. This cross-sectional study sampled 7,739 adolescents and emerging adults in 23 countries. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of configural and partial measurement weights invariance models, indicating similar patterns and strengths in factor loading for both adolescents and emerging adults across various countries. We found insufficient evidence for scalar invariance in both the adolescents' and the emerging adults' samples. A multi-level confirmatory factor analysis indicated configural invariance of the structure at country and individual level. Internal consistency, evaluated by alpha and omega coefficients per country, yielded acceptable results. The translated BMSLSS across different cultural contexts presents good psychometric characteristics similar to what has been reported in the original scale, though scalar invariance remains problematic. Our results indicate that the BMSLSS forms a brief measure of life satisfaction, which has accrued substantial evidence of construct validity, thus suitable for use in cross-cultural surveys with adolescents and emerging adults, although evaluation of degree of invariance must be carried out to ensure its suitability for mean comparisons.

Multiplayer online games form complex semiotic ecologies that include game-generated texts, player-to-player communication and collaboration, and associated websites that support in-game play. This article describes an exploratory study of the massively multiplayer online game (MMO) "World of Warcraft" ("WoW"), with specific attention to its qualities as a setting for second language (L2) use and development. This empirical study seeks to answer the following question: What is the nature of the linguistic ecology that "WoW" players are exposed to? Many studies have described the developmental opportunities presented by commercially available gaming environments (e.g., Gee, 2003, 2007), their value as sites of literacy development (e.g., Squire, 2008a; Steinkuehler, 2008), and their potential as venues for second language (L2) use and learning (e.g., Peterson, 2010; Thorne, Black, & Sykes, 2009; Thorne & Fischer, 2012; Zheng, Young, Wagner & Brewer, 2009). There are, however, numerous outstanding questions regarding the quality and complexity of the linguistic environments associated with online commercially available games. This primarily descriptive research addresses this issue and aims to finely characterize the linguistic complexity of game-presented texts (or "quest texts") as well as player generated game-external informational and strategy websites that form the expansive semiotic ecology of "WoW" game play. Questionnaires and interviews with Dutch and American gamers helped to identify a variety of widely used game-external websites. This information then informed the selection of texts that were analyzed for their linguistic complexity. By analysing the linguistic complexity of the texts that players regularly engage with, this study aims to empirically assess the resources and limitations of a representative and widely played MMO as an environment for L2 development. (Contains 7 figures, 11 tables, and 3 footnotes.)

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Despite recent increases in the number of studies that have focused on the movements and habitat use of juvenile and adult white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the eastern United States, there is comparatively little information on the movements of young-of-the-year (YOY) white sharks, particularly in the overwinter season. Simultaneous satellite and acoustic tagging were conducted on YOY white sharks in 2016 and 2017, and data from their first overwinter period (December through April) were analyzed. Tracks of 9 white sharks offer a preliminary characterization of overwinter habitat use. During 2 winter periods over consecutive years, YOY white sharks occupied continental shelf waters (bottom depths: <100 m) off the coasts of North and South Carolina with mean sea-surface temperatures of 14.9-21.2°C, mean sea-surface heights of -0.5-0.2 m, and mean chlorophyll-a concentrations of 0.4-2.8 mg/m3. Their overwinter habitat extended over 950 km south of the current essential fish habitat established for YOY white sharks; however, it did overlap with a seasonal closure area that restricts bottom longline fishing. These results provide preliminary evidence for the existence of an overwinter nursery area for YOY white sharks in U.S. waters of the Atlantic Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: To our knowledge, no study has previously evaluated whether individuals with bipolar depression enriched a priori on the basis of biochemical and/or phenotypic immuno-inflammatory activation would differentially respond to an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of depressive symptoms.Objective: To assess the antidepressant efficacy of adjunctive infliximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting tumor necrosis factor, in adults with bipolar I and bipolar II depression and inflammatory conditions.Design, Setting, and Participants: This 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial of 60 participants was conducted at 2 outpatient tertiary care sites in Canada and the United States. Eligible adults (aged 18-65 years) met DSM-5-defined criteria for bipolar I or bipolar II depression and exhibited pretreatment biochemical and/or phenotypic evidence of inflammatory activation. Participants were enrolled between October 1, 2015, and April 30, 2018. Data analysis was performed from May 1 through July 31, 2018, using modified intent-to-treat analysis.Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive 3 intravenous infusions of infliximab therapy or placebo at baseline and at weeks 2 and 6 of the 12-week study.Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary efficacy outcome was baseline-to-end point (ie, week-12) change in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score. History of childhood maltreatment, as assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, was used for exploratory analyses as 1 of several secondary outcomes.Results: A total of 60 participants were randomized to infliximab (n = 29 [48%]; mean [SD] age, 45.0 [11.7] years; 20 of 28 female [71%]) or to placebo (n = 31 [52%]; mean [SD] age, 46.8 [10.2] years; 26 of 30 female [87%]) across study sites. Overall baseline-to-end point change in MADRS total score was observed across treatment × time interaction (χ2 = 10.33; P = .04); reduction in symptom severity was not significant at week 12 (relative risk, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.80-1.50; df = 1; P = .60). As part of a secondary analysis, a significant treatment × time × childhood maltreatment interaction was observed in which infliximab-treated individuals with childhood history of physical abuse exhibited greater reductions in MADRS total score (χ2 = 12.20; P = .02) and higher response rates (≥50% reduction in MADRS total score) (χ2 = 4.05; P = .04).Conclusions and Relevance: Infliximab did not significantly reduce depressive symptoms compared with placebo in adults with bipolar depression. Results from secondary analyses identified a subpopulation (ie, those reporting physical and/or sexual abuse) that exhibited a significant reduction in depressive symptoms with infliximab treatment compared with placebo.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02363738. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peer review is an essential element of professional nursing practice. Local Problem: Implementing nursing practice peer review is a challenge in any organization; some characteristics of small and rural hospitals can make the task especially daunting. Methods: A team of nursing leaders and staff nurses from rural and critical access hospitals within 1 health care system was formed to make recommendations about implementing nursing practice peer review in the small rural facilities. Barriers included limited numbers of nurse reviewers by nursing specialty and inherent bias of reviewers due to personal knowledge of cases and nurses involved. Interventions: A collaborative rural nursing practice peer review council was created, with staff nurse and leader representation from 6 geographically distinct facilities. Results: The rural collaborative council has developed processes for case referral, reviewer assignment, investigation, and scoring founded on Just Culture principles. Satisfaction among staff nurses, reviewers, and Chief Nursing Officers has been high. Conclusions: Barriers to implementation of nursing practice peer review in rural hospitals can be mitigated through a collaborative approach, resulting in efficient and effective processes for small, rural, and geographically distinct hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does it take to run an international-education office? A detailed understanding of obtuse federal regulations, the ability to recruit foreign students on a shoestring budget, and a talent for creating study-abroad programs that are both academically rigorous and highly popular. That was the message in dozens of sessions last week at the annual conference of Nafsa: Association of International Educators. The meeting, which drew more than 9,300 people to Washington, illustrated the increasing complexity of the field for international educators. The discussions ranged from the pragmatic to the lofty. One session on the finer points of the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System, more commonly known as Sevis, drew hundreds of attendees eager to hear government officials explain new and existing regulations for how international students are registered and tracked in the United States. Other workshops focused on how colleges can and should develop study-abroad programs that create "global citizens," draw nontraditional students, and are less damaging to the environment.

Abstract: Five Mycoplasma strains from wild Caprinae were analyzed: four from Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) which died at the Berlin Zoo between 1993 and 1994, one from a Rocky Mountain goat collected in the USA prior to 1987. These five strains represented a population different from the populations belonging to the ‘Mycoplasma mycoides cluster’ as tested using multi locus sequence typing, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene (rrs), genomic sequence based in silico as well as laboratory DNA–DNA hybridization, and the analysis of phenotypic traits in particular their exceptionally rapid growth all confirmed that they do not belong to any Mycoplasma species described to date. We therefore suggest these strains represent a novel species, for which we propose the name Mycoplasma feriruminatoris sp. nov. The type strain is G5847T (=DSM 26019T =NCTC 1362T). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In conjunction with urbanization and its importance as a major driver of land-use change, increased efforts have been placed on understanding urban forests and the provisioning of ecosystem services. However, very little research has been conducted on private property and little is known about the structure and function of privately owned urban forests. This research examines the structure of and carbon storage services provided by private residential urban forests in a moderate-sized Midwestern city. The primary research questions are as follows: What is the structure of private urban forests, and how does it vary across parcels? How much carbon is stored in tree and soil pools of private urban forests, and how does carbon vary across parcels? Ecological inventories were conducted on 100 residential parcels within 14 Neighborhood and Homeowners Associations of varying size and development age. Tree species richness, diversity, density, and diameter distribution were determined on a per parcel basis and for the entire tree population sampled. Further, tree and soil carbon storage were determined for each parcel. Results of this research demonstrated large variability in per-parcel tree metrics. Twelve of the parcels sampled had two or fewer trees, while eleven had greater than 50 trees. Further, tree carbon storage ranged from no carbon to 11.22kgCm−2. Alternatively, soil carbon storage was less variable and averaged 4.7kgCm−2, approximately 1.9 times higher than the average carbon stored in trees (2.5kgCm−2). Management efforts aimed at maintaining or enhancing carbon storage and other ecosystem services should focus on both soil protection and maximizing services in living biomass. Our results demonstrate that sustaining tree-produced ecosystem services requires maintenance of large old trees and species diversity, not only in terms of relative abundance, but also relative dominance, and in combination, species–specific size distributions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between insertion torque and the survival rate of immediately loaded implants placed in the maxilla. Methods: 390 NobelReplace (Nobel Biocare USA, Yorba Linda, CA) Select Tapered implants were placed in the maxillae of 145 patients over a 15-month period. The insertion torque was measured using a digital torque wrench. Results: Of the 390 implants, only 9 (2.3%) failed. The 381 successful implants were placed with an average insertion torque of 72.1 N.cm. Insertion torque values of failed implants varied between 45.8 and 134 N.cm, with an average of 69.2 N.cm. Of the 9 failed implants, 8 were abutments in multiple-unit implant-supported prostheses, and 1 was a single-unit implant. Conclusions: Although insertion torque undoubtedly plays an important role in the primary stability and successful osseointegration of im plants, there seems to be no correlation between insertion torque and implant failure above 35 N.cm threshold of insertion torque. Immediate loading of implants in the maxilla is a successful and predict able treatment option with failure rates approaching those of traditional 2-stage surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Department of Defense (DOD) is the single largest energy consumer in the nation. As the largest owner of federal data centers, with 772, the DOD has more than twice as many centers as any other agency. By consolidating some of its data centers, DOD could have a significant positive impact on energy savings for the federal government. DOD has instituted a number of policy directives, as have all federal agencies, that influence energy use in its data centers. Data centers are facilities--buildings or parts of buildings--used to store, manage, and disseminate electronic information for a computer network. They house servers, which are computers used to perform network-management functions such as data storage and processing, and communications equipment and devices to connect the servers with the network. Data centers usually draw their power from the electric grid, but they may also contain specialized power conversion and backup equipment to maintain reliable power. Power consumption varies greatly among data centers but is typically many times higher than for other kinds of buildings. Within the context of the FDCCI, DOD's efforts are intended to address concerns about rising energy demands and costs of data centers, associated increases in carbon emissions, expanding real-estate footprints of data centers, and rising real-estate costs. According to DOD, the Department plans to reduce the number of its data centers by about 30% by 2013, and the number of servers by 25%. DOD intends to use savings generated from consolidation to pay the consolidation costs. DOD also plans to use cloud computing as part of its savings effort. As with any endeavor being implemented across so many departments and agencies, proper management of the initiative will be crucial to its success and, in turn, to achieving the projected savings. Unlike many programs that are overseen by a single committee, implementation of the FDCCI may require oversight by any committee with legislative jurisdiction over a department or agency. Understanding the management challenges and policy considerations involved with data center consolidation (e.g., balancing up-front costs with ongoing savings, maintaining data security, and maximizing energy savings through facilities design) as well as being aware of the issues specific to implementing the FDCCI are important steps to achieving effective Congressional oversight of the FDCCI. In conducting oversight, Congress may wish to-- 1. conduct hearings to monitor the activities of OMB as it manages the FDCCI or the progress of individual departments and agencies as they implement the FDCCI; 2. review FDCCI plans and status reports created internally by the individual department or agency, or externally by GAO or the committee of jurisdiction. Finally, Congress may wish to examine the current "reach" of the FDCCI and consider whether expanding the initiative to include other agencies, as the GAO has recommended, is appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is the costliest noncardiac congenital defect. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a treatment strategy offered to those babies with CDH who would not otherwise survive on conventional therapy. The primary objective of our study was to identify the leading source of expenditures in CDH care. Methods: All patients surviving CDH repair were identified in the Kids'' Inpatient Database (KID) from 1997 to 2006, with costs converted to 2006 US dollars. Patients were categorized into groups based on severity of disease for comparison including CDH repair only, prolonged ventilator dependence, and ECMO use. Factors associated with greater expenditures in CDH management were analyzed using a regression model. Results: Eight hundred thirty-nine patients from 213 hospitals were studied. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use decreased from 18.2% in 1997 to 11.4% in 2006 (P = .002). Congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors managed with ECMO cost more than 2.4 times as much as CDH survivors requiring only prolonged ventilation postrepair and 3.5 times as much as those with CDH repair only (both P < .001). Age, multiplicity of diagnoses, patient transfer, inhaled nitric oxide use, prolonged ventilation, and ECMO use were all associated with higher costs. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use was the single most important factor associated with higher costs, increasing expenditures 2.4-fold (95% confidence interval, 2.1-2.8). Though the CDH repair with ECMO group constituted 12.2% of patients, this group has the highest median costs ($156,499.90/patient) and constitutes 28.5% of national costs based on CDH survivors in the KID. Annual national cost for CDH survivors is $158 million based on the KID, and projected burden for all CDH patients exceeds $250 million/year. Conclusions: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use is the largest contributing factor to the economic burden in CDH. With limited health care resources, judicious resource utilization in CDH care merits further study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two U.S. companies began testing employees and job applicants to determine if they have smoked or used tobacco within the last year. One company stated that it had "the right to protect itself from the enormous financial damage that tobacco users inflict upon society" as the basis of the decision. Under these policies, those who test positive for nicotine use will be terminated or will not be hired. This paper explores the applicability of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Civil Rights act and right of privacy provisions, and shows how none are applicable to this situation. The questions arises: if companies are allowed to regulate otherwise legal behavior for health cost reasons, where will the next regulations be placed? Just as tobacco users have higher employment costs, so do those who are obese or have high cholesterol. Because both of the latter conditions have preventable aspects, especially with medical intervention, can applicants with these conditions also be excluded form a company's work force? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doc.com© is the American Academy of Communication in Healthcare's web-based resource for learning core communication skills. To date, very few doc.com© modules have been evaluated formally. This study sought to assess four modules' effectiveness at improving internal medicine interns' communication skills knowledge. Interns were asked to complete four modules early in internship and complete web-based five-item pre/post multiple choice tests and a satisfaction survery for each module. The participation rate was 97 per cent (31 of 32 interns). Knowledge improved significantly with module completion (average pre-test score 89 per cent versus post-test 95 per cent, p = 0.006). Most (86 per cent) felt that the modules were clearly presented and met stated learning objectives, 67 per cent felt that completing the modules would improve their outpatient communication skills, and 62 per cent their inpatient skills. However, only 16 per cent indicated that the modules should replace faculty-led communication skills instruction. Although baseline knowledge of basic patient--doctor communication skills among interns was high, the use of four basic doc.com© modules improved interns' communication skills knowledge on multiple choice tests. Interns were satisfied with the modules as a curricular intervention. Use of the doc.com© modules may be a valuable adjunct to faculty-led communication skills training aimed at helping trainees achieve competency in the areas of interpersonal and communication skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The role of lianas (woody vines) in the development and diversity of both tropical and temperate forests under differing management scenarios has not been thoroughly explored. We examined changes in grapevine (Vitis spp.) densities over time in clearcut stands as influenced by manual tending, physiography, and host tree associations. We used data from long-term studies on 66 clearcut stands dominated by temperate deciduous forest tree species on the Hoosier National Forest in south-central Indiana, USA. Fourteen of the stands had grapevines removed manually, approximately during the stem exclusion stage of development. Grapevine densities steadily increased from age 5 until age 15, which coincides with the period of stem exclusion of these stands. Subsequent grapevine mortality may have been related to light competition. Manually treated stands had similar grapevine densities as untreated stands after 20 years across sites, and it appeared that only on the most xeric area was the grapevine treatment effective in reducing grapevine densities. During early stand development, ranging from ages 5 to 17, grapevine density was strongly related to slope position, but as stands developed through the stem exclusion stage, aspect emerged as a stronger factor influencing grapevine density. Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), walnut (Juglans spp.), and elm (Ulmus spp.) were the most common grapevine host trees under both treated and untreated scenarios, which may be associated with the crown architecture of these species. Results suggest lianas play a critical role in the early development of disturbed forest sites in temperate deciduous forests. With concerns that lianas are increasing in abundance and distribution in these forest types, understanding their role in forest dynamics, such as host tree associations at different stages of development, competition dynamics on different sites and corresponding influences on tree growth, species composition, and diversity, will be critical to decision-making processes in achieving desired management goals in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reports on the significance of occupational therapy for people with arthritis in the U.S. It states that occupational therapy for people with arthritis is used to illustrate health promotion using health focus. It is selected because arthritis is a leading cause of disability in U.S. adults and dramatic advances in rheumatologic care.

We monitored land-cover change in San Diego County (1990-2996) using multitemporal Landsat TM data. Change vectors of Kauth Thomas features were combined with stable multitemporal Kauth Thomas features and a suite of ancillary variables within a classification tree classifier. A combination of aerial photointerpretation and field measurements yielded training and validation data. Maps of land-cover change were generated for three hierarchical levels of change classification of increasing detail: change vs. no-change; four classes representing broad increase and decrease classes; and nine classes distinguishing increases or decreases in tree canopy cover, shrub cover, and urban change. The multitemporal Kauth Thomas (both stable and change features representing brightness, greenness, and wetness) provided information for magnitude and direction of land-cover change. Overall accuracies of the land-cover change maps were high (72 to 92 percent). Anciliary variables representing elevation, fire history, and slope were most significant in mapping the most complicated level of land-cover change, contributing 15 percent to overall accuracy. Classification trees hove not previously been used operationally with remotely sensed and ancillary data to map land-cover change at this level of thematic detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the southern and southeastern United States, the 9-banded armadillo is an important reservoir for Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy (Hansen''s disease). Here, we describe a woman living in Georgia with borderline tuberculoid leprosy who worked for many years in a garden where armadillos burrowed or were buried. There was no history of foreign travel or known exposure to a person with leprosy. Treatment with 6 once-monthly combined doses of rifampin, ofloxacin, and minocycline was successful. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The incidence of opioid-related death in women has increased 5-fold over the past decade. For many women, their initial opioid exposure will occur in the setting of routine medical care. Approximately 1 in 3 deliveries in the United States is by cesarean, and opioids are commonly prescribed for postsurgical pain management.Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the risk that opioid-naïve women prescribed opioids after cesarean delivery will subsequently become consistent prescription opioid users in the year following delivery and to identify predictors for this behavior.Study Design: We identified women in a database of commercial insurance beneficiaries who underwent cesarean delivery and who were opioid naïve in the year prior to delivery. To identify persistent users of opioids, we used trajectory models, which group together patients with similar patterns of medication filling during follow-up, based on patterns of opioid dispensing in the year following cesarean delivery. We then constructed a multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors for membership in the persistent user group.Results: A total of 285 of 80,127 (0.36%, 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.40), opioid-naïve women became persistent opioid users (identified using trajectory models based on monthly patterns of opioid dispensing) following cesarean delivery. Demographics and baseline comorbidity predicted such use with moderate discrimination (c statistic = 0.73). Significant predictors included a history of cocaine abuse (risk, 7.41%; adjusted odds ratio, 6.11, 95% confidence interval, 1.03-36.31) and other illicit substance abuse (2.36%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.78, 95% confidence interval, 1.12-6.91), tobacco use (1.45%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.04, 95% confidence interval, 2.03-4.55), back pain (0.69%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.74, 95% confidence interval, 1.33-2.29), migraines (0.91%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.14, 95% confidence interval, 1.58-2.90), antidepressant use (1.34%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.19, 95% confidence interval, 2.41-4.23), and benzodiazepine use (1.99%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.72, 95% confidence interval, 2.64-5.26) in the year prior to the cesarean delivery.Conclusion: A very small proportion of opioid-naïve women (approximately 1 in 300) become persistent prescription opioid users following cesarean delivery. Preexisting psychiatric comorbidity, certain pain conditions, and substance use/abuse conditions identifiable at the time of initial opioid prescribing were predictors of persistent use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]