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Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease in the United States. There are a significant number of patients with CRS who are refractory to standard medical and surgical therapy. Many of these patients also have comorbid allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma, although the underlying pathophysiology that connects these three conditions remains unclear. Objective: The goal of this article is to review the relationships among CRS, AR and asthma. Methods: Scientific literature that addresses the prevalence of AR and asthma in CRS populations, the effect of AR and asthma on CRS disease severity, and whether treatment of AR and asthma can affect CRS outcomes was reviewed. Results: The literature supports the relationship between AR and CRS, but there is no direct evidence of causality the between the two conditions. There is a high prevalence of CRS in patients with asthma and the presence of CRS is associated with worse asthma outcomes. There is weak evidence that treatment of CRS may improve asthma outcomes. Targeting type 2 inflammation via biologics is being investigated in the treatment of asthma and CRS. Conclusion: AR, asthma, and CRS are closed related and understanding the associations among these comorbid diseases will have significant clinical implication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We collect greenhouse mitigation options data to support rule making analysis and research work. [•] We develop a greenhouse mitigation options database and a model to perform user-defined scenarios analysis. [•] The database contains cost and performance information for GHG mitigation options for the power, cement, and pulp and paper sectors. [•] The database is a repository of data on available GHG technologies in various stages of development for several industry sectors. [•] The database contains approximately 350 studies for all three sectors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presidential management styles vary by each president, with consequences for the structures, processes, and outcomes of American foreign policymaking. Thus, understanding what the United States (U.S.) does in foreign policy in a given administration involves not only the international and domestic context and problems facing the U.S., but also the intersection of: 1) presidential style and personal preferences; 2) key stakeholders, structures and decision-making processes, and; 3) policy choices, which are shaped by the first two factors. However, while it is common to refer to a particular style for a particular president, in fact the same president may simultaneously employ very different styles, with very different policy consequences. This paper examines President Barack Obama's style, structures/processes, and policy outcomes in two policy areas: one in foreign economic policy (the 2008-2009 economic crisis) and one in national security policy (the 2009 Afghanistan "surge" decisions). We conclude that the two cases reveal two very different sets of decision-making dynamics under the same President at roughly the same time. Thus, presidents may have multiple styles, even within the same policy domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]