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Since the end of World War II there has been sustained growth in the number of foreigners undertaking graduate work at universities in the U.S. For the last ten years the rate of increase has averaged 11 per cent per year, considerably higher than the average 7 per cent rate of growth in total graduate enrollment. It is harder to interpret and compare credentials of foreign applicants; to find adequate financing for foreign students who are frequently unable to draw upon personal funds because of currency regulations, and whose employment opportunities in the United States are restricted by law; to design courses with content and level appropriate for students of diverse backgrounds. While the number of graduate students in economics from all areas of the world has risen in recent years, the most rapid growth has been in students from Africa and Latin America. Some students from abroad never go back to their homelands. It has been estimated that in total about 10 per cent of all foreign students remain in the United States, but no more than 7 per cent of the Chinese students from Taiwan, Hong Kong and other South East Asian countries ever return to that area of the world.

Purpose: The aim of this project was to characterize the incidence of men's health disorders, specifically focusing on the incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and testosterone deficiency (TD) in a large, nationwide study of testicular cancer (TC) survivors treated in a centralized health care system., Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of US veterans diagnosed with TC from 1990 to 2021. These veterans were compared with an age-matched and race-matched control group of US veterans without a diagnosis of TC. ED and TD were defined by the presence of diagnosis codes or at least a 6-month prescription for medications treating these conditions or both. Time was measured from the date of TC diagnosis (for patients with TC and matched TC patient date for the corresponding noncancer controls). Impact of chemotherapy among TC survivors on ED and TD was evaluated using multivariable Cox regression models., Results: The cohort included 1754 patients with TC compared with 7117 noncancer controls, with a mean age at diagnosis of 42 years. Patients with TC were significantly more likely than controls to experience ED (hazard ratio, 2.97; 95% CI, 2.68-3.28; P < .001) and TD (hazard ratio, 6.71; 95% CI, 5.78-7.81; P < .001). However, within the TC group, there was no significant difference in the incidence of ED and TD when stratified by receipt of chemotherapy ( P = .9 and P = .066, respectively)., Conclusions: Men's health disorders arise commonly in the lives of TC survivors. It is important for treating physicians to identify these and conduct sexual health assessments as part of survivorship care.

Background: There is a robust understanding of how specific behavioural, metabolic, and environmental risk factors increase the risk of health burden. However, there is less understanding of how these risks individually and jointly affect health-care spending. The objective of this study was to quantify health-care spending attributable to modifiable risk factors in the USA for 2016., Methods: We extracted estimates of US health-care spending by condition, age, and sex from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Disease Expenditure Study 2016 and merged these estimates with population attributable fraction estimates for 84 modifiable risk factors from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 to produce estimates of spending by condition attributable to these risk factors. Because not all spending can be linked to health burden, we adjusted attributable spending estimates downwards, proportional to the association between health burden and health-care spending across time and age for each aggregate health condition. We propagated underlying uncertainty from the original data sources by randomly pairing the draws from the two studies and completing our analysis 1000 times independently., Findings: In 2016, US health-care spending attributable to modifiable risk factors was US$730·4 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 694·6-768·5), corresponding to 27·0% (95% UI 25·7-28·4) of total health-care spending. Attributable spending was largely due to five risk factors: high body-mass index ($238·5 billion, 178·2-291·6), high systolic blood pressure ($179·9 billion, 164·5-196·0), high fasting plasma glucose ($171·9 billion, 154·8-191·9), dietary risks ($143·6 billion, 130·3-156·1), and tobacco smoke ($130·0 billion, 116·8-143·5). Spending attributable to risk factor varied by age and sex, with the fraction of attributable spending largest for those aged 65 years and older (45·5%, 44·2-46·8)., Interpretation: This study shows high spending on health care attributable to modifiable risk factors and highlights the need for preventing and controlling risk exposure. These attributable spending estimates can contribute to informed development and implementation of programmes to reduce risk exposure, their health burden, and health-care cost., Funding: Vitality Institute., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4·0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: : Workplace wellness programs have become increasingly popular despite large inconsistencies in the analyses of their ability to produce long-term medical care savings., Objective: : To clarify the aforesaid situation by estimating potential long-term medical care savings linked to chronic disease., Methods: : We combined data from the Global Burden of Disease Study and Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys to estimate the annual savings that would result from lowering risk factors typically managed by workplace wellness programs to their theoretical minimums., Results: : Lowering risk factors to their theoretical minimums, if this were possible, would reduce average annual costs per working-age adult by 18.4%., Conclusion: : These findings have important implications for workplace wellness programs because they provide a robust estimate of potential savings.

Public health in the United States can be improved by building workplace "cultures of health" that support healthy lifestyles. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), which includes the Prevention and Public Health Fund, will support a new focus on prevention and wellness, offering opportunities to strengthen the public's health through workplace wellness initiatives. This article describes the opportunity the ACA provides to improve worker wellness.

The Department of Defense (DoD) military health system has responsibility for providing medical care for more than 8 million beneficiaries. This article discusses initiatives related to both the providing and purchasing of oncology services. A description of health care coverage under TRICARE, the Department's managed care program, which utilizes military treatment facilities and civilian health care providers, is provided. Participation in clinical trials by the DoD beneficiaries, oncology services in military treatment facilities, quality management programs, cancer research, and the development of new technologies to enhance early cancer detection are presented. Access to research trials and new technologies is necessary for a comprehensive approach to cancer care. Clinical trials have been the vehicle by which the oncology community developed most of its formal clinical evidence for the efficacy of various treatment approaches. The Department participates in clinical trials through cooperative group membership or affiliation. Through an interagency agreement with the National Cancer Institute, DoD beneficiaries have available the option of participating in NCI-sponsored clinical trials through the direct military care system or through civilian care with reimbursement for approved protocols nationwide. The DoD has been actively involved in breast cancer research since 1992 and prostate and ovarian cancer research since 1997. The goals of the cancer research programs are to expedite and facilitate breakthroughs in research, support innovative, and exploratory ideas with a vision to foster new directions, address neglected issues, and bring new investigators into the research arena. The program incorporates the consumer perspective by involving consumers in the decision-making process. The DoD health care system trains experts in the management of cancer patients and provides a multidisciplinary approach to care through the direct military health care system or through network providers as part of the TRICARE system. Although cost containment is key, the delivery of high quality health care that is easily accessible is a primary goal of the military health system. Provision of a comprehensive benefits package that includes a spectrum of care and employing outcomes measurements to evaluate care that is appropriate for the patient's disease is essential.