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Objective: This study explored the structure validity and sex and country measurement invariance for Filipino and U.S. adults using the Five Factor Wellness Inventory (FFWEL-A2). Method: Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance were conducted to determine consistency of responses across sex and country categories. Factorial ANOVAs were used to determine differences by sex, race, and country. Results: The hypothesized 5-factor and second-order factor structure of the FFWEL provided equivalent but poor to adequate fit to the data in a large sample (N = 2,071) of U.S. and a smaller sample (N = 269) of Filipino counselors and counselors-in-training. Coefficients [alpha] were >0.80 for almost all domain scores, but only five of the 17 facet scores met the 0.80 criterion. Weak measurement invariance was evident for men (n = 502) and women (N = 1838) across both the U.S. White and Filipino group comparisons. Conclusions: Counselors should take care to explore the way they and clients understand wellness and consider that not everyone will have the same understanding of the individual factors as outlined in the FFWEL-A2, especially among male, female, and diverse people from different countries. Significance statement: Wellness is an ethical and professional imperative for counselors to avoid professional impairment and burn out. In this study, scores on the FFWEL-A2, a prominent measure of wellness, displayed partially biased measures of male and female scores across U.S. and Filipino samples and across diverse racial groups, probably due to complexity of the wellness model.

Abstract: Forest harvesting and subsequent regeneration treatments may cause changes in soil and solution chemistry that adversely affect forest productivity and environmental quality. The objective of this study was to assess soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and base cation pools and fluxes, and to construct a hydrogen ion (H+) mass balance to identify major processes controlling acidity production and consumption 14 years following whole-tree harvesting and regeneration in a northern forested wetland with underlying mineral soils derived from calcareous glacial drift. Results for soil elemental and nutrient pools in the harvested/regenerated stand were compared to an adjacent non-harvested stand and a riparian zone. The riparian zone had the highest soil total C, total N, and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) pools; however, no difference in exchangeable potassium (K) was evident among stand types. Moreover, no differences between the harvested/regenerated and uncut stands were evident in any of the soil chemical pools. Net export of base cations was minimal and the H+ mass balance indicated that net cation exchange was not a significant process in H+ production or consumption in either the uncut or harvested/regenerated stands. The most striking differences in the H+ mass balance were (1) eight times the H+ consumption from sulfate (SO4 2−) reduction in the harvested/regenerated stand compared to that in the uncut condition and (2) nearly twice the H+ production due to N immobilization in the harvested/regenerated stand. However, both stand types were net H+ sinks and increases in H+ export due to whole-tree harvesting were not evident. The riparian zone was a net exporter of base cations. This finding was attributed to a combination of base cation exchange and carbonate mineral weathering; data suggested the importance of the latter. More research, however, is required to isolate the contributions of cation exchange and carbonate weathering on base cation export from the riparian zone. Stream chemistry was consistent with that of the riparian zone, indicating a strong linkage between the riparian zone stream chemistry, and whole-tree harvesting had no intermediate term (i.e., 14 years) effects on stream acidification in this managed northern wetland ecosystem. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Forested wetlands are becoming an important timber resource in the Upper Great Lakes Region of the US. However, there is limited information on soil nutrient cycling responses to harvesting and post-harvest manipulations (site preparation and fertilization). The objective of this study was to examine cellulose decomposition, nitrogen mineralization, and soil solution chemistry four years after a forested, mineral soil wetland in Northern Michigan was whole-tree harvested, site prepared, and fertilized (N, P, N + P). Organic matter decomposition was greatest in the site preparation bedding treatment and lowest in whole-tree harvested with no mechanical site preparation treatment. Both N and P additions, alone and in combination resulted in increased cellulose decomposition regardless of site preparation treatment (15-38% for the harvest-only treatment, 20-40% for the bedded treatment, and 15-44% for the trenched treatment). However, based on dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the soil solution, organic matter decomposition was inhibited on an overall plot basis; that is, outside the area of cellulose strip placement. The site preparation bedding treatment resulted in a net mineralization of N (9.2 g-N m[sup -2]) over a 10 week incubation period. The disc trench and harvest-only treatments resulted in a net immobilization of N (3.1 g-N m[sup -2] and 1.5 g-N m[sup -2], respectively). Nitrogen, P, and N + P inhibited N mineralization in the bedded treatment by 10-25% over the control. There was a fertilizer-induced increase in N immobilization of 50-60% and 25-50% in the harVest-only and trenched treatments, respectively. It appears that soil microorganisms at this site are limited by soluble C more than N or P. By adding cellulose strips to the soil, the soluble C limitation was, in part, overcome. Once the soluble C limitation was alleviated, then the soil microorganisms responded positively to N and P additions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]