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What happens when five teacher candidates and their professor bring a wordless picturebook into Italian classrooms? This article presents a grounded discussion of our immersive experiences from the United States and the minilessons they taught stemming from a piece of children's literature through our study abroad program in Italy. The opening of Italian classroom doors provided reflective observations of the critical and creative thinking processes of more than 200 Italian students (ages 7-16). We (one professor and five early childhood and special education teacher candidates) taught minilessons in five Italian schools during a monthlong study abroad program offered by our university (further described in Author 1, 2017). Although this project was conducted in Italy, we have since used this minilesson successfully in our own classes, and we invite you to adapt our use to fit your teaching.

Introduction: It has been known in the literature that Black men are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer in the United States. Various mechanistic pathways have been evaluated including PSA and/or testosterone levels (T) in this at-risk population. Based on prior studies, low PSA is suggested to be predictive of low testosterone independent of prostate cancer pathology. In this study, we aim to evaluate the correlation between race and PSA/T levels in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Objective: To further study the relationship between testosterone, PSA, and race in men with prostate cancer. Methods: An IRB approved database was utilized to obtain values for prostate cancer patients. Prostate cancer patients who had testosterone, PSA, and Gleason scores (GS) were included in our cohort with demographic information. Patients were stratified by PSA category. Low testosterone was defined as T<300 ng/dL, and very low T as 0–200 ng/dL. Results: In our cohort of 653 prostate cancer patients, the mean age was 66 years. The cohort included 34% African American (AA), 62% White, and 4% other. AA men had a median PSA of 8.0 ng/mL, compared to 0.8 ng/mL in white men (p<0.001). For AA men with GS (8–10) and PSA>4, proportions were: very low T (27%), low T (24%) and normal T (49%). For GS (8–10) and PSA<2, very low T (35%), low T (22%) and normal T (43 %) (p<0.05). For White men with GS (8–10) and PSA>4, very low T (33%), low T (17%) and normal T (50%). For GS (8–10) and PSA<2, very low T (37%), low T (20%) and normal (43%) (p<0.05). In GS (8–10), logistic regression demonstrated neither race nor PSA category were statistically significant predictors of low T. Conclusions: Our results show that despite significantly higher PSA among AA men with prostate cancer, there was no statistically significant difference in T and GS 8–10 prostate cancer. This finding highlights that racial variation may influence PSA but not GS prostate cancer or T level. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the correlation between PSA and T in higher-risk populations. Disclosure: No. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Empirical evidence on how health literacy affects diabetes outcomes is inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantitatively summarize the findings on the associations between health literacy and diabetes knowledge, self-care activities, and glycemic control as disease-related outcomes, with specific focus on the type of health literacy assessment.Data Sources: Nine databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Communication and Mass Media Complete, PsychInfo, PsychArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ERIC, Sociology, Embase) were searched for peer-reviewed original research articles published until 31 March 2018.Methods: Studies with type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes patients aged 18 or older, providing a calculable baseline effect size for functional health literacy and diabetes knowledge, self-care activities, or HbA1C were included.Results: The meta-analysis includes 61 studies with a total of 18,905 patients. The majority were conducted in the USA, on type 2 diabetes patients, and used the S-TOFHLA as a performance-based or the BHLS as a perception-based measure of functional health literacy. Meta-analytic results show that all three outcomes are related to health literacy. Diabetes knowledge was best predicted by performance-based health literacy measures, self-care by self-report measures, and glycemic control equally by both types of health literacy assessment.Discussion: Health literacy plays a substantial role in diabetes knowledge. Findings for the role of health literacy in self-care and glycemic control remain heterogeneous, partly due to the type of health literacy assessment (performance- vs. perception-based). This has implications for the use of health literacy measures in clinical settings and original research. This meta-analysis was limited to functional health literacy and, due to the paucity of studies, did not investigate the role of other dimensions including communicative and critical health literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CC Vision - an urban education reform effort launched to strengthen the cradle-to-career education pipeline in Central City - provides the impetus for our use of youth participatory action research (YPAR) to gather and activate student voice in the fight for education justice. Student voice can significantly enhance the quality of policy designed to expand access to education opportunity for poor and/or youth of color attending urban schools. Fifteen youth from seven different high schools in the Central City metropolitan area spent 18 weeks participating in the Central City Youth Co-Researcher Project as co-researchers. We aim to demonstrate the tensions of facilitating YPAR projects with diverse youth, and the benefits of YPAR as a student voice initiative intended to bolster justice-oriented education research. The influence of their scholarship vis-à-vis YPAR on wide-scale education policy-making, and education reform, in Central City is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on U.S. Judge Guido Calabresi's thoughts on law and economics set forth in his article "Some Thoughts on Risk Distribution and the Law of Torts." Topics include the use of economic methods to solve legal problems, the economic analysis of legal liability, and the difference between choice and consent.

Legionella and Mycobacterium can proliferate within free-living amoebae (FLA) where they are protected from disinfectants at concentrations that can kill bacteria but not protozoa. Despite effective treatment of drinking water, microbes can enter water utility distribution systems (DS) and hence the plumbing within building premises. Additionally, biofilm formation may account for the persistence of microbes in the DS. In the present study a domestic water tap in north-central United States (USA) was sampled in March and September 2007 and analysed for FLA, Legionella and Mycobacterium. Identification of organisms was determined by growth on specific culture media, light and electron microscopy, and amplification of DNA probes specific for each organism. In both the spring and fall samples, amoebae, Legionella and Mycobacterium were detected. However, Acanthamoeba was prominent in the spring sample whereas Vahlkampfia and Naegleria were the amoebae detected in the autumn. Bacterial proliferation in laboratory cultures was noticeably enhanced in the presence of amoebae and biofilms rapidly formed in mixed amoebae and bacteria cultures. It is hypothesized that temperature affected the dynamics of FLA species population structure within the DS and that pathogenic bacteria that proliferate within FLA, which are themselves opportunistic pathogens, pose dual public health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contends that an internationalist analysis that links class, gender and race to the policies of the United States national security state is a fundamental necessity for social and educational change. Relation of global exploitation to the rise of identity politics and multiculturalism; Assertion that multicultural struggles tend to ignore economic, ecological and political ramifications.

The article focuses on the Jewish family coalitions and religious observance after divorce in the U.S. The term used to define pain in amputees is called phantom limbs. Phantom limbs are characteristics also found in divorce in the context of Jewish values such as egalitarianism and verbal aggressiveness. The article also emphasizes the creation and maintenance of triads which require the present parent to deal with a phantom as well as a tangible child. In addition, these triads may be involved in the arguments over Jewish observance.

Presents several medical research presented at the VIIIth International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists held in Ohio, Hawaii. Emphasis on ecological studies, genotyping and molecular biology. Presentation on free-living amebae causing granulomatous amebic encephalitis, amebic keratitis and primary amebic meningoencephalitis; Identification of Acanthamoeba at the genus level.

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms hold promise to reduce inequalities across race and socioeconomic status. One of the most important domains of racial and economic inequalities is medical outcomes; Black and low-income people are more likely to die from many diseases. Algorithms can help reduce these inequalities because they are less likely than human doctors to make biased decisions. Unfortunately, people are generally averse to algorithms making important moral decisions—including in medicine—undermining the adoption of AI in healthcare. Here we use the COVID-19 pandemic to examine whether the threat of racial and economic inequality increases the preference for algorithm decision-making. Four studies (N = 2819) conducted in the United States and Singapore show that emphasizing inequality in medical outcomes increases the preference for algorithm decision-making for triage decisions. These studies suggest that one way to increase the acceptance of AI in healthcare is to emphasize the threat of inequality and its negative outcomes associated with human decision-making. • People are generally averse to algorithm decision-making. • Threat of inequality increases preference for algorithm decision-making. • The increase is stronger for members of the disadvantaged group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naegleria fowleri is a unicellular eukaryote causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a neuropathic disease killing 99% of those infected, usually within 7-14 days. Naegleria fowleri is found globally in regions including the US and Australia. The genome of the related nonpathogenic species Naegleria gruberi has been sequenced, but the genetic basis for N. fowleri pathogenicity is unclear. To generate such insight, we sequenced and assembled the mitochondrial genome and a 60-kb segment of nuclear genome from N. fowleri. The mitochondrial genome is highly similar to its counterpart in N. gruberi in gene complement and organization, while distinct lack of synteny is observed for the nuclear segments. Even in this short (60-kb) segment, we identified examples of potential factors for pathogenesis, including ten novel N. fowleri-specific genes. We also identified a homolog of cathepsin B; proteases proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of diverse eukaryotic pathogens, including N. fowleri. Finally, we demonstrate a likely case of horizontal gene transfer between N. fowleri and two unrelated amoebae, one of which causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. This initial look into the N. fowleri nuclear genome has revealed several examples of potential pathogenesis factors, improving our understanding of a neglected pathogen of increasing global importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report from the U.S. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) summarizing an investigation into cases of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by infection from water containing the living ameba Naegleria fowleri. Six PAM cases were reported to the CDC from Arizona, Florida, and Texas in 2007. All six patients died as a result of the infection. Details from each PAM case are presented. Health officials call for an updated and consistent approach to N. fowleri risk prevention messages, diagnosis, treatment, case reporting and environmental sampling.